Mulberrofuran G Protects Ischemic Injury-induced Cell Death via Inhibition of NOX4-mediated ROS Generation and ER Stress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of mulberrofuran G (MG) in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. MG was isolated from the root bark of Morus bombycis. MG inhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) enzyme activity and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced NOX4 protein expression in SH-SY5Y cells. MG inhibited the expression of activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 and cleaved poly adenine dinucleotide phosphate-ribose polymerase in OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, MG protected OGD/R-induced neuronal cell death and inhibited OGD/R-induced reactive oxygen species generation in SH-SY5Y cells. In in vivo model, MG-treated groups (0.2, 1, and 5 mg/kg) reduced the infarct volume in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion-induced ischemic rats. The MG-treated groups also reduced NOX4 protein expression in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion-induced ischemic rats. Furthermore, protein expression of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein/binding immunoglobulin protein, phosphorylated IRE1α, X-box-binding protein 1, and cytosine enhancer binding protein homologous protein, mediators of endoplasmic reticulum stress, were inhibited in MG-treated groups. Taken together, MG showed protective effect in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia through inhibition of NOX4-mediated reactive oxygen species generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This finding will give an insight that inhibition of NOX enzyme activity and NOX4 protein expression could be a new potential therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chemical Constituents Isolated from the Root Bark of Cudrania tricuspidata and Their Potential Neuroprotective Effects.

Seventy-five compounds, including 21 new compounds (1-21), were isolated from the root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by interpretation of their spectroscopic data. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their neuroprotective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death, and nine compounds had activities with EC50 values of 1.9-30.2 µM. The 75 isolated compounds along with 34 previously reported xanthones were tested also for neuroprotective effects against the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death. Three compounds were active against MPP(+)-induced cell death with EC50 values of 0.2-10.3 µM, and 23 compounds were active in the OGD model with EC50 values of 2.9-35.5 µM.

Neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by 5,7-Dihydroxychromone: Activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to prove the neuroprotective effect of 5,7-Dihydroxychromone (DHC) through the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. To elucidate the mechanism, we investigated whether 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells could be attenuated by DHC via activating the Nrf2/ARE signal and whether DHC could down-regulate 6-OHDA-induced excessive ROS generation MAIN METHODS: To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of DHC against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis, FACS analysis was performed using PI staining. The inhibitory effect of DHC against 6-OHDA-induced ROS generation was evaluated by DCFH-DA staining assay. Additionally, translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus and increased Nrf2/ARE binding activity, which subsequently resulted in the up-regulation of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant gene expressions including HO-1, NQO1, and GCLc, were evaluated by Western blotting and EMSA. KEY FINDINGS: Pre-treatment of DHC, one of the constituents of Cudrania tricuspidata, significantly protects 6-OHDA-induced neuronal cell death and ROS generation. Also, DHC inhibited the expression of activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 and cleaved PARP in 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cells. DHC induced the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus and increased Nrf2/ARE binding activity which results in the up-regulation of the expression of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes, including HO-1, NQO1, and GCLc. The addition of Nrf2 siRNA abolished the neuroprotective effect of DHC against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and the expression of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes. SIGNIFICANCE: Activation of Nrf2/ARE signal by DHC exerted neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. This finding will give an insight that activating Nrf2/ARE signal could be a new potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disease.

New compound, 5-O-isoferuloyl-2-deoxy-D-ribono-γ-lacton from Clematis mandshurica: Anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells.

Microglia are main immune cells to exacerbate neural disorders in persistent overactivating. Therefore, it is a good strategy to regulate microglia for the treatment of neural disorders. In the present study, we isolated and characterized a novel compound, 5-O-isoferuloyl-2-deoxy-D-ribono-γ-lacton (5-DRL) from Clematis mandshurica, and evaluated its anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 microglial cells. 5-DRL inhibited the expression of LPS-stimulated proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as well as their regulatory genes inducible NO syntheses (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). 5-DRL also downregulated the LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through suppression of the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits, p65 and p50. Consistent with the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 via NF-κB activity with 5-DRL, an inhibitor of NF-κB, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), also led to the suppression of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Additionally, 5-DRL corresponding with antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH), remarkably inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Both NAC and GSH, thus attenuated the expression of iNOS and COX-2 by suppressing NF-κB activation, indicating that 5-DRL suppresses LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression through downregulation of the ROS-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. The present study also indicated that 5-DRL suppresses NO and PGE2 production by inducing heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Taken together, the present data indicate that 5-DRL attenuates the production of proinflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2 as well as their regulatory genes in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by inhibiting ROS-dependent NF-κB activation and stimulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway. These data may be implicated in the application of 5-DRL in LPS-stimulated inflammatory disease.

Isoflavones with neuroprotective activities from fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata.

Ten isoflavones, cudraisoflavones B-K (1-10), together with 27 known isoflavones, were isolated from the EtOAc soluble extract of fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata. The structures of compounds 1-10 were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR spectroscopic data, including 2D NMR experiments. Compounds 7-9 and three known (11-13) compounds showed neuroprotective activity against 6-hydroxydopamine induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, with EC50 values of 0.5-9.2 µM.

Isobutyrylshikonin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in BV2 microglial cells by suppressing the PI3K/Akt-mediated nuclear transcription factor-κB pathway.

Microglia are important macrophages to defend against pathogens in the central nervous system (CNS); however, persistent or acute inflammation of microglia lead to CNS disorders via neuronal cell death. Therefore, we theorized that a good strategy for the treatment of CNS disorders would be to target inflammatory mediators from microglia in disease. Consequently, we investigated whether isobutyrylshikonin (IBS) attenuates the production of proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Treatment with IBS inhibited the secretion of NO and prostaglandin E2 (as well as the expression of their key regulatory genes), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Isobutyrylshikonin also suppressed LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 in addition to blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a specific NF-κB inhibitor, showed the down-regulation of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 messenger RNA by suppressing NF-κB activity. This indirectly suggests that IBS-mediated NF-κB inhibition is the main signaling pathway involved in the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression. In addition, IBS attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, which are upstream molecules of NF-κB, in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. The functional aspects of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were analyzed with LY294002, which is a specific PI3K/Akt inhibitor that attenuated LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression by suppressing NF-κB activity. These data suggest that an IBS-mediated anti-inflammatory effect may be involved in suppressing the PI3K/Akt-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway.

Neuroprotective Xanthones from the Root Bark of Cudrania tricuspidata.

Seventeen new prenylated xanthones (1-17) were isolated from an ethyl acetate-soluble extract of root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata together with 17 previously identified xanthones. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Six new compounds (3, 7, 8, 9, 15, and 16) and six known compounds (18-23) showed neuroprotective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, with EC50 values of 0.7-16.6 µM.

Anti-inflammatory mechanism of α-viniferin regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced release of proinflammatory mediators in BV2 microglial cells.

α-Viniferin is an oligostilbene of trimeric resveratrol and has anticancer activity; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of α-viniferin has not been completely elucidated thus far. Therefore, we determined the mechanism by which α-viniferin regulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators in BV2 microglial cells. Treatment with α-viniferin isolated from Clematis mandshurica decreased LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). α-Viniferin also downregulated the LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory genes such as iNOS and COX-2 by suppressing the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) via dephosphorylation of Akt/PI3K. Treatment with a specific NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), indirectly showed that NF-κB is a crucial transcription factor for expression of these genes in the early stage of inflammation. Additionally, our results indicated that α-viniferin suppresses NO and PGE2 production in the late stage of inflammation through induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Taken together, our data indicate that α-viniferin suppresses the expression of proinflammatory genes iNOS and COX-2 in the early stage of inflammation by inhibiting the Akt/PI3K-dependent NF-κB activation and inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators NO and PGE2 in the late stage by stimulating Nrf2-mediated HO-1 signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. These results suggest that α-viniferin may be a potential candidate to regulate LPS-induced inflammation.

Potential chemoprevention of LPS-stimulated nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production by α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-3-indolecarbonate in BV2 microglial cells through suppression of the ROS/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.

α-l-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-3-indolecarbonate (RG3I) is a chemical constituent isolated from the commonly used Asian traditional medicinal plant, Clematis mandshurica; however, no studies have been reported on its anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we found that RG3I attenuates the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) via the dephosphorylation of PI3K/Akt in BV2 microglial cells, leading to a suppression of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, along with that of their regulatory genes, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Further, the PI3K/Akt inhibitor, LY294002 diminished the expression of LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 genes by suppressing NF-κB activity. Moreover, RG3I significantly inhibited LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation similar to the ROS inhibitors, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH). Notably, NAC and GSH abolished the LPS-induced expression of iNOS and Cox-2 in BV2 microglial cells by inhibiting NF-κB activity. Taken together, our data indicate that RG3I suppresses the production of proinflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2 as well as their regulatory genes in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt- and ROS-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that RG3I may be a good candidate to regulate LPS-induced inflammatory response.

Downregulation of NO and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by trans-isoferulic acid via suppression of PI3K/Akt-dependent NF-κB and activation of Nrf2-mediated HO-1.

Little is known about whether trans-isoferulic acid (TIA) regulates the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory mediators. Therefore, we examined the effect of TIA isolated from Clematis mandshurica on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in BV2 microglial cells. We found that TIA inhibited the production of LPS-induced NO and PGE2 without accompanying cytotoxicity in BV2 microglial cells. TIA also downregulated the expression levels of specific regulatory genes such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by suppressing LPS-induced NF-κB activity via dephosphorylation of PI3K/Akt. In addition, we demonstrated that a specific NF-κB inhibitor PDTC and a selective PI3K/Akt inhibitor, LY294002 effectively attenuated the expression of LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 mRNA, while LY294002 suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activity, suggesting that TIA attenuates the expression of these proinflammatory genes by suppressing PI3K/Akt-mediated NF-κB activity. Our results showed that TIA suppressed NO and PGE2 production through the induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Taken together, our data indicate that TIA suppresses the production of proinflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2, as well as their regulatory genes, in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, by inhibiting PI3K/Akt-dependent NF-κB activity and enhancing Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression.

Anti-inflammatory effects of ß-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin in BV2 microglia are mediated through suppression of the PI3K/Akt/NF-kB pathway and activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

In the present study, we investigated whether ß-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin (ß-HIVS) affects the production of proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in BV2 microglial cells. Our data showed that ß-HIVS inhibited secretion of NO and PGE2 and downregulated expression of their main regulatory genes, inducible NO synthesis (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). ß-HIVS also reduced the LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by suppressing nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits and inhibiting the degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα. Furthermore, an NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), attenuated LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 expression, suggesting that NF-κB inhibition is a main effector in the expression of iNOS and COX-2. We also found that LPS-induced NF-κB activation is regulated through inhibition of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation in response to ß-HIVS. Additionally, ß-HIVS caused the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via upregulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), both of which are involved in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2. Taken together, our data indicate that ß-HIVS diminishes the proinflammatory mediators NO and PGE2 and the expression of their regulatory genes, iNOS and COX-2, in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt-dependent NF-κB activation and inducing Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression.

Anti-inflammatory constituents from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia.

Three new diterpenes (7, 15 and 17) and two new neolignans (19 and 20) along with nineteen known compounds have been isolated from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, HRESI-MS, and CD data. All isolates were tested for their inhibitory activities on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. Of these, compounds 3, 4, 7, 13, 15, 19, and 24 found to inhibit nitric oxide production with the IC50 values ranging from 11.3 to 24.5µM.

Ombuin-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside from Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a dual agonistic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and δ/ß.

We demonstrated that ombuin-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (ombuine), a flavonoid from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, is a dual agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α and δ/ß. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analyses, and reporter gene assays, we showed that ombuine bound directly to PPARα and δ/ß but not to PPARγ or liver X receptors (LXRs). Cultured HepG2 hepatocytes stimulated with ombuine significantly reduced intracellular concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol and downregulated the expression of lipogenic genes, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), with activation of PPARα and δ/ß. Activation of LXRs by ombuine was confirmed by reporter gene assays, however, SPR and cell-based FRET assays showed no direct binding of ombuine to either of the LXRs suggesting LXR activation by ombuine may be operated via PPARα stimulation. Ombuine-stimulated macrophages showed significantly induced transcription of ATP binding cassette cholesterol transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), the key genes in reverse cholesterol transport, which led to reduced cellular cholesterol concentrations. These results suggest that ombuine is a dual PPAR ligand for PPARα and δ/ß with the ability to decrease lipid concentrations by reducing lipogenic gene expression in hepatocytes and inducing genes involved in cholesterol efflux in macrophages.

Iristectorigenin B isolated from Belamcanda chinensis is a liver X receptor modulator that increases ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.

A novel liver X receptor (LXR) modulator, iristectorigenin B isolated from Belamcanda chinensis, stimulated the transcriptional activity of both LXR-α and LXR-ß. In macrophages, iristectorigenin B suppressed cholesterol accumulation in a dose-dependent manner and induced the transcriptional activation of LXR-α/-ß-responsive genes, ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1. It did not induce hepatic lipid accumulation nor the expression of the lipogenesis genes sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. Iristectorigenin B thus is a dual-LXR agonist that regulates the expression of key genes in cholesterol homeostasis in macrophage cells without inducing hepatic lipid accumulation.

Catalposide is a natural agonistic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of genes related to cellular lipid uptake and oxidation. Thus, PPARα agonists may be important in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis. In this study, we demonstrated that catalposide is a novel natural PPARα agonist, identified from reporter gene assay-based activity screening with approximately 900 natural plant and seaweed extracts. Results of time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer analyses suggested that the compound interacted directly with the ligand-binding domain of PPARα. Cultured hepatocytes stimulated with catalposide exhibited significantly reduced cellular triglyceride concentrations, by 21%, while cellular uptake of fatty acids was increased, by 70% (P<0.05). Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the increase in cellular fatty acid uptake was due to upregulation of fatty acid transporter protein-4 (+19% vs. the control) in cells stimulated with catalposide. Additionally, expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation and high-density lipoprotein metabolism were upregulated, while that of genes related to fatty acid synthesis were suppressed. In conclusion, catalposide is hypolipidemic by activation of PPARα via a ligand-mediated mechanism that modulates the expression of in lipid metabolism genes in hepatocytes.

Ethyl 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate is an agonistic ligand for liver X receptor that induces cholesterol efflux from macrophages without affecting lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.

The present study reports a novel liver X receptor (LXR) activator, ethyl 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate (ETB), isolated from Celtis biondii. Using a reporter gene assay, time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, we showed that ETB directly bound to and stimulated the transcriptional activity of LXR-α and LXR-ß. In macrophages, hepatocytes, and intestinal cells, ETB suppressed cellular cholesterol accumulation in a dose-dependent manner and induced the transcriptional activation of LXR-α/-ß-responsive genes. Notably, ETB did not induce lipogenic gene expression or cellular triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes. These results suggest that ETB is a dual-LXR modulator that regulates the expression of key genes in cholesterol homeostasis in multiple cells without inducing lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.

Morusinol extracted from Morus alba inhibits arterial thrombosis and modulates platelet activation for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

UNLABELLED: Morus alba (white mulberry) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-headache, diuretic, expectorant, and anti-diabetic agent. In previous studies, extracts of Morus alba demonstrated favorable biological properties, such as antioxidant activity, suppression of lipoxygenase (LOX)-1, cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and inhibition of the invasion and migration of cancer cells. AIM: This study further evaluated the effects of morusinol, a flavonoid derived from Morus alba root bark, on platelet aggregation and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2) formation in vitro and thrombus formation in vivo. METHODS: The antiplatelet potential of morusinol was measured using in vitro rabbit platelet aggregation and TXB(2) formation assays. Arterial thrombus formation was investigated using an in vivo ferric chloride (FeCl(3)-induced thrombosis model. RESULTS: Morusinol significantly inhibited collagen- and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation and TXB(2) formation in cultured platelets in a concentration-dependent manner. Thrombus formation was reduced by 32.1, 42.0, and 99.0% for collagen-induced TXB(2) formation, and 8.0, 24.1, and 29.2% for arachadonic acid-induced TXB(2) formation, with 5, 10, and 30 µg/mL morusinol, respectively. Moreover, oral morusinol (20 mg/kg) or aspirin (20 mg/kg) for three days significantly increased the time to occlusion in vivo by 20.3±5.0 or 6.8±2.9 min, respectively, compared with the control (1% CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose). CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results indicate that morusinol may significantly inhibit arterial thrombosis in vivo due to antiplatelet activity. Thus, morusinol may exert beneficial effects on transient ischemic attacks or stroke via the modulation of platelet activation.

Polyhydroxylated macrolides from Seimatosporium discosioides and their effects on the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

Two new polyhydroxylated macrolides, seimatopolides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from an EtOAc extract of Seimatosporium discosioides culture medium. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, and their absolute configurations were determined using the modified Mosher's method. Seimatopolides A (1) and B (2) activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ with EC(50) values of 1.15 and 11.05 µM, respectively. The expression of PPAR-γ target genes in HepG2 hepatocytes was significantly altered; in particular, expression of the gluconeogenic genes glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was reduced upon stimulation with 1, supporting the proposal that compound 1 is both a PPAR-γ agonist and a possible therapeutic candidate for treatment of diabetes.

Acetylenic acid analogues from the edible mushroom Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) and their effects on the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma target genes.

A new acetylenic acid, (10E,14Z)-9-oxooctadeca-10,14-dien-12-ynoic acid (1), was isolated from the edible mushroom Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius), together with a known acetylenic acid, (10E,14Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,14-dien-12-ynoic acid (2) and their structures were determined through analysis of NMR and mass data. The new acetylenic acid (1) specifically activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ with an EC(50) value of 1.88 µM as measured by a reporter gene assay. Expression of PPAR-γ target genes were significantly altered as well, supporting the hypothesis that compound 1 is a PPAR-γ potential agonist that regulates transcription of the PPAR-γ target genes.

Protection of prenylated flavonoids from Mori Cortex Radicis (Moraceae) against nitric oxide-induced cell death in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

Seven prenylated flavanoids, licoflavone C (1), cyclomulberrin (2), neocyclomorusin (3), sanggenon I (4), morusin (5), kuwanon U (6) and kuwanon E (7), and three 2-arylbenzofurans, moracin P (8), moracin O (9), and mulberrofuran Q (10) were isolated from the MeOH extract of Mori Cortex Radicis. Among these, compounds 2-7 enhanced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner against sodium nitroprusside-induced cell death in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, which was measured by MTT reduction assay (EC(50) values of 4.4, 5.6, 8.0, 6.4, 8.7, and 11.9 µg/mL, respectively). Among 10 compounds, C-3 prenylated flavones (2, 3, and 5) and prenylated flavanones (4, 6, and 7) showed cell protection. However, compound 1 which lacks the prenyl group at C-3 and three 2-arylbenzofurans (8-10) did not show protective effect. The order of cell protection was as follow: C-3 prenylated flavones (2, 3, and 5) > prenylated flavanones (4, 6, and 7) > 2-arylbenzofurans (8-10) and flavone (1). From this result, we show that some prenylated flavones and flavanones might protect neuronal cells against nitrosative stress-mediated cell death. Even though further evaluations are necessary in vitro and in vivo study, we carefully suggest that some prenylated flavonoids from Mori Cortex Radicis might protect neuronal cells from neurodegenerative diseases.