The effect on heart rate and facial skin temperature of wearing respiratory protection at work.

Twelve New Zealand workers from a range of occupations were studied to investigate the effect of wearing air-filtering respiratory protection on heart rate (HR) and facial skin temperature (Tlip and Tcheek) whilst working. All variables were measured continuously during simulated and actual work. The former allowed physiological measurements to be undertaken during the physical activities carried out during the work task without respirators and without exposure to hazardous airborne substances. Mean heart rates in subjects moving without respirators ranged from 75 to 94 beats/min and from 77 to 98 beats/min during respirator use at work. Mean skin temperature under the mask (Tlip) increased in 11 of the 12 subjects while using respirators (range 1.2-4.8 degrees C) but Tcheek only increased in four (range 0.6-1.5 degrees C). The use of simulated work tasks in the experiment was a compromise. The heart rate data from the real and simulated work indicated that effort and workload, though not identical, were similar. The increase in skin temperature under the mask may account for the reluctance of individuals to wear respiratory protection at work. This region of the face is very thermosensitive.

How safe is adventure tourism in New Zealand? An exploratory analysis.

The paper reports findings from a multidisciplinary programme of research, the major aims of which were to determine the nature and extent of the New Zealand adventure tourism injury problem. Analysis of hospital discharge and mortality data for a 15-year period identified adventure tourism-related activities as contributing to approximately 20% of overseas visitor injuries, and 22% of fatalities. Activities that commonly involve independent-unguided adventure tourism, notably mountaineering, skiing and tramping, contributed most to injury and fatality incidence. Horse riding and cycling activities were identified from hospital discharge data and adventure tourism operators' reported client injury-incidence, as the commercial adventure tourism activities most frequently involved in client injuries. Falls were the most common injury events, and a range of client, equipment, environmental and organisational risk factors were identified. Possible interventions to reduce injury risk among overseas and domestic adventure tourists are discussed.

Safety in New Zealand's adventure tourism industry: the client accident experience of adventure tourism operators.

BACKGROUND: Injuries and fatalities among participants of adventure tourism activities have the potential to seriously impact on New Zealand's tourism industry. However, the absence of statistics for tourist accidents in New Zealand, and the lack of detailed academic research into adventure tourism safety, means the extent of the problem is unknown. The aims of the present study were to determine the incidence of client injuries across a range of adventure tourism activity sectors, and to identify common accident events and contributory risk factors. METHOD: A postal questionnaire survey of New Zealand adventure tourism operators was used. Operators were asked to provide information related to their business; the number of recorded client injuries during the preceding 12 month period, January to December 1998; common accident and injury events associated with their activity; and perceived risk factors for accidents in their sector of the adventure tourism industry. RESULTS: The survey was responded to by 142 New Zealand adventure tourism operators. The operators' reported client injury experience suggests the incidence of serious client injuries is very low. Highest client injury incidence rates were found for activities that involved the risk of falling from a moving vehicle or animal (e.g., cycle tours, quad biking, horse riding, and white-water rafting). Slips, trips, and falls on the level were common accident events across most sectors of the industry. Perceived accident/incident causes were most commonly related to the client, and in particular, failure to attend to and follow instructions. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of client injuries in activity sectors not presently covered by government regulation, suggests policy makers should look again at extending codes of practice to a wider range of adventure tourism activities. Further research considering adventure tourism involvement in overseas visitor hospitalized injuries in New Zealand, is currently in progress. This will provide supporting evidence for the risk associated with participation in a range of commercial and independently undertaken adventure activities.

The epidemiology of forestry work-related injuries in New Zealand, 1975-88: fatalities and hospitalisations.

AIM: This paper presents a detailed investigation of the injury experience of New Zealand forestry workers, including loggers and silviculture workers. METHODS: Record linkage of multiple data sources. RESULTS: During the period 1975-88, there were 81 work-related fatalities among loggers and 10 fatalities among silviculture workers, yielding fatality rates of 2.03 and 0.15 per 1000 workers/year, respectively. These figures were substantially higher than the fatal injury rate among the overall New Zealand workforce of 0.07 deaths per 1000 workers/year. In addition there were 1068 work-related injuries resulting in hospitalisation among loggers, and 478 among silviculture workers, yielding hospitalisation rates of 38.93 and 9.58 per 1000 workers/year, respectively. The types of injury contact involved in each incident were analysed. Contact with falling trees was the leading cause of death in forestry, accounting for over half of the fatal injuries among loggers and a third among silviculture workers. For loggers, the three commonest types of contact resulting in hospitalisation were: chainsaw injuries (n = 351; 33%), falling trees (n = 269; 25%), and rolling logs (n = 82; 8%). Among silviculture workers, the three commonest types of contact resulting in hospitalisation were: chainsaw injuries (n = 108; 23%), falling trees (n = 96; 20%), and falls/slips and trips (n = 94; 20%) CONCLUSION: There is clear need for continued efforts to improve the overall safety of forestry work in New Zealand.