Key determinants of adaptive strategies of goats to a 2-day nutritional challenge during early lactation.

Little is known about the key determinants of the physiological adaptations to environmental challenges and how these determinants interact. We evaluated how the response/recovery profiles to a short-term nutritional challenge during early lactation are affected by early-life nutritional strategies in dairy goats divergently selected for functional longevity. We used 72 females, split into two cohorts, daughters of Alpine bucks divergently selected for functional longevity. The females from the two lines were fed with two divergent diets, normal vs low-energy, from weaning until the middle of first gestation, and then fed with the same standard diet. Individual BW, body condition score, morphology, and plasma samples were collected from birth to first kidding. The adaptative physiological strategy to a nutritional challenge was assessed via a 2-day feed restriction challenge, during early lactation, which consisted of a five-day control period on a standard lactation diet followed by a 2-day challenge with straw-only feeding and then a 10-day recovery period on a standard lactation diet. During the challenge, DM intake, BW, milk yield (MY), and plasma and milk metabolite composition were recorded daily. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze all traits, considering the individual nested in the cohort as a random effect and the 2 × 2 treatments (i.e., line and rearing diet) and litter size as fixed effects. Linear mixed-effects models using a piecewise arrangement were used to analyze the response/recovery profiles to nutritional challenge. Random parameters estimated for each individual, using the mixed-effects models without the fixed effects of rearing diet and genetic line, were used in a stepwise model selection based on R2 to identify key determinants of an individual's physiological adaptations to environmental challenges. Differences in stature and body reserves created by the two rearing diets diminished during late gestation and the 5-day control period. Genetic line did not affect body reserves during the rearing phase. Rearing diet and genetic line slightly affected the recovery profiles of evaluated traits and had no effects on prechallenge and response to challenge profiles. The prekidding energy status measures and MY before challenge were selected as strong predictors of variability in response-recovery profiles of milk metabolites that have strong links with body energy dynamics (i.e., isoCitrate, ß-hydroxybutyrate, choline, cholesterol, and triacylglycerols; R2 = 35%). Our results suggested that prekidding energy status and MY are key determinants of adult resilience and that rearing diet and genetic line may affect adult resilience insofar as they affect the animals' energy status.

Radiation dose to multidisciplinary staff members during complex interventional procedures.

INTRODUCTION: Complex interventional radiology procedures involve extensive fluoroscopy and image acquisition while staff are in-room. Monitoring occupational radiation dose is crucial in optimization. The purpose was to determine radiation doses received by staff involved in complex interventional procedures performed in a dedicated vascular or neuro intervention room. METHODS: Individual real-time radiation dose for all staff involved in vascular and neuro-interventional procedures in adult patients was recorded over a one-year period using wireless electronic dosimeters attached to the apron thyroid shield. A reference dosimeter was attached to the C-arm near the tube housing to measure scattered, unshielded radiation. Radiology staff carried shoulder thermo-luminescent dosimeters with monthly read-out to monitor dose over time. RESULTS: Occupational radiation dose was measured in 99 interventional procedures. In many cases prostate artery embolization procedures exposed radiologists to high radiation doses with a median of 15.0 µSv and a very large spread, i.e. 0.2-152.5 µSv. In all procedures except uterine fibroid embolization radiographers were exposed to lower doses than those of radiologists, with endovascular aortic repair being the procedure with highest median exposure to assisting radiographers, i.e. 2.2 µSv ranging from 0.1 to 36.1 µSv. Median radiation dose for the reference dosimeter was 670 µGy while median staff dose for all procedures combined was 3.2 µGy. CONCLUSION: Radiation doses for multiple staff were determined and the ratio between staff dose and reference dosimeter indicated proper use of shielding in general. Some high-dose procedures may need further optimization for certain staff members, especially those not primarily employed in radiology. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The study provides benchmark doses that may be used widely in audits and in the ongoing effort to optimize radiation protection for staff in interventional radiology.

Factores de éxito en campañas de alimentación saludable; un estudio de casos / Success factors in public healthy eating campaigns; a case study

Introducción: Rara vez se ha evaluado la efectividad de las campañas e intervenciones de información pública. Por ello, el estudio de actividades exitosas podría contribuir al desarrollo y puesta en práctica en el futuro de campañas e intervenciones a favor de una alimentación saludable Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio de campañas de información sobre alimentación saludable fue primeramente la identificación de los factores de éxito de las mismas, y seguidamente la descripción de sus interrelaciones. Métodos: Se entrevistaron a 11 representantes de industrias alimentarias cuyas campañas fueron identificadas como exitosas en una etapa previa del estudio. Las entrevistas fueron luego analizadas con respecto a los factores de éxito potenciales. Estos últimos fueron posteriormente utilizados para desarrollar un modelo de factores de éxito y sus interrelaciones. Resultados: El éxito de los casos estudiados fue atribuido primeramente a las características del ambiente macro, o a una colaboración entre los sectores público y privado. Segundo, se identificó al compromiso de las comunidades, elementos de empoderamiento del grupo objetivo y a la ejecución de medidas de marketing social. Tercero, el éxito puede atribuirse a la adopción por parte de la ciudadanía de las campañas y los cambios estructurales consecuentes. Conclusiones: El modelo y los factores de éxito identificados resaltan que el éxito puede originarse en tres fases cruciales, el diseño y montaje de la campaña, su ejecución y finalmente, su interacción con la ciudadanía. El modelo puede servir como guía para el desarrollo de campañas en el futuro (AU)

Introduction: Public campaigns and interventions are rarely fully evaluated regarding their effectiveness. The analysis of past, successful activities can contribute to the future development of public campaigns and interventions for healthier eating. Objectives: The study of public campaigns and interventions for healthier eating aimed at identifying the underlying success factors and describing their relation. Methods: Interviews were conducted with representatives of 11 cases that had been identified as especially successful in an earlier research step. The interviews were analysed with regard to possible success factors and the latter used to develop a model of success factor interrelation. Results: It was found that success of the cases was first, attributed to characteristics of the macro environment or to public private partnerships in the initiation of campaigns, second, to the engagement of social communities, elements of empowerment of the target group and the implementation of social marketing measures, and thirdly, in citizens adoption of the campaign and in accompanying structural changes. Conclusions: The model and identified success factors underline that success can stem from three crucial phases: the set up of a campaign, the conduction and finally, the interrelation with the citizen. The model can serve as a guide in the future development of campaigns (AU)

EATWELL Project: Approaching European healthy eating policies from a multi-disciplinary perspective / Proyecto EATWELL: enfocando las políticas europeas de alimentación saludable desde un punto de vista multidisciplinario

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