Should we use nomograms for risk predictions in diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients? A systematic review.

Models based on risk stratification are increasingly reported for Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Due to a rising interest in nomograms for cancer patients, we aimed to review and critically appraise prognostic models based on nomograms in DLBCL patients. A literature search in PubMed/Embase identified 59 articles that proposed prognostic models for DLBCL by combining parameters of interest (e.g., clinical, laboratory, immunohistochemical, and genetic) between January 2000 and 2024. Of them, 40 studies proposed different gene expression signatures and incorporated them into nomogram-based prognostic models. Although most studies assessed discrimination and calibration when developing the model, many lacked external validation. Current nomogram-based models for DLBCL are mainly developed from publicly available databases, lack external validation, and have no applicability in clinical practice. However, they may be helpful in individual patient counseling, although careful considerations should be made regarding model development due to possible limitations when choosing nomograms for prognostication.

Risk of dementia among older patients with lymphoma: A Danish nationwide matched cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of lymphoma can be associated with cognitive challenges, and some patients may fear development of dementia as long-term complication. Studies report a lower risk of dementia after cancer. Some believe this difference to be a protective mechanism of cancer, others believe it to be driven by bias. The risk of developing dementia after lymphoma has not been investigated in a population-based setting. The aim of this study was to identify the risk of being diagnosed with dementia after lymphoma treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This Danish nationwide matched cohort study included patients aged ≥65 years with a first-time diagnosis of a non-central nervous system lymphoma between 2005 and 2018 in complete remission after treatment with chemotherapy. Patients diagnosed with dementia or treated with dementia medication before lymphoma diagnosis were excluded. Each patient was matched 1:5 on sex, year of birth, and a modified Charlson comorbidity index. Patients and matched comparators were followed from the corresponding patient's date of complete remission. The risk of developing dementia was calculated using cause-specific hazard ratios (HR), and the cumulative risk was estimated by Aalen-Johansen with death as the competing risk. RESULTS: A total of 3,244 patients and 16,220 matched comparators were included in the study. There was no difference in risk of all-cause dementia among patients with lymphoma compared to matched comparators with cause-specific HR of 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70;1.04). The risk of both Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's dementia was equal among patients and comparators: HR 0.89 (95% CI: 0.66;1.21) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.63;1.07), respectively. Stratified by lymphoma subtype, age, or year of diagnosis, the risk of all-cause dementia remained equal among patients and matched comparators. The cumulative risk of all-cause dementia was significantly lower among patients with lymphoma compared to matched comparators (Gray's test p < 0.001), probably reflecting higher mortality in patients with lymphoma. DISCUSSION: The risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and non-Alzheimer's dementia was equal among older patients with lymphoma compared to matched comparators. Our data suggests that risk of developing dementia is not changed after lymphoma treatment.

Real-world outcomes following third or subsequent lines of therapy: A Danish population-based study on 189 patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphomas.

Outcome data of patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) beyond the second line are scarce outside of clinical trials. Novel therapies in the R/R setting have been approved based on single-arm trials, but results need to be contextualized by real-world outcomes. Medical records from 3753 Danish adults diagnosed with DLBCL were reviewed. Patients previously treated with rituximab and anthracycline-based chemotherapy who received the third or later line (3 L+) of treatment after 1 January 2015, were included. Only 189 patients with a median age of 71 years were eligible. The median time since the last line of therapy was 6 months. Patients were treated with either best supportive care (22%), platinum-based salvage therapy (13%), low-intensity chemotherapy (22%), in clinical trial (14%) or various combination treatments (32%). The 2-year OS-/PFS estimates were 25% and 12% for all patients and 49% and 17% for those treated with platinum-based salvage therapy. Age ≥70, CNS involvement, elevated LDH and ECOG ≥2 predicted poor outcomes, and patients with 0-1 of these risk factors had a 2-year OS estimate of 65%. Only a very small fraction of DLBCL patients received third-line treatment and were eligible for inclusion. Outcomes were generally poor, but better in intensively treated, fit young patients with limited disease.

Cardiovascular diseases after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant for lymphoma: A Danish population-based study.

Cardiovascular diseases, especially congestive heart failure (CHF), are known complications of anthracyclines, but the risk for patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (HDT-ASCT) is not well established. With T-cell therapies emerging as alternatives, studies of long-term complications after HDT-ASCT are warranted. Danish patients treated with HDT-ASCT for aggressive lymphoma between 2001 and 2017 were matched 1:5 on sex, birth year and Charlson comorbidity score to the general population. Events were captured using nationwide registers. A total of 787 patients treated with HDT-ASCT were identified. Median follow-up was 7.6 years. The risk of CHF was significantly increased in the HDT-ASCT population compared to matched comparators with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 5.5 (3.8-8.1). The 10-year cumulative incidence of CHF was 8.0% versus 2.0% (p < 0.001). Male sex, ≥2 lines of therapy, hypertension and cumulative anthracycline dose (≥300 mg/m2 ) were risk factors for CHF. In a separate cohort of 4089 lymphoma patients, HDT-ASCT was also significantly associated with increased risk of CHF (adjusted HR of 2.6 [1.8-3.8]) when analysed as a time-dependent exposure. HDT-ASCT also increased the risk of other cardiac diseases. These findings are applicable for the benefit/risk assessment of HDT-ASCT versus novel therapies.

Second primary malignancies in patients with lymphoma in Denmark after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a population-based, retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Second primary malignancies (SPMs) are known complications after chemotherapy, but the risk is not well characterised for patients with lymphoma treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). We aimed to investigate the rate of SPMs in this population relative to matched control individuals from the general population. METHODS: In this retrospective, population-based cohort study, patients aged 18 years or older with an aggressive lymphoma who received high-dose chemotherapy and autologous HSCT in Denmark between Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2017, were included from the Danish Lymphoma Registry and matched (1:5) to control individuals from the general population on birth year and sex via the Danish Civil Registration System. Patients were eligible if they had a registered date of autologous HSCT and patients with primary CNS lymphoma were excluded. Exclusion criteria for both patients and matched control individuals were HIV infection, organ transplantation, or other malignancies before inclusion. The key endpoint was the incidence of SPMs assessed in all study participants. The effect of treatment on SPMs was also investigated in patients who were followed up from first lymphoma diagnosis, with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous HSCT as a time-dependent exposure. FINDINGS: Of 910 patients with lymphoma assessed, 803 were included (537 [67%] were male and 266 [33%] were female); 4015 matched control individuals were included (2685 [67%] were male and 1330 [33%] were female). Ethnicity data were not available. Median follow-up was 7·76 years (IQR 4·77-11·73). The SPM rate was higher among patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous HSCT than matched control individuals (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2·35, 95% CI 1·93-2·87, p<0·0001). Patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous HSCT had a higher rate of non-melanoma skin cancer (2·94, 2·10-4·11, p<0·0001) and of myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukaemia (AML; 41·13, 15·77-107·30, p<0·0001) than matched control individuals, but there was no significant difference in the rate of solid tumours (1·21, 0·89-1·64, p=0·24). The cumulative risk of SPMs at 10 years was 20% (95% CI 17-23) in patients compared with 14% (13-15) in matched control individuals. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous HSCT was associated with an increased risk of SPMs when analysed as a time-dependent exposure from first lymphoma diagnosis (adjusted HR 1·58, 95% CI 1·14-2·17, p=0·0054). INTERPRETATION: High-dose chemotherapy and autologous HSCT was associated with an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and myelodysplastic syndrome or AML but not with increased risk of solid tumours in patients treated for lymphoma. These findings are relevant for future individualised risk-benefit assessments when choosing between high-dose chemotherapy and autologous HSCT and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in this setting. FUNDING: Danish Cancer Society.

Cell-free DNA for detection of clonal B cells in diffuse large B cell lymphoma by sequencing.

INTRODUCTION: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma in the western world. It is highly heterogeneous with a variable clinical course, but curable with chemo-immunotherapy in up to 70% of all cases. The lymphoma presents in lymph nodes and/or extranodal lymphoid tissue, and the diagnosis is based on invasive procedures for histopathologic evaluation. METHODS: In this technical study, we evaluated cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from blood plasma to detect clonal B cells in patients with DLBCL using rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene as targets by next-generation sequencing. Clonal B cell sequences and frequencies were determined from blood plasma cfDNA and cellular DNA from matched excised lymphoma tissues and mononuclear cells isolated from diagnostic bone marrow and blood samples from 15 patients. RESULTS: We showed that identical clonal rearrangements could be detected in blood plasma and excised lymphoma tissue and that plasma cfDNA was superior in detecting clonal rearrangements compared to blood or bone marrow-derived cellular DNA. CONCLUSION: These findings consolidate the role of blood plasma as a reliable and easily accessible source for detecting neoplastic cells in DLBCL.

Bone marrow biopsy can be omitted in the diagnostic workup of CNS lymphoma of DLBCL origin: a population-based retrospective study in the PET-CT era.

Currently, bone marrow (BM) biopsy (BMB) is recommended in the initial staging of patients with the presumed primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (PCNSL). However, the added value of BMB in the era of positron emission tomography (PET-CT) has been challenged in other lymphoma subtypes. We analyzed BM findings in patients with biopsy-proven CNS lymphoma and a negative PET-CT scan for disease outside CNS. A comprehensive Danish population-based registry search was performed to identify all patients with CNS lymphoma of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) histology with available BMB results and staging PET-CT without systemic lymphoma. A total of 300 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of them, 16% had a previous history of lymphoma, while 84% were diagnosed with PCNSL. None of the patients had DLBCL in the BM. A minority (8.3%) had discordant BMB findings, mainly low-grade histologies that did not influence treatment choice in any case. In conclusion, the risk of overlooking concordant BM infiltration in patients with CNS lymphoma of DLBCL histology and negative PET-CT scan is negligible. As we did not find any patient with DLBCL in the BMB, our results suggest that BMB can be safely omitted in the diagnostic workup in patients with CNS lymphoma and a negative PET-CT.

Work Disability and Return to Work After Lymphoma: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study.

Purpose: Many patients diagnosed with lymphoma are of working age. Cancer patients are known to have a higher risk of sick leave and disability pension, but this has only been delineated for certain subtypes of lymphoma. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the overall risk of disability pension for all lymphoma subtypes and at quantifying return to work for patients with lymphoma in work before diagnosis. Patients and Methods: Patients aged 18-60 years with lymphoma in complete remission (CR) diagnosed between 2000 and 2019 were included in the study. Using national registers, each patient was matched with five comparators from the general population with same sex, birth year, and level of Charlson Comorbidity Index. Risk of disability pension was calculated from 90 days after CR or end of treatment with competing events (death, retirement pension, early retirement pension, relapse for patients, or lymphoma diagnosis for comparators). Return to work for patients was calculated annually until 5 years after diagnosis for patients employed before diagnosis. Results: In total, 4072 patients and 20,360 comparators were included. There was a significant increased risk of disability pension for patients with all types of lymphoma compared to the general population (5-year risk difference: 5.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4;6.2)). Patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma were more likely to get disability pension than patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (sex- and age-adjusted 10-year risk difference: 2.9 (95% CI: 0.3;5.5)). One year after diagnosis, 24.5% of the relapse-free patients were on sick leave. Return to work was highest 2 years after diagnosis (82.1%). Conclusion: Patients with lymphoma across all subtypes have a significantly higher risk of disability pension. Return to work peaks at 2 years after diagnosis.

Methylation microarray-based detection of clinical copy-number aberrations in CLL benchmarked to standard FISH analysis.

Copy-number aberrations (CNAs) are assessed using FISH analysis in diagnostics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but CNAs can also be extrapolated from Illumina BeadChips developed for genome-wide methylation microarray screening. Increasing numbers of microarray data-sets are available from diagnostic samples, making it useful to assess the potential in CNA diagnostics. We benchmarked the limitations of CNA testing from two Illumina BeadChips (EPIC and 450k) and using two common packages for analysis (conumee and ChAMP) to FISH-based assessment of 11q, 13q, and 17p deletions in 202 CLL samples. Overall, the two packages predicted CNAs with similar accuracy regardless of the microarray type, but lower than FISH-based assessment. We showed that the bioinformatics analysis needs to be adjusted to the specific CNA, as no general settings were identified. Altogether, we were able to predict CNAs using methylation microarray data, however, with limited accuracy, making FISH-based assessment of deletions the superior diagnostic choice.

Clinical Characteristics and Management of Patients With Concomitant Liver Cirrhosis and Lymphoma: A Systematic Review.

Over the years, a rising incidence of liver cirrhosis and lymphoma has been observed. Therefore, the risk of having cirrhosis as a comorbidity increases, thus challenging treatment approaches as data on the management of these patients is lacking. We performed a systematic review to summarize papers that analyzed patients with liver cirrhosis that occurred before and/or concomitantly to lymphoma. We identified 153 papers (230 patients) through Pubmed and/or Embase search. Publications comprised predominantly of case reports and/or case series. Most patients had HCV-related cirrhosis (62.6%), and aggressive lymphoma histology (59.6%). Data on liver status was available in 55.7% of all patients, with 46.1% having decompensated liver cirrhosis. These patients experienced more often treatment reductions and/or modifications, treatment side effects, and inferior survival than those with compensated cirrhosis (median 18 months vs. median not reached). Dose reductions and/or treatment modifications primarily due to concomitant liver disease were common. Moreover, liver toxicity was observed in 33.6% of patients with provided information on treatment side effects, ranging from mild toxicity to liver failure with fatal outcomes. Again, despite treatment modification/reduction, patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis developed hepatic toxicity more frequently than patients with compensated liver disease. Although patients suffering from cirrhosis and lymphoma can tolerate standard chemoimmunotherapy, a cautious multidisciplinary approach is needed to evaluate the risks and benefits.

Calreticulin mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms induce MHC-I skewing, which can be overcome by an optimized peptide cancer vaccine.

The majority of JAK2V617F-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have disease-initiating frameshift mutations in calreticulin (CALR), resulting in a common carboxyl-terminal mutant fragment (CALRMUT), representing an attractive source of neoantigens for cancer vaccines. However, studies have shown that CALRMUT-specific T cells are rare in patients with CALRMUT MPN for unknown reasons. We examined class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) allele frequencies in patients with CALRMUT MPN from two independent cohorts. We observed that MHC-I alleles that present CALRMUT neoepitopes with high affinity are underrepresented in patients with CALRMUT MPN. We speculated that this was due to an increased chance of immune-mediated tumor rejection by individuals expressing one of these MHC-I alleles such that the disease never clinically manifested. As a consequence of this MHC-I allele restriction, we reasoned that patients with CALRMUT MPN would not efficiently respond to a CALRMUT fragment cancer vaccine but would when immunized with a modified CALRMUT heteroclitic peptide vaccine approach. We found that heteroclitic CALRMUT peptides specifically designed for the MHC-I alleles of patients with CALRMUT MPN efficiently elicited a CALRMUT cross-reactive CD8+ T cell response in human peripheral blood samples but not to the matched weakly immunogenic CALRMUT native peptides. We corroborated this effect in vivo in mice and observed that C57BL/6J mice can mount a CD8+ T cell response to the CALRMUT fragment upon immunization with a CALRMUT heteroclitic, but not native, peptide. Together, our data emphasize the therapeutic potential of heteroclitic peptide-based cancer vaccines in patients with CALRMUT MPN.

Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of primary CNS lymphoma-a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that occurs in the CNS (e.g. brain, meninges, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, or intraocular involvement) in the absence of systemic NHL. Tumor resection does not improve survival, and neurosurgical intervention is generally limited to stereotactic biopsy to provide a histopathological diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this single-center study was to evaluate the management and outcome of PCNSL patients diagnosed by biopsy, using overall survival and progression-free survival as endpoints. METHODS: At our department of neurosurgery, 140 patients were diagnosed with PCNSL by biopsy between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2018. Of these, 37 patients were included in the study and were divided into three groups according to their postoperative therapy. RESULTS: Median OS was 35.7 months for the intensive treatment group, 29.5 months for the moderate treatment group, and 8.6 months for the palliative treatment group. The intensive and moderate treatment groups had similar progression-free survival, while the palliative treatment group had poor overall and progression-free survival. Six patients were long-term survivors (> 80 months). Age under 65 years was the main significant parameter affecting overall survival. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, patients with PCNSL had an overall fair prognosis if they (1) were under 65 years old, (2) had a performance score < 2 at the time of diagnosis, and (3) received either intensive or moderate chemotherapeutic treatment. Biopsy is still the primary diagnostic tool; other methods have been investigated but are not yet recommended.

Impact of C-reactive protein and albumin levels on short, medium, and long term mortality in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Objectives and study design: In this population-based study of 602 patients, we amended C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma albumin (PA) levels around the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) to the International Prognostic Index (IPI) and assessed 0-90, 91-365, and +365-day survival.Results: The CRP did not contribute to the IPI's prognostic or discriminatory ability, regardless of time period, particularly not in models with PA. In contrast, the PA was an important contributor, especially in the 0-90 day period, but also up to one year after the diagnosis. For day 0-90, the model with the IPI only had an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) of 0.742, whereas the IPI with PA as a continuous variable rendered an AUROC of 0.841. Especially the lower PA quartile (18-32 g/L) contributed to the worse prognosis.Conclusions: The amendment of PA to the IPI may significantly improve the short-term prognostic and discriminative ability.Key messagesThe amendment of the plasma albumin (PA) level to the International Prognostic Index significantly improved the prediction of mortality up to one year after the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.It was especially the lower quartile of the PA level (18-32 g/L) that contributed to the worse prognosis.

Genomic profiling of a randomized trial of interferon-α vs hydroxyurea in MPN reveals mutation-specific responses.

Although somatic mutations influence the pathogenesis, phenotype, and outcome of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), little is known about their impact on molecular response to cytoreductive treatment. We performed targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) on 202 pretreatment samples obtained from patients with MPN enrolled in the DALIAH trial (A Study of Low Dose Interferon Alpha Versus Hydroxyurea in Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Neoplasms; #NCT01387763), a randomized controlled phase 3 clinical trial, and 135 samples obtained after 24 months of therapy with recombinant interferon-alpha (IFNα) or hydroxyurea. The primary aim was to evaluate the association between complete clinicohematologic response (CHR) at 24 months and molecular response through sequential assessment of 120 genes using NGS. Among JAK2-mutated patients treated with IFNα, those with CHR had a greater reduction in the JAK2 variant allele frequency (median, 0.29 to 0.07; P < .0001) compared with those not achieving CHR (median, 0.27 to 0.14; P < .0001). In contrast, the CALR variant allele frequency did not significantly decline in those achieving CHR or in those not achieving CHR. Treatment-emergent mutations in DNMT3A were observed more commonly in patients treated with IFNα compared with hydroxyurea (P = .04). Furthermore, treatment-emergent DNMT3A mutations were significantly enriched in IFNα-treated patients not attaining CHR (P = .02). A mutation in TET2, DNMT3A, or ASXL1 was significantly associated with prior stroke (age-adjusted odds ratio, 5.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-17.54; P = .007), as was a mutation in TET2 alone (age-adjusted odds ratio, 3.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-9.01; P = .044). At 24 months, we found mutation-specific response patterns to IFNα: (1) JAK2- and CALR-mutated MPN exhibited distinct molecular responses; and (2) DNMT3A-mutated clones/subclones emerged on treatment.

IGHV-associated methylation signatures more accurately predict clinical outcomes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients than IGHV mutation load.

Currently, no molecular biomarker indices are used in standard care to make treatment decisions at diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We used Infinium MethylationEPIC array data from diagnostic blood samples of 114 CLL patients and developed a procedure to stratify patients based on methylation signatures associated with mutation load of the IGHV gene. This procedure allowed us to predict the time to treatment with a hazard ratio (HR) of 8.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.54-15.30), as opposed to a HR of 4.35 (95% CI: 2.60-7.28) using IGHV mutation status. Detailed evaluation of 17 cases for which the two classification procedures gave discrepant results showed that these cases were incorrectly classified using IGHV status. Moreover, methylation-based classification stratified patients with different overall survival (HR=1.82; 95% CI: 1.07-3.09), which was not possible using IGHV status. Furthermore, we assessed the performance of the developed classification procedure using published HumanMethylation450 array data for 159 patients for whom information on time to treatment, overall survival and relapse was available. Despite 450K array methylation data not containing all the biomarkers used in our classification procedure, methylation signatures again stratified patients with significantly better accuracy than did IGHV mutation load regarding all available clinical outcomes. Thus, stratification using IGHV-associated methylation signatures may provide better prognostic power than IGHV mutation status.

Harnessing the Immune System to Fight Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous plasma cell malignancy differing substantially in clinical behavior, prognosis, and response to treatment. With the advent of novel therapies, many patients achieve long-lasting remissions, but some experience aggressive and treatment refractory relapses. So far, MM is considered incurable. Myeloma pathogenesis can broadly be explained by two interacting mechanisms, intraclonal evolution of cancer cells and development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Failures in isotype class switching and somatic hypermutations result in the neoplastic transformation typical of MM and other B cell malignancies. Interestingly, although genetic alterations occur and evolve over time, they are also present in premalignant stages, which never progress to MM, suggesting that genetic mutations are necessary but not sufficient for myeloma transformation. Changes in composition and function of the immune cells are associated with loss of effective immune surveillance, which might represent another mechanism driving malignant transformation. During the last decade, the traditional view on myeloma treatment has changed dramatically. It is increasingly evident that treatment strategies solely based on targeting intrinsic properties of myeloma cells are insufficient. Lately, approaches that redirect the cells of the otherwise suppressed immune system to take control over myeloma have emerged. Evidence of utility of this principle was initially established by the observation of the graft-versus-myeloma effect in allogeneic stem cell-transplanted patients. A variety of new strategies to harness both innate and antigen-specific immunity against MM have recently been developed and intensively tested in clinical trials. This review aims to give readers a basic understanding of how the immune system can be engaged to treat MM, to summarize the main immunotherapeutic modalities, their current role in clinical care, and future prospects.

Ocular adnexal lymphoma in Denmark: a nationwide study of 387 cases from 1980 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Nationwide studies of ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) are very rare in the literature, and knowledge on incidence, subtype distribution and long-term survival data is limited. This is the largest national study of OAL to date. This study sought to find information on incidence, changes in incidence, clinical findings, distribution of subtypes, survival and prognostic factors. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with OAL from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2017 were identified in Danish registers, and clinical as well as survival data were collected. The data were analysed with Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank test. RESULTS: 387 patients were included in the study. The major lymphoma subtypes were extranodal marginal-zone B cell lymphoma (EMZL) (55%), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (13%), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (11%) and follicular lymphoma (FL) (10%). OAL is a disease of the elderly (median age 69 years). The incidence of lymphoma of the ocular adnexal region has increased significantly throughout the time period of the study (Pearson correlation coefficient, r=0.65; P<0.001). In the period 1980-1984, the incidence was 0.086 per 100 000, which increased to 0.307 per 100 000 in the period 2013-2017. Low-grade, low-stage primary lymphomas were treated with radiotherapy, whereas patients with high-stage, high-grade and/or relapsed disease were treated with chemotherapy. Low-grade subtypes EMZL (89%) and FL (56%) had better 10-year disease-specific survival than the high-grade lymphomas DLBCL (38%) and MCL (31%)(p<0.001). CONCLUSION: OAL is increasing in incidence in the Danish population for unknown reasons. However, the prognosis for most OAL is favourable, as highlighted in this national long-term study.

Ruxolitinib and interferon-α2 combination therapy for patients with polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis: a phase II study.

We report the final 2-year end-of-study results from the first clinical trial investigating combination treatment with ruxolitinib and low-dose pegylated interferon-α2 (PEG-IFNα2). The study included 32 patients with polycythemia vera and 18 with primary or secondary myelofibrosis; 46 patients were previously intolerant of or refractory to PEGIFNα2. The primary outcome was efficacy, based on hematologic parameters, quality of life measurements, and JAK2 V617F allele burden. We used the 2013 European LeukemiaNet and International Working Group- Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Research and Treatment response criteria, including response in symptoms, splenomegaly, peripheral blood counts, and bone marrow. Of 32 patients with polycythemia vera, ten (31%) achieved a remission which was a complete remission in three (9%) cases. Of 18 patients with myelofibrosis, eight (44%) achieved a remission; five (28%) were complete remissions. The cumulative incidence of peripheral blood count remission was 0.85 and 0.75 for patients with polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis, respectively. The Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form total symptom score decreased from 22 [95% confidence interval (95% CI):, 16-29] at baseline to 15 (95% CI: 10-22) after 2 years. The median JAK2 V617F allele burden decreased from 47% (95% CI: 33-61%) to 12% (95% CI: 6-22%), and 41% of patients achieved a molecular response. The drop-out rate was 6% among patients with polycythemia vera and 32% among those with myelofibrosis. Of 36 patients previously intolerant of PEG-IFNα2, 31 (86%) completed the study, and 24 (67%) of these received PEG-IFNα2 throughout the study. In conclusion, combination treatment improved cell counts, reduced bone marrow cellularity and fibrosis, decreased JAK2 V617F burden, and reduced symptom burden with acceptable toxicity in several patients with polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis. #EudraCT2013-003295-12.