Pharmacological Evidence of Eugenia Brasiliensis Leaves in a Reserpine-Induced Fibromyalgia Model: Antinociceptive, Emotional, Anti-Inflammatory, and Neurotrophic Effects.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a painful chronic condition that significantly impacts the quality of life, posing challenges for clinical management. Given the difficulty of understanding the pathophysiology and finding new therapeutics, this study explored the effects of a medicinal plant, E. brasiliensis, in an FM model induced by reserpine in Swiss mice. Animals were treated with saline 0.9% (vehicle), duloxetine 10 mg/kg (positive control), or hydroalcoholic extract of E. brasiliensis leaves 300 mg/kg (HEEb). Nociceptive parameters, as well as locomotion, motor coordination, strength, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors, were evaluated for 10 days. After that, the brain and blood were collected for further analysis of cytokines (interleukin 1? and interleukin 6), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the immunocontents of total and phosphorylated Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). The results demonstrated that the acute and prolonged treatment with HEEb was able to reduce both mechanical and thermal nociception. It was also possible to observe an increase in the strength, without changing locomotion and motor coordination parameters. Interestingly, treatment with HEEb reduces anxious and depressive-like behaviors. Finally, we observed a reduction in inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of animals treated with HEEb, while an increase in BDNF was observed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, no alterations related to total and phosphorylated TrkB receptor expression were found. Our study demonstrated the antinociceptive and emotional effects of HEEb in mice, possibly acting on neuroinflammatory and neurotrophic mechanisms. These data provide initial evidence about the E. brasiliensis potential for treating chronic pain.

Differential expression of alpha-synuclein in the hippocampus of SHR and SLA16 isogenic rat strains.

Two inbred strains, Lewis (LEW) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), are well-known for their contrasting behavior related to anxiety/emotionality. Studies with these two strains led to the discovery of the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) on chromosome 4 (Anxrr16). To better understand the influences of this genomic region, the congenic rat strain SLA16 (SHR.LEW-Anxrr16) was developed. SLA16 rats present higher hyperactivity/impulsivity, deficits in learning and memory, and lower basal blood pressure than the SHR strain, even though genetic differences between them are only in chromosome 4. Thus, the present study proposed the alpha-synuclein and the dopaminergic system as candidates to explain the differential behavior of SHR and SLA16 strains. To accomplish this, beyond the behavioral analysis, we performed (I) the Snca gene expression and (II) quantification of the alpha-synuclein protein in the hippocampus (HPC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum (STR) of SHR and SLA16 strains; (III) sequencing of the 3'UTR of the Snca gene; and (IV) evaluation of miRNA binding in the 3'UTR site. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) was identified in the 3'UTR of the Snca gene, which exhibited upregulation in the HPC of SHR compared to SLA16 females. Alpha-synuclein protein was higher in the HPC of SHR males compared to SLA16 males. The results of this work suggested that differences in alpha-synuclein HPC content could be influenced by miRNA regulation and associated with behavioral differences between SHR and SLA16 animals.

Regulation of FGF2-induced proliferation by inhibitory GPCR in normal pituitary cells.

Introduction: Intracellular communication is essential for the maintenance of the anterior pituitary gland plasticity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether GPCR-Gαi modulates basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)-induced proliferative activity in normal pituitary cell populations. Methods: Anterior pituitary primary cell cultures from Wistar female rats were treated with FGF2 (10ng/mL) or somatostatin analog (SSTa, 100nM) alone or co-incubated with or without the inhibitors of GPCR-Gαi, pertussis toxin (PTX, 500nM), MEK inhibitor (U0126, 100µM) or PI3K inhibitor (LY 294002, 10 µM). Results: FGF2 increased and SSTa decreased the lactotroph and somatotroph BrdU uptak2e (p<0.05) whereas the FGF2-induced S-phase entry was prevented by SSTa co-incubation in both cell types, with these effects being reverted by PTX, U0126 or LY294002 pre-incubation. The inhibition of lactotroph and somatotroph mitosis was associated with a downregulation of c-Jun expression, a decrease of phosphorylated (p) ERK and pAKT. Furthermore, SSTa was observed to inhibit the S-phase entry induced by FGF2, resulting in a further increase in the number of cells in the G1 phase and a concomitant reduction in the number of cells in the S phases (p< 0.05), effects related to a decrease of cyclin D1 expression and an increase in the expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p27 and p21. Discussion: In summary, the GPCR-Gαi activated by SSTa blocked the pro-proliferative effect of FGF2 in normal pituitary cells via a MEK-dependent mechanism, which acts as a mediator of both anti and pro-mitogenic signals, that may regulate the principal effectors of the G1 to S-phase transition.

Recent advances in the use of legume lectins for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

Poor lifestyle choices and genetic predisposition are factors that increase the number of cancer cases, one example being breast cancer, the third most diagnosed type of malignancy. Currently, there is a demand for the development of new strategies to ensure early detection and treatment options that could contribute to the complete remission of breast tumors, which could lead to increased overall survival rates. In this context, the glycans observed at the surface of cancer cells are presented as efficient tumor cell markers. These carbohydrate structures can be recognized by lectins which can act as decoders of the glycocode. The application of plant lectins as tools for diagnosis/treatment of breast cancer encompasses the detection and sorting of glycans found in healthy and malignant cells. Here, we present an overview of the most recent studies in this field, demonstrating the potential of lectins as: mapping agents to detect differentially expressed glycans in breast cancer, as histochemistry/cytochemistry analysis agents, in lectin arrays, immobilized in chromatographic matrices, in drug delivery, and as biosensing agents. In addition, we describe lectins that present antiproliferative effects by themselves and/or in conjunction with other drugs in a synergistic effect.

The lectin DrfL inhibits cell migration, adhesion and triggers autophagy-dependent cell death in glioma cells.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of glioma, displaying atypical glycosylation pattern that may modulate signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Lectins are glycan binding proteins with antitumor properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the antitumor capacity of the Dioclea reflexa lectin (DrfL) on glioma cell cultures. Our results demonstrated that DrfL induced morphological changes and cytotoxic effects in glioma cell cultures of C6, U-87MG and GBM1 cell lines. The action of DrfL was dependent upon interaction with glycans, and required a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and the cytotoxic effect was apparently selective for tumor cells, not altering viability and morphology of primary astrocytes. DrfL inhibited tumor cell migration, adhesion, proliferation and survival, and these effects were accompanied by activation of p38MAPK and JNK (p46/54), along with inhibition of Akt and ERK1/2. DrfL also upregulated pro-apoptotic (BNIP3 and PUMA) and autophagic proteins (Atg5 and LC3 cleavage) in GBM cells. Noteworthy, inhibition of autophagy and caspase-8 were both able to attenuate cell death in GBM cells treated with DrfL. Our results indicate that DrfL cytotoxicity against GBM involves modulation of cell pathways, including MAPKs and Akt, which are associated with autophagy and caspase-8 dependent cell death.

Structural Prediction and Characterization of Canavalia grandiflora (ConGF) Lectin Complexed with MMP1: Unveiling the Antiglioma Potential of Legume Lectins.

A glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis because of its invasiveness and high resistance to current therapies. In GBMs, abnormal glycosylation patterns are associated with malignancy, which allows for the use of lectins as tools for recognition and therapy. More specifically, lectins can interact with glycan structures found on the malignant cell surface. In this context, the present work aimed to investigate the antiglioma potential of ConGF, a lectin purified from Canavalia grandiflora seeds, against C6 cells. The treatment of C6 cells with ConGF impaired the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, reduced cell viability, and induced morphological changes. ConGF also induced massive autophagy, as evaluated by acridine orange (AO) staining and LC3AB-II expression, but without prominent propidium iodide (PI) labeling. The mechanism of action appears to involve the carbohydrate-binding capacity of ConGF, and in silico studies suggested that the lectin can interact with the glycan structures of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), a prominent protein found in malignant cells, likely explaining the observed effects.

The ERK phosphorylation levels in the amygdala predict anxiety symptoms in humans and MEK/ERK inhibition dissociates innate and learned defensive behaviors in rats.

We demonstrate that the rate of extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation (P-ERK1,2/Total-ERK1,2) in the amygdala is negatively and independently associated with anxiety symptoms in 23 consecutive patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy that was surgically treated. In naive Wistar rats, the P-ERK1,2/Total-ERK1,2 ratio in the amygdala correlates negatively with innate anxiety-related behavior on the elevated plus maze (n = 20) but positively with expression of defensive-learned behavior (i.e., freezing) on Pavlovian aversive (fear) conditioning (n = 29). The microinfusion of ERK1/2 inhibitor (FR180204, n = 8-13/group) or MEK inhibitor (U0126, n = 8-9/group) into the basolateral amygdala did not affect anxiety-related behavior but impaired the evocation (anticipation) of conditioned-defensive behavior (n = 9-11/group). In conclusion, the P-ERK1,2/Total-ERK1,2 ratio in the amygdala predicts anxiety in humans and the innate anxiety- and conditioned freezing behaviors in rats. However, the ERK1/2 in the basolateral AMY is only required for the expression of defensive-learned behavior. These results support a dissociate ERK-dependent mechanism in the amygdala between innate anxiety-like responses and the anticipation of learned-defensive behavior. These findings have implications for understanding highly prevalent psychiatric disorders related to the defensive circuit manifested by anxiety and fear. HIGHLIGHTS: The P-ERK1,2/Total-ERK1,2 ratio in the amygdala (AMY) correlates negatively with anxiety symptoms in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. The P-ERK1,2/Total-ERK1,2 in the amygdala correlates negatively with the anxiety-like behavior and positively with freezing-learned behavior in naive rats. ERK1,2 in the basolateral amygdala is required for learned-defensive but not for the anxiety-like behavior expression in rats.

AMPAr GluA1 Phosphorylation at Serine 845 in Limbic System Is Associated with Cardiac Autonomic Tone.

The central autonomic network, which is connected to the limbic system structures including the amygdala (AMY) and anterior hippocampus (aHIP), regulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of visceromotor, neuroendocrine, pain, and behavior manifestations during stress responses. Heart rate variability (HRV) is useful to estimate the cardiac autonomic tone. The levels of phosphorylation on the Ser831 and Ser845 sites of the GluA1 subunit of the AMPAr (P-GluA1-Ser845 and P-GluA1-Ser831) are useful markers of synaptic plasticity. The relation between synaptic plasticity in the human limbic system structures and autonomic regulation in humans is unknown. This study investigated the association between HRV and neurochemistry biomarkers of synaptic plasticity in AMY and aHIP. HRV indices were obtained from the resting state electrocardiogram of patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE, n = 18) and the levels of P-GluA1-Ser845 and P-GluA1-Ser831 in the AMY and aHIP resected during the epilepsy surgery. A backward stepwise multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the association between HRV and synaptic plasticity biomarkers controlling for imbalances in the distribution of sociodemographic, clinical, neuroimaging, and neurosurgical variables. P-GluA1-Ser845 levels in AMY show a negative association (p < 0.05) with the 3 investigated parasympathetic autonomic HRV indices (SDNN, rMSSD, and HF) predicting 24 to 40% of their variation. The final multiple linear regression models include disease duration and levels of P-GluA1-Ser845 and predict 24 to 56% of cardiac autonomic tone variation (p < 0.01). P-GluA1-Ser845 levels in AMY and aHIP are negatively associated with the resting HRV in MTLE-HS indicating that increased synaptic efficiency in amygdala is associated with a parasympathetic cardiac autonomic tone impairment. The results suggest that specific changes in synaptic plasticity may be involved in the brain-heart axis regulation by the limbic system.

Methylglyoxal-Mediated Dopamine Depletion, Working Memory Deficit, and Depression-Like Behavior Are Prevented by a Dopamine/Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor.

Methylglyoxal (MGO) is an endogenous toxin, mainly produced as a by-product of glycolysis that has been associated to aging, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammation. Cell culture studies reported that MGO could impair the glyoxalase, thioredoxin, and glutathione systems. Thus, we investigated the effect of in vivo MGO administration on these systems, but no major changes were observed in the glyoxalase, thioredoxin, and glutathione systems, as evaluated in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus of mice. A previous study from our group indicated that MGO administration produced learning/memory deficits and depression-like behavior. Confirming these findings, the tail suspension test indicated that MGO treatment for 7 days leads to depression-like behavior in three different mice strains. MGO treatment for 12 days induced working memory impairment, as evaluated in the Y maze spontaneous alternation test, which was paralleled by low dopamine and serotonin levels in the cerebral cortex. Increased DARPP32 Thr75/Thr34 phosphorylation ratio was observed, suggesting a suppression of phosphatase 1 inhibition, which may be involved in behavioral responses to MGO. Co-treatment with a dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (bupropion, 10 mg/kg, p.o.) reversed the depression-like behavior and working memory impairment and restored the serotonin and dopamine levels in the cerebral cortex. Overall, the cerebral cortex monoaminergic system appears to be a preferential target of MGO toxicity, a new potential therapeutic target that remains to be addressed.

Glutathione in Chlorpyrifos-and Chlorpyrifos-Oxon-Induced Toxicity: a Comparative Study Focused on Non-cholinergic Toxicity in HT22 Cells.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a neurotoxic organophosphorus (OP) insecticide widely used for agricultural purposes. CPF-mediated neurotoxicity is mainly associated with its anticholinesterase activity, which may lead to a cholinergic syndrome. CPF metabolism generates chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-O), which possesses higher anticholinesterase activity and, consequently, plays a major role in the cholinergic syndrome observed after CPF poisoning. Recent lines of evidence have also reported non-cholinergic endpoints of CPF- and CPF-O-induced neurotoxicities, but comparisons on the non-cholinergic toxic properties of CPF and CPF-O are lacking. In this study, we compared the non-cholinergic toxicities displayed by CPF and CPF-O in cultured neuronal cells, with a particular emphasis on their pro-oxidant properties. Using immortalized cells derived from mouse hippocampus (HT22 line, which does present detectable acetylcholinesterase activity), we observed that CPF-O was 5-fold more potent in decreasing cell viability compared with CPF. Atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, protected against acetylcholine (ACh)-induced toxicity but failed to prevent the CPF- and CPF-O-induced cytotoxicities in HT22 cells. CPF or CPF-O exposures significantly decreased the levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH); this event preceded the significant decrease in cell viability. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a GSH precursor) protected against the cytotoxicity induced by both CPF and CPF-O. The present study indicates that GSH depletion is a non-cholinergic event involved in CPF and CPF-O toxicities. The study also shows that in addition of being a more potent AChE inhibitor, CPF-O is also a more potent pro-oxidant molecule when compared with CPF, highlighting the role of CPF metabolism (bioactivation to CPF-O) in the ensuing non-cholinergic toxicity.

Pivotal role of NF-κB in cellular senescence of experimental pituitary tumours.

The molecular mechanisms underlying the capability of pituitary tumours to avoid unregulated cell proliferation are still not well understood. However, the NF-κB transcription factor, which is able to modulate not only cellular senescence but also tumour progression, has emerged as a targeted candidate. This work was focused on the NF-κB role in cellular senescence during the progression of experimental pituitary tumours. Also, the contribution of the signalling pathways in senescence-associated NF-κB activation and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and pro-survival-NF-κB target genes transcription were analysed. A robust NF-κB activation was seen at E20-E40 of tumour development accompanied by a marked SA-ß-Gal co-reactivity in the tumour pituitary parenchyma. The induction of TNFα and IL1-ß as specific SASP-related NF-κB target genes as well as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl pro-survival genes was shown to be accompanied by increases in the p-p38 MAPK protein levels, starting at the E20 stage and strengthening from 40 to 60 days of tumour growth. It is noteworthy that p-JNK displayed a similar pattern of activation during pituitary tumour development, while p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 were downregulated. By employing a pharmacological strategy to abrogate NF-κB activity, we demonstrated a marked reduction in SA-ß-Gal activity and a slight decrease in Ki67 immunopositive cells after NF-κB blockade. These results suggest a central role for NF-κB in the regulation of the cellular senescence programme, leading to the strikingly benign intrinsic nature of pituitary adenomas.

Amygdala levels of the GluA1 subunit of glutamate receptors and its phosphorylation state at serine 845 in the anterior hippocampus are biomarkers of ictal fear but not anxiety.

Fear is a conscious state caused by exposure to real or imagined threats that trigger stress responses that affect the body and brain, particularly limbic structures. A sub-group of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy related to hippocampus sclerosis (MTLE-HS) have seizures with fear, which is called ictal fear (IF), due to epileptic activity within the brain defensive survival circuit structures. Synaptic transmission efficacy can be bi-directionally modified through potentiation (long-term potentiation (LTP)) or depression (long-term depression (LTD)) as well as the phosphorylation state of Ser831 and Ser845 sites at the GluA1 subunit of the glutamate AMPA receptors, which has been characterized as a critical event for this synaptic plasticity. In this study, GluA1 levels and the phosphorylation at Ser845 and Ser831 in the amygdala (AMY), anterior hippocampus (aHIP) and middle gyrus of temporal neocortex (CX) were determined with western blots and compared between MTLE-HS patients who were showing (n = 06) or not showing (n = 25) IF. Patients with IF had an 11% decrease of AMY levels of the GluA1 subunit (p = 0.05) and a 21.5% decrease of aHIP levels of P-GluA1-Ser845 (p = 0.009) compared to patients not showing IF. The observed associations were not related to imbalances in the distribution of other concomitant types of aura, demographic, clinical or neurosurgical variables. The lower levels of P-GluA1-Ser845 in the aHIP of patients with IF were not related to changes in the levels of the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit or protein kinase A activation. Taken together, the GluA1 subunit levels in AMY and P-GluA1-Ser845 levels in the aHIP show an overall accuracy of 89.3% (specificity 95.5% and sensitivity 66.7%) to predict the presence of IF. AMY levels of the GluA1 subunit and aHIP levels of P-GluA1-Ser845 were not associated with the psychiatric diagnosis and symptoms of patients. Taken together with previous findings in MTLE-HS patients with IF who were evaluated by stereotactic implanted depth electrodes, we speculate our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that AMY is not a centre of fear but together with other sub-cortical and cortical structures integrates the defensive circuit that detect and respond to threats. This is the first report to address neuroplasticity features in human limbic structures connected to the defensive survival circuits, which has implications for the comprehension of highly prevalent psychiatric disorders and symptoms.

One century of ConA and 40 years of ConBr research: A structural review.

Lectins are proteins that can bind specifically and reversibly to carbohydrates. This capacity gives lectins multiple biological roles and biotechnological applications. Although lectins can be found in all organisms, plant lectins, especially legume lectins, are undoubtedly the most thoroughly studied. Among legume lectins, the lectin from Canavalia ensiformis (ConA) and Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr), both from Diocleinae subtribe, are two of the most well-known lectins. It has been 100 years since the first report of ConA and 40 years since the first report of ConBr, making 2019 an important year for lectinology. Structural data of these lectins in combination with biological activity tests clearly indicate that even a small shift in amino acid sequence can affect the tertiary and quaternary structures, consequently affecting the biological activity of these proteins. It is in this context that the present paper aims to review the structural data of ConA and ConBr, focusing on the primary structure, crystallography, tertiary and quaternary structures of these lectins, as well as their binding sites. This paper also expands the structural data by employing molecular dynamics to evaluate carbohydrate-binding properties and structural stability. It is anticipated that these data will increase knowledge about the structure-function relationships of these proteins.

Sodium selenite protects from 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in cultured primary cortical neurons.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans; its intake is needed to allow the proper synthesis of 25 different selenoproteins that are necessary to the normal functioning of several organs, including the brain. Accordingly, decreased Se levels have been associated with neurological disorders. In the present study, we investigated the potential beneficial effects of Se, as sodium selenite, against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced oxidative stress in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons. 3-NP treatment caused a significant decrease in cellular viability, which was accompanied by decreases in mitochondrial complex II activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, as well as increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Sodium selenite pretreatment (6 days) attenuated 3-NP-induced decrease in cell viability. In addition, sodium selenite pretreatment significantly protected against 3-NP-induced increase in ROS generation and decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio. Of note, sodium selenite pretreatment did not change 3-NP-induced decrease of mitochondrial complex II activity, suggesting that Se modulates secondary events resultant from 3-NP-induced mitochondrial dyshomeostasis. In addition, sodium selenite pretreatment significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Our data provide insights into the mechanism of protection by sodium selenite, which is related, at least in part, to GPx induction.

Canavalia bonariensis lectin: Molecular bases of glycoconjugates interaction and antiglioma potential.

CaBo is a mannose/glucose-specific lectin purified from seeds of Canavalia bonariensis. In the present work, we report the CaBo crystal structure determined to atomic resolution in the presence of X-man, a specific ligand. Similar to the structural characteristics of other legume lectins, CaBo presented the jellyroll motif, a metal binding site occupied by calcium and manganese ions close to the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). In vitro test of CaBo cytotoxicity against glioma cells demonstrated its ability to decrease the cellular viability and migration by induction of autophagy and cell death. Molecular docking simulations corroborate previous data indicating that the lectin's biological activities occur mostly through interactions with glycoproteins since the lectin interacted favorably with several N-glycans, especially those of the high-mannose type. Together, these results suggest that CaBo interacts with glycosylated cell targets and elicits a remarkable antiglioma activity.

Neuropsychological functioning and brain energetics of drug resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients.

Interictal hypometabolism is commonly measured by 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) in the temporal lobe of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE-HS). Left temporal lobe interictal FDG-PET hypometabolism has been associated with verbal memory impairment, while right temporal lobe FDG-PET hypometabolism is associated with nonverbal memory impairment. The biochemical mechanisms involved in these findings remain unknown. In comparison to healthy controls (n=21), surgically treated patients with MTLE-HS (n=32, left side=17) had significant lower scores in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT retention and delayed), Logical Memory II (LMII), Boston Naming test (BNT), Letter Fluency and Category Fluency. We investigated whether enzymatic activities of the mitochondrial enzymes Complex I (C I), Complex II (C II), Complex IV (C IV) and Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) from the resected samples of the middle temporal neocortex (mTCx), amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HIP) were associated with performance in the RAVLT, LMII, BNT and fluency tests of our patients. After controlling for the side of hippocampus sclerosis, years of education, disease duration, antiepileptic treatment and seizure outcome after surgery, no independent associations were observed between the cognitive test scores and the analyzed mitochondrial enzymatic activities (p>0.37). Results indicate that memory and language impairment observed in MTLE-HS patients are not strongly associated with the levels of mitochondrial CI, CII, SDH and C IV enzymatic activities in the temporal lobe structures ipsilateral to the HS lesion.

Structural analysis of Dioclea lasiocarpa lectin: A C6 cells apoptosis-inducing protein.

Lectins are multidomain proteins that specifically recognize various carbohydrates. The structural characterization of these molecules is crucial in understanding their function and activity in systems and organisms. Most cancer cells exhibit changes in glycosylation patterns, and lectins may be able to recognize these changes. In this work, Dioclea lasiocarpa seed lectin (DLL) was structurally characterized. The lectin presented a high degree of similarity with other lectins isolated from legumes, presenting a jelly roll motif and a metal-binding site stabilizing the carbohydrate-recognition domain. DLL demonstrated differential interactions with carbohydrates, depending on type of glycosidic linkage present in ligands. As observed by the reduction of cell viability in C6 cells, DLL showed strong antiglioma activity by mechanisms involving activation of caspase 3.