Blunt mechanism chest wall injury: initial patient assessment and acute care priorities.

Blunt mechanism chest wall injury (CWI) is commonly seen in the emergency department (ED), since it is present in around 15% of trauma patients. The thoracic cage protects the heart, lungs and trachea, thereby supporting respiration and circulation, so injury to the thorax can induce potentially life-threatening complications. Systematic care pathways have been shown to improve outcomes for patients presenting with blunt mechanism CWI, but care is not consistent across the UK. Emergency nurses have a crucial role in assessing and treating patients who present to the ED with blunt mechanism CWI. This article discusses the initial assessment and acute care priorities for this patient group. It also presents a prognostic model for predicting the probability of in-hospital complications following blunt mechanism CWI.

Understanding adaptive tasks in cardiac rehabilitation among patients with acute myocardial infarction: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: While Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) programs have shown effectiveness in improving cardiac outcomes, there is limited understanding of how patients perceive and adapt to these interventions. Furthermore, alternative modes of delivering CR that have received positive evaluations from participants remain underexplored, yet they have the potential to enhance CR uptake. OBJECTIVES: To explore the patient experience in CR programmes following Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and describe their adaptive processing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted at a nationally certified centre in China between July 2021 and September 2022, encompassing three stages: in-hospital, centre-based, and home-based CR programs. Purposive sampling was used to select eligible AMI patients for in-depth semi-structured interviews. The interview outline and analytical framework were aligned with the key concepts derived from the middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic illness and the normalization process theory. The findings were reported following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. RESULTS: Forty AMI patients were recruited. Four main themes describing the process of AMI patients normalizing CR intervention were identified, including (1) experiencing CR service driving by role's responsibilities, (2) engaging in collaborative relationship based on interpersonal trust, (3) exploring a personalized rehabilitation plan by complex integration, and (4) expecting a promised outcome to shape decision-making. CONCLUSION: Integrated care interventions for AMI patients could benefit from a collaborative co-designed approach to ensure that CR interventions are normalized and fit into patients' daily lives. Organizational-level CR services should align with the rehabilitation needs and expectations of patients.

Exploring perceptions of digital technology and digital skills among newly registered nurses and clinical managers.

BACKGROUND: Digital technology has an increasing role in healthcare, but staff lack opportunities to develop their digital skills and there is a lack of research on education and training in digital technology for staff. AIM: To explore nurses' perceptions of the use of digital technology in their practice and to identify the digital skills required by newly registered nurses to work in a digitally enabled environment. METHOD: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted on an online communication platform with nine participants - four newly registered nurses and five senior nurses working in clinical and/or management roles. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. FINDINGS: Several barriers and facilitators to the use of digital technology were identified, including around infrastructure, time, skills, training, support, leadership, familiarity and confidence. The use of digital technology may enhance care consistency and increase patient autonomy, but it may also erode nurse-patient relationships. CONCLUSION: Digital technology can enhance patient care but organisational barriers, notably in relation to digital literacy training, need to be addressed for nurses to fully adopt it.

Patients' and caregivers' perceptions of the quality of hospital-at-home service: A scoping review.

AIM: This scoping review aims to provide an overview of patients and caregivers perceptions of hospital-at-home (HaH) services. BACKGROUND: HaH services provide patients with hospital-level care at home and are central to integrated healthcare systems. Despite favourable data from individual studies in the literature, in-depth analysis from patient and caregivers perspectives is lacking. This understanding is essential for the dissemination and scaling of HaH services. DESIGN: The scoping review was performed using the PRISMA-ScR checklist and PAGER framework for the findings report and research recommendations. METHOD: Literature from PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, CINAHL, Cochrane and Mednar databases were searched. Relevant studies published between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2022 were identified. The conceptual model of the development of patient perceptions of quality was used for data extraction and tabulation. RESULTS: The review included 24 articles. Expectation attributions were identified as needs, types of service, hospitalisation experiences, family care preferences, social-demographics and coping skills. From patient's and caregiver's perspectives, HaH was safe, effective and viewed positively. Perceived concerns/barriers and enablers/facilitators were associated with individual, caregiver and system factors, but demonstrated an overall satisfaction in the HaH service. CONCLUSION: HaH provides an excellent service according to patients' and caregivers' perceptions. However, gaps in care were identified such as prioritising patient-centred care, along with improved multidisciplinary continuity of care and future studies should incorporate these into their research of HaH. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Patients' and caregivers' HaH needs should be embedded in the design, development and implementation of HaH services. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Not applicable for the study design of this scoping review.

European Society of Cardiology Core Curriculum for cardio-oncology.

Cardio-oncology is a rapidly growing field of cardiovascular (CV) medicine that has resulted from the continuously increasing clinical demand for specialized CV evaluation, prevention and management of patients suffering or surviving from malignant diseases. Dealing with CV disease in patients with cancer requires special knowledge beyond that included in the general core curriculum for cardiology. Therefore, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has developed a special core curriculum for cardio-oncology, a consensus document that defines the level of experience and knowledge required for cardiologists in this particular field. It is structured into 8 chapters, including (i) principles of cancer biology and therapy; (ii) forms and definitions of cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity (CTR-CVT); (iii) risk stratification, prevention and monitoring protocols for CTR-CVT; (iv) diagnosis and management of CV disease in patients with cancer; (v) long-term survivorship programmes and cardio-oncology rehabilitation; (vi) multidisciplinary team management of special populations; (vii) organization of cardio-oncology services; (viii) research in cardio-oncology. The core curriculum aims at promoting standardization and harmonization of training and evaluation in cardio-oncology, while it further provides the ground for an ESC certification programme designed to recognize the competencies of certified specialists.

Utility of routine chest radiographs after chest drain removal in paediatric cardiac surgical patients-a retrospective analysis of 1076 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Chest drains are routinely placed in children following cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of a clinically relevant pneumothorax and/or pleural effusion after drain removal and to ascertain if a chest radiograph can be safely avoided following chest drain removal. METHODS: This single-centre retrospective cohort study included all patients under 18 years of age who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2015 and December 2019 with the insertion of mediastinal and/or pleural drains. Exclusion criteria were chest drain/s in situ ≥14 days and mortality prior to removal of chest drain/s. A drain removal episode was defined as the removal of ≥1 drains during the same episode of analgesia ± sedation. All chest drains were removed using a standard protocol. Chest radiographs following chest drain removal were reviewed by 2 investigators. RESULTS: In all, 1076 patients were identified (median age: 292 days, median weight: 7.8 kg). There were 1587 drain removal episodes involving 2365 drains [mediastinal (n = 1347), right pleural (n = 598), left pleural (n = 420)]. Chest radiographs were performed after 1301 drain removal episodes [mediastinal (n = 1062); right pleural (n = 597); left pleural (n = 420)]. Chest radiographs were abnormal after 152 (12%) drain removal episodes [pneumothorax (n = 43), pleural effusion (n = 98), hydropneumothorax (n = 11)]. Symptoms/signs were present in 30 (2.3%) patients. Eleven (<1%) required medical management. One required reintubation and 2 required chest drain reinsertion. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of clinically significant pneumothorax/pleural effusion following chest drain removal after paediatric cardiac surgery is low (<1%). Most patients did not require reinsertion of a chest drain. It is reasonable not to perform routine chest radiographs following chest drain removal in most paediatric cardiac surgical patients.

Patients' perceptions on the facilitators and barriers using injectable therapies in dyslipidaemia: An empirical qualitative descriptive international study.

BACKGROUND: Injectable medicines are increasingly used to manage abnormal levels of lipids, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events. Enhancing our understanding of patients' perceptions of these injectables, can inform practice with the aim of increasing uptake and medication adherence. AIM: To explore patient's experiences of using injectables and to identify potential facilitators and barriers to using injectable therapies in dyslipidaemia. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured interviews was conducted with patients who were using injectables to manage their cardiovascular conditions. METHODS: A total of 56 patients, 30 from the United Kingdom and 26 from Italy, were interviewed online from November 2020 to June 2021. Interviews were transcribed and schematic content analysis performed. RESULTS: Four distinct themes emerged from interviews with patients and caregivers: (i) Their behaviours and personal beliefs; (ii) Knowledge and education about injectable medication; (iii) Clinical skills and previous experiences and (iv) Organizational and governance. Participants expressed initial fears such as needle phobia, and their concerns about commencing therapy were compounded by a lack of accessible information. However, patients' pre-existing knowledge of lipid lowering medication, previous experience with statins and history of adverse side effects informed their decision-making regarding using injectables. Organization and governance-related issues were primarily around the distribution and management of medication supply within primary care, and the lack of a standardized clinical support monitoring system. CONCLUSION: Changes are needed in clinical practice to better educate and support patients to improve the uptake of injectables and optimize their use of these medications in the management of dyslipidaemia. IMPACT: This study suggests that injectable therapies were acceptable to people with cardiovascular disease. However, healthcare professionals need to play a key role in improving education and providing support to aid patients' decision-making regarding commencing and adhering to injectable therapies. REPORTING METHOD: The study adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: There was no patient or public contribution.

Development of an integrated cardiac rehabilitation program to improve the adaptation level of patients after acute myocardial infarction.

Background: Individual's adaptation following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and low attendance of whole-course cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are significant issues. For optimal health post AMI, an integrated CR program aiming at individual's adaptive behaviors is imperative for improving the CR efficiency and patients' outcomes. This study aims to develop theory-guided interventions to increase CR attendance and adaptation level of patients post-AMI. Methods: This study was conducted in a tertiary hospital from July 2021 to September 2022 in Shanghai China. Guided by the theory of adaptation to chronic illness (ACI theory), the study followed the Intervention mapping (IM) framework to develop the interventions for CR program. Four phases included: (1) needs assessment of patients and facilitators using a cross-sectional study and semi-structured, in-depth interviews, (2) identification of implementation outcomes and performance objectives, (3) selection of theoretical methods to explain the mechanism of patients' adaptive behaviors and to use for behavior change, and (4) development of implementation protocol from the results of the previous phases. Results: A total of 226 AMI patient-caregivers paired samples were eligible for the data analysis, 30 AMI patients participated in the qualitative inquiry, 16 experts in the CR field evaluated the implementation protocol, and 8 AMI patients commented on the practical interventions. Following the IM framework, an integrated cardiac rehabilitation program using mHealth strategies was developed for AMI patients to facilitate CR attendance and completion, to improve their adaptation level and health outcomes. Conclusion: Using the IM framework and ACI theory, an integrated CR program was developed to help guide the behavior change and improve adaptation among AMI patients. The preliminary findings suggest that further intervention in enhancing the combination of three-stage CR is required. A feasibility study will be conducted to assess the acceptability and effectiveness of this generated CR intervention.

Evaluating digital competencies for allied health professionals in the United Kingdom.

The Covid-19 pandemic accelerated the move to virtual and remote consultations in clinical practice with digital technologies widely implemented. eHealth interventions and use of applications in a variety of conditions means that patients and their families, as well as healthcare professionals, can access and interpret data in real-time, as well as providing trends in various clinical parameters including blood pressure for instance. Despite the aim of digital transformation in the National Health Service in the United Kingdom, this has not been fully realised and there is no consensus on the skills and competencies required for allied health professionals (AHPs). This qualitative study undertook two focus groups with twelve AHPs to evaluate the AHP Digital Competency Framework in the UK. The participants recognised the importance of a digital technology in their clinical practice and perceived digital literacy as essential for AHPs. In relation to the AHP framework, participants agreed that competencies in digital technology were clinically relevant, and assessment of these competencies should be performed regularly in practice. However, the majority were unaware of the AHP digital competency framework and suggested improvements to optimise its use in practice and identified areas for improvement. Overall, the AHP Digital Competency Framework has the potential, with better dissemination and further refinement of the wording, to become a useful tool to support the enhancement of digital competency in AHPs and improve the delivery of patient care.

Multimorbid management in atrial fibrillation: The Polish perspective in the EHRA-PATHS study.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and places a significant burden on individuals as well as the healthcare system. AF management requires a multidisciplinary approach in which tackling comorbidities is an important aspect. AIMS: To evaluate how multimorbidity is currently assessed and managed and to determine if interdisciplinary care is undertaken. METHODS: A 21-item online survey was undertaken over four weeks as part of the EHRA-PATHS study examining comorbidities in Atrial Fibrillation and distributed to European Heart Rhythm Association members in Europe. RESULTS: A total of 341 eligible responses were received of which 35 (10%) were from Polish physicians. Compared to other European locations, the rates of specialist services and referrals varied but were not significantly different. However, there were higher numbers of specialised services reported in Poland compared to the rest of Europe for hypertension (57% vs. 37%; P = 0.02) and palpitations/arrhythmias (63% vs. 41%; P = 0.01) and the rates of sleep apnea services tended to be lower (20% vs. 34%; P = 0.10) and comprehensive geriatric care (14% vs. 36%; P = 0.01). The only statistical difference between Poland and the rest of Europe in reasons for referral rates was the barrier relating to insurance and financial reasons (31% vs. 11%; P <0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear need for an integrated approach to patients with AF and associated comorbidities. Prepardeness of Polish physicians to deliver such care seems to be similar to other European countries but may be hampered by financial obstacles.

Research placements: are they a suitable alternative for student nurses?

COVID-19 has affected those undertaking courses in higher education, especially programmes in health care with clinical placements. Many student nurses were unable to undertake their planned clinical placements and had to adjust to self-directed learning and an increase in simulated learning. As a suitable alternative to clinical placements, a research placement for two second-year BSc adult nursing students was trialled, and this article presents an account from one placement. The academic team devised specific questions for students to consider for their research electives and provided a template for their written work with the aim of writing up a weekly report to reflect their learning. In particular, the students had to identify how their learning related to the UK Nursing and Midwifery Council code of conduct. The research placement was successful and shows great potential, offering students tangible opportunities to seek out the evidence for themselves and use it to inform their clinical practice.

Evaluating digital competencies for pharmacists.

BACKGROUND: Digital technologies are widely used in healthcare. In the UK, Health Education England developed a framework on digital capabilities so that healthcare professionals could determine their health literacy, evaluate their competencies and identify their learning needs. For pharmacists, specific digital capabilities were developed - Digital Capabilities for the Pharmacy Workforce. AIM: The aim of this study was to explore the views of pharmacists on digital competency in the workplace and evaluate the suitability of the Digital Capabilities Framework for the Pharmacy Workforce for use within clinical practice. METHODOLOGY: A focus group of experienced pharmacists working within the NHS in the UK was conducted and thematic analysis of the content was undertaken. RESULTS: Seven pharmacy staff took part in an online focus group. They held senior positions across various London NHS hospitals and in community settings. From the content of the focus group, four themes were identified: Theme 1 - Use of digital technology, Theme 2 - Digital competency and training of the pharmacy workforce, Theme 3 - Assessment of digital competency and Theme 4 - Evaluation of the Digital Capabilities Framework for the Pharmacy Workforce. The pharmacists in this study suggested that the Digital Capabilities Framework could be used as a helpful assessment tool to ensure that all staff should have the appropriate digital skills and capabilities to fulfil their pharmacy role. CONCLUSION: With widespread use of digital technologies in practice, there is a need for formal digital technology training for pharmacists. The Digital Capabilities Framework has the potential to be utilised as an assessment tool to ensure pharmacy staff have the appropriate levels of digital skills to fulfil their clinical duties and make their service more efficient.

A Current Review of the Uses of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Acute and Chronic Heart Failure Patients: An Under-valued Resource?

BACKGROUND: There is a need to detect and prevent fluid overload and malnutrition in heart failure. Bioelectrical impedance analysis and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis are medical instruments that can advance heart failure management by generating values of body composition and body water, assisting clinicians to detect fluid and nutritional status. However, there is a lack of evidence to summarise how they have been used among heart failure patients. METHOD: A systematic search was conducted. RESULT: Two hundred and four papers were screened. Forty-eight papers were reviewed, and 46 papers were included in this review. The literature shows that bioelectrical impedance analysis and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis were mostly used to assess fluid and nutritional status, together with diagnostic and prognostic values. Contraindication of using BIA and implications for practice are also demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that bioelectrical impedance vector analysis is superior to bioelectrical impedance analysis when assessing hydration/nutritional status in heart failure. Assessing a patient using bioelectrical impedance analysis /bioelectrical impedance vector analysis, together with natriuretic peptide -heart failure biomarkers, increases the diagnostic accuracy of heart failure. Further studies are required to examine the cost effectiveness of using these instruments in clinical practice.

Advanced practice and clinical supervision: An exploration of perceived facilitators and barriers in practice.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate current advanced practice Masters students' experience of clinical supervision, to explore how clinical supervision works in practice and to identify students' perceptions of the facilitators and barriers to clinical supervision in their workplace. BACKGROUND: Advanced practitioners, and in particular nurses, play a pivotal role in delivering health care across acute and primary care settings. These non-medical professionals fulfil a rapidly expanding proportion of roles traditionally undertaken by medically qualified staff within the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and often lead specialist clinics and services. To prepare for the advanced practice role, individuals are required to undertake a Master's in advanced practice to develop the required skills and knowledge and work in clinical practice with a clinical assessor/supervisor to demonstrate competence and performance. DESIGN: A mixed method study using an online descriptive cross-sectional survey and qualitative data were collected via focus groups and has been reported using the Good Reporting of a Mixed Methods Study checklist. RESULTS: A total of 79 students completed the online survey (from 145 AP students), a response rate of 55%. Most respondents were nurses (n = 73) with 49 (62%) in a formal advanced practice trainee role, and the majority believed their clinical supervisor had a good understanding of advanced practice and the advanced practice role. Two focus groups were held with 16 participants in total. Thematic analysis revealed five themes: (a) perceived level and amount of support from clinical supervisors, (b) skill level of clinical supervisors, (c) physicians and their perceptions on supervising, Advanced practitioners (d) clinical supervisors' preparation for the role and (e) transition from trainee to qualified advanced practitioner. CONCLUSION: The survey revealed that advanced practitioner students perceived that clinical supervisors and workplace colleagues had a good understanding of the advanced practice role with good levels of support in practice. A more coherent approach is required for clinical supervision and an implementation framework that can be formally evaluated. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Several significant barriers to clinical supervision for advanced practitioner students were identified, and there are currently more barriers (including COVID-19) than facilitators.

The complex pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia: A review of current pathophysiology and implications for clinical practice.

Cardiac cachexia is a muscle wasting process that often develops in those with chronic heart failure resulting in weight loss, low levels of physical activity, reduced quality of life, and is associated with a poor prognosis. The pathology of cardiac cachexia is complex with new evidence emerging that implicates several body systems. This review describes the pathophysiology associated with cardiac cachexia and addresses: 1) hormonal changes- neurohormonal abnormalities and metabolic hormone imbalance; 2) mechanisms of muscle wasting in cardiac cachexia, and the integral mechanisms between changed hormones due to cardiac cachexia and muscle wasting processes, and 3) associated abnormalities of gastrointestinal system that contribute to cardiac cachexia. These pleiotropic mechanisms demonstrate the intricate interplay between the affected systems and account for why cardiac cachexia is difficult to manage clinically. This review summarises current pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia and highlights symptoms of cardiac cachexia, implications for clinical practice and research gaps.