Detection of chromosome-mediated blaNDM-1-carrying Aeromonas spp. in the intestinal contents of fresh water river fish in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a global problem that should be addressed through the perspective of the "one health" concept. The purpose of this study was to determine the contamination rate of antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas spp. in fresh water river fish purchased from a fish market in Vietnam. We then defined the pattern of antibiotic resistance to assess antibiotic-resistant contamination. Antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas spp. were detected in the intestinal contents of 32 of 80 fish. blaNDM-1 was detected in seven strains. Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase and AmpC ß-lactamase-related genes were detected in 28 strains, including blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-1, and blaDHA,blaFOX, and blaMOX. The blaNDM-1 detected in the seven Aeromonas spp. strains were found chromosomally. This finding suggests that the blaNDM gene is stable in the natural environment and may spread widely into animals and humans via Aeromonas spp. with a transposon. Our results suggest the importance of continuing to monitor carbapenemase genes in Aeromonas spp. to evaluate the possibility that they may spread in other Enterobacterales, and to elucidate the mechanism of spread.

Frequent contamination of edible freshwater fish with colistin-resistant Escherichia coli harbouring the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene.

The threat of antimicrobial resistance is increasing. Microbial food contamination poses a serious public health risk; however, there are only a few studies on the prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli (COL-E) contamination in freshwater fish. This study aimed to characterise the antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of COL-E in freshwater fish in Vietnam. In total, 103 fish were collected and 63 COL-E were isolated. COL-E was investigated by genotyping mcr and AmpC/extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-related genes. The results show that COL-E and AmpC/ESBL-producing COL-E were confirmed in 24.3 % and 14.6 % of the fish, respectively. Multiplex PCR for mcr-1-9 showed that all 63 COL-E harboured mcr-1, while mcr-3 was detected in 7.9 % of COL-E. The minimum inhibitory concentration of colistin ranged from 2 to 256 µg/mL. Meanwhile, antibiotic susceptibility results show that all COL-E were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol.

Abundance of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli harbouring mcr-1 and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing E. coli co-harbouring blaCTX-M-55 or -65 with blaTEM isolates from chicken meat in Vietnam.

Although the spread of plasmid-mediated antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a public health concern, food contamination with plasmid-mediated antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Vietnam has not been well investigated. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of colistin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant, and endemic blaCTX-M in extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli isolates. Colistin and carbapenem-resistant ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from chickens in Vietnam and Japan. Colistin-resistant and AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli (52% and 93%, respectively) were detected in chickens from Vietnam, in comparison to 52.7%, AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli found in chicken from Japan. Carbapenem-resistant E. coli has not been isolated in Vietnam and Japan. Genotyping revealed that colistin-resistant E. coli harboured mcr-1, and most of the AmpC/ESBL-related genes were blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-65 together with blaTEM in Vietnamese chickens and blaCMY-2 in Japanese chickens. Multi-drug resistance analysis showed that ESBL-producing E. coli isolates had greater resistance to quinolones, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol than colistin-resistant E. coli isolates from Vietnam, suggesting the selection of multiple antibiotic resistance genes in ESBL-producing E. coli. In conclusion, colistin-resistant E. coli was detected in approximately half of the chicken samples, the majority of which harboured mcr-1. The high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli has remained constant in the last 5 years. The predominant blaCTX-M in ESBL-producing E. coli was blaCTX-M-55 or blaCTX-M-65, with the coexistence of blaTEM in Vietnam. These results can be implemented in monitoring systems to overcome the development of antimicrobial resistance.

[Community characteristics and functions of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere soil of natural and planted Pinus tabuliformis forests on the Loess Plateau, Northwest China]. / é»„åœŸé«˜åŽŸå¤©ç„¶å’Œäººå·¥æ²¹æ¾æž—æ ¹é™ åœŸå£¤è§£ç£·ç»†èŒç¾¤è½ç‰¹å¾åŠå ¶åŠŸèƒ½.

To investigate the interaction between Pinus tabuliformis and root microorganisms and its effects on the stability of P. tabuliformis forests, we collected rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil from natural and planted P. tabuliformis forests in Huanglong County of Shaanxi Province. The non-rhizosphere soil was used to analyze chemical properties, while the rhizosphere soil was used to isolate and purify phosphorus-solubilizing (organic and inorganic phosphorus) bacteria. We mea-sured the phosphate-solubilizing ability and identified those bacteria using DNA genes sequencing. The results showed that soil total carbon concentration (TC), total nitrogen concentration (TN), carbon:nitrogen (C/N), and nitrogen:phosphorus (N/P) were significantly higher in natural forest than those in the plantation. A total of 20 genera and 65 species of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were identified in those two forests, with Bacillus, Streptomyces and Pseudomonas as the dominant group. The diversity, richness, and evenness of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in the natural forest were higher than that in the planted forest, but dominance was lower. Streptomyces was positively correlated with soil TC, TN, C/N and N/P ratios, while Bacillus and Pseudomonas were positively correlated with soil nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), available phosphorus (AP), and total phosphorus (TP). The solubilizing ability of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria was different between two forest types, indicating that Pseudomonas sp.34-5 shared in two forests had the strongest phosphate-solubilizing ability for calcium phosphate with 11.40 µg·mL-1 and Bacillus mycoides BF1-5 exclusive to natural forest had the strongest phosphate-solubilizing ability for lecithin with 4.58 µg·mL-1. The composition and structure of phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial community were different in two forest types, with higher diversity, richness and phosphate-solubilizing ability in natural forest than that in plantation.

Prevalence of Zika virus neutralizing antibodies in healthy adults in Vietnam during and after the Zika virus epidemic season: a longitudinal population-based survey.

BACKGROUND: Between 2016 and 2019, 265 cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection were reported in Vietnam, predominantly in southern Vietnam. In 2016, a case of ZIKV-associated microcephaly was confirmed in the Central Highlands, and several members of the infant's family were confirmed to be infected with ZIKV. The study aims to determine the level of immunity to ZIKV in the general population of the ZIKV epidemic region. METHODS: A total of 879 serum samples were collected from 801 participants between January 2017 and July 2018, during and after the ZIKV epidemic in Vietnam. The samples were tested for anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), and anti-dengue virus (DENV) IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for ZIKV was performed on all samples, and for DENV on the samples that ZIKV neutralizing antibody positive. RESULTS: A total of 83 (10.3%) participants had anti-ZIKV IgM. Of the 83, 6 were confirmed to be ZIKV antibodies positive using PRNT and anti-ZIKV IgG ELISA. Of the 718 participants who were anti-ZIKV IgM negative, a further 3 cases were confirmed as positive for antibodies against ZIKV. Of the 9 participants with ZIKV infection, 5 lived in the same village as the infant with ZIKV-associated microcephaly and the other 4 lived in 2 neighboring communes. Repeat samples were collected from the 83 ZIKV IgM positive participants 1.5 years after the first collection. No new cases of ZIKV infection were detected. In addition, 2 of 3 participants with anti-ZIKV NS1 IgG demonstrated a 4- to 8-fold increase in ZIKV neutralizing antibody titer. CONCLUSIONS: ZIKV was present in the area around Krong Buk, with the rate of ZIKV-specific antibodies was 1.1% in the community since at least 2016. While the low levels of circulation together with low seroprevalence suggests a limited outbreak in the region, the results also reflect on low levels of protective immunity to Zika within the population. These results provide a better understanding of the current ZIKV epidemic status in the region and demonstrate a need for implementation of more effective ZIKV infection control measures.

Impact of Organic Manure on Growth, Nutrient Content and Yield of Chilli Pepper under Various Temperature Environments.

Expected climatic changes likely elicit serious challenges for crop production. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate the response of crop growth parameters and yield under temperature variability environments. The current experiment on chilli pepper growth was conducted in a field, rain-shelter plastic house, and plastic greenhouse, with accumulated temperatures of 2832 °C, 2967 °C, and 3105 °C in 2017; and 2944 °C, 3091 °C, and 3168 °C in 2018 growing seasons. Based on soil analysis, 132.7 kg ha-1 (1× of livestock manure compost as an optimum and 265.4 kg ha-1 (2×) as a double amount of organic matter were applied to each simulated temperature condition. The results showed that organic manure application favorably affects the growth attributes and nutrient uptake of chilli pepper with the highest values found in the plastic greenhouse, followed by the rain-shelter house, over the open field cultivation condition. The highest growth of chilli pepper was at the 2× rate of organic manure application, whereas the highest yield was found at the 1× rate of organic manure application. The application of organic manure at the 1× rate in the greenhouse increased root, shoot, and fruit dry weights of chilli pepper by 21.4%, 52.4%, and 79.7%, respectively, compared to the control values. These results indicate that the rational use of organic amendments might be the best solution for chilli pepper production under variable climate conditions.

Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase- and AmpC ß-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli within the Food Distribution System of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

To investigate the dissemination of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli within the food distribution system of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, the prevalence of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli strains in chicken meat, pork, beef, and fish/shrimp samples obtained from slaughterhouses, a wholesale market, and supermarkets was examined. Among the total of 330 collected food samples, ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli was detected in 150 samples (45.5%). The highest prevalence of these isolates was in chicken meat (76/82, 92.7%), followed by pork (32/92, 34.8%), beef (18/74, 34.3%), and fish/shrimp (24/82, 29.3%). A total of 342 strains of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli were isolated from 150 positive food samples. The most prevalent genes responsible for ESBL or pAmpC activity belonged to the CTX-M-9 (110/342, 31.2%), CTX-M-1 (102/342, 29.8%), and CIT (118/342, 34.5%) groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the high occurrence of pAmpC (37.1%) in animal-based food in Vietnam. Among the 342 total ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates, 276 (80.7%) were resistant to at least 6 antibiotic agents. Notably, high percentages of resistance to ciprofloxacin and fosfomycin were found in isolates from chicken (80.5% and 50.8%, resp.). These findings demonstrate that animal-based food products in HCMC represent a major reservoir of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli.

Metal ion CHElate-aSSisted LIGAtion (CHESS LIGA) for SNP detection on microarrays.

We developed a metal ion chelate-assisted ligation for SNP detection by microarray. An oligonucleotide probe was separated into two 9-10-mers bearing iminodiacetic residues at the gap point. Duplex formation with the DNA target was possible only if nickel ions were added, but a nucleotide substitution opposite the gap point prevented duplex formation. Here we demonstrate the application of this approach for SNP detection (A1298C) within the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene on a microarray.

The effect of traditional relaxation training on skin action at Hop coc and Tuc tam ly points

The comparative control study included 150 people with relaxation training for skin action at Hop coc and Tuc tam ly points showed that skin temperature, electric influx at the two points increased after 30 minutes (immediate effect) and 8 weeks training (maintaining effect) (P<0.01), skin resistance also decreased (P<0.05). Electric conduction of skin increased after 30 minutes and over 8-week relaxation training. (P<0.01)

The effect of traditional relaxtion training on circulation activity

The study was carried out on 150 people who were divided into 3 groups: adults, nervous breakdown, and high blood pressure patients with relaxation training at the Hospital of Traditional Medicine. Following indicators: pressure, heart rhythm, and limb’s blood circulation at three points of time: before and after 30 minutes, and after 8 weeks of training. Result showed that: the traditional relaxation training decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rhythm, extended RR and QT time, increased limb’s blood circulation (changes of the indicators still in permitted ranges)

Change in plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceris cortisol, catecholamin levels in the elderly suffered from blood hypertension and the elderly diagnosed to be neurasthenia training the traditional relaxation method

The study carried on 143 patients at 60 to 75 years old devide into 2 groups: the research include 100 people (50 high pressure, 50 nervous depression) practise tradition relax and control group with 43 people (22 high pressure, 21 nervous depression) didn’t practise tradition relax. All subjects were test glucoza, cholessterol, triglycerid, catecholamin, cortisol. High pressure group was measured vessel pressure index. Result: Practising tradition relax reduce glucoza, cholessterol, catecholamin, serum cortisol level in elderly people with nervous depression and high pressure. Vessel, pressure after 30minutes and 8 week of practising reduce compare with before pratising. Meanwhile in control group, vessel and pressure change indignificant