[The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin ii receptors of the second type in the pathogenesis of proliferative diseases of the prostate].

Angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II, angiotensin II receptors of the first and second types represent the "classical" axis of regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the role of the components of the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of proliferative lesions of the prostate glan MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 63 patients who underwent transrectal prostate biopsy. The first group consisted of 19 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, the second group consisted of 19 men whose prostate cancer was detected during repeated biopsy, the third group consisted of 25 men with prostate cancer detected during primary prostate biopsy. The expression of angiotensin II type II (AT2-R) receptors in prostate tissue was evaluated using primary polyclonal antibodies Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor and the EnVision FLEX imaging system (Dako, Denmark) according to a standard technique. The activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was determined in the secret of the prostate gland, RESULTS: It was found that the activity of ACE in the secret of the prostate gland in proliferative diseases is significantly higher than in the "healthy" prostate. The highest activity of ACE was noted for benign prostatic hyperplasia, and the minimum - for prostate cancer. The expression of AT2-R in prostate tissues in proliferative diseases of the prostate gland has its own characteristics. The expression of AT2-R in the prostate stroma turned out to be the same, in the nuclei of epithelial cells, the level of expression of AT2-R decreased in the range of BPH-PIN-CP. Thus, an increase in the activity of ACE, the accumulation of angiotensin II in prostate secretions in proliferative prostate diseases against the background of a deficiency of AT2-R is the metabolic basis of malignant transformation of the prostate gland. CONCLUSION: The levels of ACE activity in prostate secretion and the expression of AT2-R in prostate tissue during primary prostate biopsy can be considered as promising prognostic tools for early detection of prostate malignancy.

[Cystoscopic and morphological features of chronic recurrent papillomavirus cystitis].

INTRODUCTION: Chronic recurrent cystitis (CRC) is a common disease in the female population and a serious medical problem. There are not enough data about etiology of this desiase and effective treatment. OBJECTIVE: To increase the accuracy of the differential diagnosis of bacterial and papillomavirus chronic recurrent cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of endoscopic and morphological diagnostic methods of 118 patients with CRC, which, depending on the etiological factor, were divided into two groups. Group I (n=65) patients with CRC of HPV etiology and Group II (n=53) - CRC of bacterial etiology (E. coli). All patients were examined according to the EAU and RSU recommendations, and an endoscopic examination of the bladder (cystoscopy) was additionally included, followed by morphological examination of biopsy specimen of the urinary bladder. RESULTS: The endoscopic picture of bacterial CRC usually is caused by hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the bladder, hyperemia and injection of vessels with the participation of (small-puncture/diapedesic) hemorrhages without signs of proliferative changes. The endoscopic picture in papillomavirus CRC in all patients presented by focal or diffuse, slightly elevated, exophytic, often polypoid formations of a whitish or whitish-gray color, usually localized in the Leto triangle. Morphological analysis of biopsy tissue of the urinary bladder in patients with bacterial cystitis in the mucous and submucous layer showed edema, thickening of the urothelium, capillary abundance, inflammatory infiltration, represented by lymphocytes, plasma cells and leukocytes, among which neutrophilic macrophage leukocytes were predominant. Morphological analysis of the bladder mucosa in all examined patients with signs of HPV-related lesions showed a thickening of the urothelium, squamous metaplasia of the urothelium, chronic inflammation, microcirculatory vascular reaction and edema. An important distinctive pathomorphological sign of HPV within urinary bladder was the presence of koilocytic transformation of urothelium cells due to the cytopathic effect of the virus. CONCLUSIONS: Papillomavirus CR has characterized by an infectious-inflammatory process in the bladder paries, with lymphocytic-plasmatic infiltration and coylocytic transformation of the urothelium.

[The role of viral infection in the development of recurrent lower urinary tract infections].

This review is dedicated to the problems of diagnosing recurrent lower urinary tract infections caused by viruses. The literature search was conducted using the Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, and WANG FANG databases. Further study of virobiota and microbiome of urine both in normal and in pathological conditions are warranted.

[Periprostatic inflammation as a risk factor for the development of vesico-urethral stenosis after radical prostatectomy].

This article presents results of a study conducted to identify the causes of stenosis in the region of vesico-urethral anastomosis (VUA) after radical prostatectomy (RP). Tissue specimens from removed prostates were evaluated in 115 prostate cancer patients with a favorable postoperative period (group 1) and 5 patients who develop VUA stenosis between 6 months to1 year after RP. It was found that in the group 1 inflammatory infiltration did not basically affect tumor growth zones, was mild and did not spread beyond the prostate. Patients of the group 2 had maximum inflammation, with the inflammatory infiltration localized in the prostate regions, both affected and not affected by the tumor, and periprostatically. Taking into account more severe inflammatory response in the prostate with extracapsular extension of the process and the involvement of periprostatic structures in patients who developed VUA stenosis after RP, compared to those without VUA stenosis, we can consider this phenomenon as a risk factor for stenotic complications in the vesico-urethral segment after RP.

PDT-induced epigenetic changes in the mouse cerebral cortex: a protein microarray study.

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used for cancer treatment including brain tumors. But the role of epigenetic processes in photodynamic injury of normal brain tissue is unknown. METHODS: 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), was used to photosensitize mouse cerebral cortex. PpIX accumulation in cortical tissue was measured spectrofluorometrically. Hematoxylin/eosin, gallocyanin-chromalum and immunohistochemical staining were used to study morphological changes in PDT-treated cerebral cortex. Proteomic antibody microarrays were used to evaluate expression of 112 proteins involved in epigenetic regulation. RESULTS: ALA administration induced 2.5-fold increase in the PpIX accumulation in the mouse brain cortex compared to untreated mice. Histological study demonstrated PDT-induced injury of some neurons and cortical vessels. ALA-PDT induced dimethylation of histone H3, upregulation of histone deacetylases HDAC-1 and HDAC-11, and DNA methylation-dependent protein Kaiso that suppressed transcriptional activity. Upregulation of HDAC-1 and H3K9me2 was confirmed immunohistochemically. Down-regulation of transcription factor FOXC2, PABP, and hBrm/hsnf2a negatively regulated transcription. Overexpression of phosphorylated histone H2AX indicated activation of DNA repair, but down-regulation of MTA1/MTA1L1 and PML - impairment of DNA repair. Overexpression of arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 correlated with up-regulation of transcription factor E2F4 and importin α5/7. CONCLUSION: ALA-PDT injures and kills some but not all neurons and caused limited microvascular alterations in the mouse cerebral cortex. It alters expression of some proteins involved in epigenetic regulation of transcription, histone modification, DNA repair, nuclear protein import, and proliferation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: These data indicate epigenetic markers of photo-oxidative injury of normal brain tissue.

[Sweat gland polyneoplasia with extensive metastases].

The paper describes a case of sweat gland polyneoplasia with extensive metastases in a 47-year-old woman, which is indicative of extreme malignancy of this tumor.