RESUMEN
Since apprearance of reagent strip chemical determinations, different flow cytometers for urine sediments analysis appears (Sysmex UF-100, UF-50 and UF 1000). Recently has been introduced a new analyser (Iris IQ Elite) that analyses urine specimen by microscopy. Five hundred microscopic fields are photographed and analysed. Each particle of the microscopic field is separated and analysed with the software for recognition: Auto Particle Recognition (APR). In most of cases, automatic classification leads to correct results. For abnormal particles, the possibilities of visualisation by the operator permit us to avoid confusion between, for example: red cells and yeasts, spermatozoa and bacillus; that are identified as artefacts in flow cytometer. L'Iris IQ Elite presents a sensitivity of 68%, a specificity of 80%, a predictive positive value of 60% and a negative predictive value of 86% versus urine specimen culture. By combination of differents parameters given by the Iris machine, we can forget 43% of microscopic direct examination and predict the negativity of 32% of culture with a sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 100%.
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Microscopía/métodos , Urinálisis/métodos , Infecciones Urinarias/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Automatización , Bacteriuria/diagnóstico , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Programas Informáticos , Urinálisis/instrumentación , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Orina/citología , Orina/microbiologíaAsunto(s)
Buprenorfina/uso terapéutico , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatitis C Crónica/virología , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/uso terapéutico , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/tratamiento farmacológico , ARN Viral/sangre , Adulto , Buprenorfina/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Masculino , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/administración & dosificación , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico , Transcripción Genética , Carga ViralAsunto(s)
Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/patología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/complicaciones , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/inmunología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/transmisión , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Granuloma/patología , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/patología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/transmisiónRESUMEN
Molecular methods for bacterial strain typing are becoming available outside teaching hospitals and large structures. Although it seems reasonable to use conventional markers, most notably the serotype, whenever possible, the limitations of these methods are particularly conspicuous with P. aeruginosa. Combined use of several methods such as quantitative antibiotic susceptibility testing and serotype determination has proved adequate for characterizing P. aeruginosa strains in some cases. In the case of the outbreak reported herein, this approach failed to provide high quality epidemiological data. In contrast, pulsed field gel electrophoresis ruled out epidemic spread of a P. aeruginosa strain in the clinical hematology department.
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Brotes de Enfermedades , Resistencia a las Penicilinas , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/epidemiología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Ticarcilina/farmacología , Francia/epidemiología , Hematología , Departamentos de Hospitales/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales de Enseñanza/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Incidencia , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/transmisión , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/clasificación , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/aislamiento & purificación , SerotipificaciónRESUMEN
Our objective was to propose a strategy to screen HIV-infected African people for biological immunodeficiency easily. In a cross-sectional study, we analysed the patterns of diseases and of CD4 counts among 266 HIV-infected adults. Peripheral facial paralysis and chronic cutaneo-mucous diseases were the earlier B-stage diseases. Pulmonary tuberculosis was close to B-stage diseases, and chronic diarrhoea was borderline between B and C stages. Cachexia was the most frequent C-stage symptom (47.8%). Ninety per cent of CDC-C stage people had CD4 counts below 350/microliter, whereas only 75% had CD4 counts below 200/microliter. Regression analysis identified the lymphocyte count, clinical stage and platelet count as predictors of CD4 count below 350/microliter. A simple score (lymphocyte count < or = 2500/microliter and clinical stage > or = B) is proposed to determine this CD4 threshold (positive predictive value: 83%) and to determine those patients needing treatment to prevent wasting and opportunistic infections.
PIP: Findings are presented from a cross-sectional study conducted in 1995 in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, in which the patterns of diseases and CD4 counts among 266 HIV-infected adults of mean age 33 years were analyzed. The bioclinical spectrum of subjects' HIV disease is described and a simple alternative proposed to CD4 enumeration for screening and monitoring HIV-infected Africans. Dermatological symptoms and diarrhea were the most frequent signs associated with B-stage disease, while cachexia and digestive candidosis were the most frequent AIDS-defining diseases (ADD). Peripheral facial paralysis and cutaneo-mucous diseases were associated with weak immune deficiency. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was close to B-stage diseases, and chronic diarrhea was borderline between B and C stages. Cachexia was the most frequent C-stage symptom (47.8%). 90% of CDC C-stage subjects had CD4 counts of less than 350 per mcl, while only 75% had CD4 counts under 200/mcl. Regression analysis identified the lymphocyte count, clinical stage, and platelet count as predictors of CD4 count below 350/mcl. A lymphocyte count of less than or equal to 2500/mcl and clinical stage of B or higher is proposed to determine the CD4 threshold and to determine those patients in need of treatment to prevent wasting and opportunistic infections.
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Infecciones por VIH/terapia , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/microbiología , Adulto , Burkina Faso , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Estudios Transversales , Eosinófilos , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Humanos , Recuento de Linfocitos , Recuento de Plaquetas , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/etiologíaAsunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Vagina/microbiología , Vaginosis Bacteriana/complicaciones , Adolescente , Adulto , Burkina Faso/epidemiología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Uganda/epidemiología , Vaginosis Bacteriana/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
SETTING: The Regional Tuberculosis Centre and the Muraz Centre in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. OBJECTIVES: To observe the trend of primary drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis patients 5 years into a short-course treatment programme and to assess the possible implementation of a further programme. DESIGN: Bacteriological study of stains isolated from all newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients (n = 300), all relapse cases (n = 20) and all failure cases (n = 58) from the Houet province, during the period from April 1992 to April 1994. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus was determined for the first 119 patients included in the study. RESULTS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the predominant species as shown by 75.1% of the isolates; next was M. africanum, then atypical mycobacteria and finally M. bovis, representing 18.4%, 6.5% and 0.4% of the isolates respectively. Primary resistance (excluding atypical strains) was as follows: isoniazid 7.6%, ethambutol 1.0%, rifampicin 2.5%, and streptomycin 12.4%; 33.6% of the patients tested for HIV were HIV positive. There was no relationship between HIV serostatus and the identity of strains or drug resistance. However, negative acid-fast bacilli smear microscopy with positive culture was significantly more frequent in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients. CONCLUSION: This study shows a drop in primary resistance compared with previous studies carried out in Bobo-Dioulasso under the same conditions (setting, materials and methods, sampling procedures) in 1982 and 1986. This is consistent with the hypothesis that treatment monitoring and the introduction of short-course therapy in 1989 (2 HERZ/4 HR or 2 HRSZ/4 HR) have contributed to lower rates of primary drug resistance.
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Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/tratamiento farmacológico , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/microbiología , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Burkina Faso/epidemiología , Esquema de Medicación , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mycobacterium/clasificación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Esputo/microbiología , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Genitourinary infections have a major impact on public health, especially in Africa. Relative distribution of the different pathogens is unknown in Bobo-Dioulasso. GOAL: To describe the etiology of genitourinary infections, to establish the sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics, and to provide epidemiologic and biologic evidence to optimize the treatment of genitourinary infections. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical and biologic diagnoses were performed on 223 women with genitourinary infections. RESULTS: Etiologies found were trichomoniasis (27.8%), chlamydia (26.9%), bacterial vaginosis (19.7%), candidiasis (16.6), and N. gonorrhoeae infection (10.9%). Human immune deficiency virus antibodies were present in 42% of the patients. Spectinomycin or ceftriaxone should be recommended for the treatment of gonorrhoeae in Bobo-Dioulasso. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis is higher than that of N. gonorrhoeae in Bobo-Dioulasso. This should be taken into account in clinical management of sexually transmitted diseases in this setting.
PIP: Genitourinary infections have a major impact upon public health, especially in Africa. This paper describes findings from a study conducted to describe the etiology of such infections in Bobo-Dioulasso, to establish the sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics, and to provide epidemiologic and biologic evidence to optimize the treatment of genitourinary infections. The findings are based upon clinical and biologic diagnoses among 223 women with genitourinary infections. Study found the following etiologies: trichomoniasis in 27.8%, chlamydia in 26.9%, bacterial vaginosis in 19.7%, candidiasis in 16.6%, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in 10.9%. HIV antibodies were present in 42% of patients. The authors recommend spectinomycin or ceftriaxone for the treatment of gonorrhea in Bobo-Dioulasso. Moreover, that the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis is higher than that of Neisseria gonorrhoeae should be taken into account when managing STDs in this setting.
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Enfermedades Urogenitales Femeninas/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Burkina Faso/epidemiología , Candidiasis Vulvovaginal/epidemiología , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Infecciones por Chlamydia/epidemiología , Chlamydia trachomatis/aislamiento & purificación , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Femenino , Enfermedades Urogenitales Femeninas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Urogenitales Femeninas/epidemiología , Gardnerella vaginalis/aislamiento & purificación , Gonorrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Gonorrea/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efectos de los fármacos , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Sífilis/epidemiología , Tricomoniasis/epidemiología , Trichomonas vaginalis/aislamiento & purificación , Vaginosis Bacteriana/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This study reports the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among gynaecological outpatients presenting at the Bobo-Dioulasso Hospital (Burkina Faso) with genital infections and examines the factors associated with HIV infection in this population. Of 245 eligible non-pregnant women, 220 consented to participate in the study. Seventy-seven per cent had sexually transmitted infections. The most common were: Trichomonas vaginalis (28%), Chlamydia trachomatis (27%), bacterial vaginosis (20%), Candida albicans (17%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (11%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 42% (95% c.i. 35.3, 48.3). Logistic regression analyses revealed Neisseria gonorrhoeae to be the only STD significantly associated with infection with HIV (P = 0.04). A sedimentation rate greater than or equal to 100 mm in the first hour was also associated with HIV infection (P < 0.001). Women consulting for genital infections constitute a high risk group for HIV infection and other STDs. Management of these women should focus on the early diagnosis and treatment of STDs.
PIP: During May-October 1992 in the gynecology and obstetrics department at the National Central Hospital Souro Sanou in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, physicians conducted a physical examination of and took vaginal smears from 220 nonpregnant women of reproductive age who consented to take part in this study and who had clinical signs of a genital infection. The researchers wanted to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the factors associated with HIV infection. 77% had an STD. The most common STDs were Trichomonas vaginalis (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (27%). 42% were HIV positive. HIV-positive women were significantly more likely than HIV-negative women to be infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (30.4% vs. 24.2%; p = 0.03). Risk factors associated with HIV infection among women presenting with genital infections included young age (25.5 vs. 27.5 years; p = 0.03), low gravidity (2 vs. 2.7; p = 0.04), a higher sedimentation rate in the first hour (75.3 vs. 54; p 0.001), and a low hemoglobin level (11.7 vs. 12.2 g/dl; p = 0.01). These findings indicate that women with genital infections are a group at high risk of HIV and other STDs and a target population for preventive interventions. Physicians should focus on detection and treatment of STDs when they manage cases with genital infections, and they should give appropriate advice on the prevention of HIV to all women presenting with genital infections.
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Enfermedades de los Genitales Femeninos/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/complicaciones , Adulto , Sedimentación Sanguínea , Burkina Faso , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Genitales Femeninos/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Seronegatividad para VIH , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/sangreAsunto(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Sondas de Oligonucleótidos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Tuberculosis Meníngea/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anciano , Burkina Faso , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis Meníngea/microbiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/microbiología , VietnamRESUMEN
Seroreactivity to Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) and to Cytomegalovirus (Cmv) was compared between symptomatic HIV-infected patients (40 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 38 with AIDS) and HIV-seronegative patients (40 tuberculosis patients and 30 healthy patients), in an urban area of Burkina Faso. Prevalence of IgG antibodies to Tg antigens (> 50.0%) did not differ amongst the four groups, but tuberculosis HIV+ patients and AIDS patients showed more higher titers of Tg antibodies more often than healthy patients (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005, respectively). Prevalence of specific IgG to Cmv was higher in tuberculosis HIV-seronegative patients (97.5%) and in AIDS patients (100%) than in healthy patients (82%; p < 0.03 and p < 0.001, respectively). Higher Cmv antibodies titers were found in relation to AIDS but also to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis HIV+ as tuberculosis HIV-patients showed higher Cmv antibodies titers than healthy patients (p < 0.002 and < 0.02 respectively). These data emphasize the need for taking into account the risk of Tg reactivation during the follow-up of HIV infected patients in Burkina Faso and suggest possible relationships between Cmv and tuberculosis reactivations.