RESUMEN
To improve the industrial use of health-functional materials based on edible insects, the objective of this study was to establish optimal conditions for improving the quality of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larval (PBSL) hydrolysates. PBSL was extracted using four methodologies: atmospheric pressure 50 °C-water extraction, atmospheric pressure 95 °C-water extraction, atmospheric pressure 50 °C-water enzymatic hydrolysis, and enzyme treatment under high pressure (HPE). The quality characteristics of soluble solid content, extraction yield, total protein content, protein yield, protein content with low molecular weight (LMW) (< 1kD), and the amino acid composition of hydrolysates were compared based on the different methods. All of the quality characteristics were found to be higher for HPE extracts than for the other extracts. Under optimized HPE conditions, extraction yield, protein yield, protein content with LMW, amino acid content and the content of essential amino acids increased by 3.4, 4.4 1.4 1.5, and 1.3 times respectively, compared to the other methods.
RESUMEN
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure triggers the abnormal production of reactive oxygen (ROS) species and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are responsible for photoaging. Probiotics are widely used in healthcare and for immune enhancement. One probiotic, Lactobacillus buchneri is found in Kimchi. This study was aimed at assessing the anti-photoaging effect of plant extracts fermented with L. buchneri (PELB) to develop functional cosmetics. We investigated the anti-photoaging effect of PELB in a UVB-induced photoaging in vitro model and selected effective extracts using the elastase inhibition assay, ELISA for Type I procollagen and collagenase-1, and quantitative real time PCR. Normal human dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes were pre-treated with PELB and exposed to UVB. We found that PELB decreased elastase activity and increased type I collagen expression in a UVB-induced photoaging in vitro model. In addition, PELB greatly reduced collagenase activity and MMP mRNA levels in a UVB-induced photoaging in vitro model. Furthermore, PELB promoted the expression of moisture factor and anti-oxidant enzymes in a UVB-induced photoaging in vitro model. These results indicated that the PELB could be potential candidates for the protective effects against UVB-induced photoaging. Overall, these results suggest that PELB might be useful natural components of cosmetic products.
RESUMEN
Chronic intestinal inflammation is critical risk factor of colorectal cancer. Triticum aestivum sprouts have been reported to provide a number of health benefits and used as a dietary supplement. In this study, the authors investigated the regulatory effects of T. aestivum sprouts ethanol extract (TAEE) on experimental colorectal carcinogenesis in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model. Oral administration of TAEE significantly attenuated crypt destruction and tumor formation in AOM/DSS-treated mice. Levels of inflammatory mediators involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, that is, tumor necrosis factor-α, interkeukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, were lower in the colons of 200 mg/kg TAEE-treated mice than in AOM/DSS controls (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed that levels of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 and ß-catenin were attenuated by TAEE in the colon tissues of AOM/DSS-treated mice. Furthermore, levels of ß-catenin-related genes (cyclin D1 and c-Myc), which are known to contribute to cell cycle regulation, were decreased in the colon tissues of TAEE-treated mice versus AOM/DSS controls (p < 0.01). These results showed TAEE inhibited colon inflammation and neoplasm formation caused by AOM/DSS treatment, suggesting that TAEE could be useful for the prevention and treatment of colitis-associated colon cancer.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias del Colon/prevención & control , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Triticum , Animales , Azoximetano , Neoplasias del Colon/inducido químicamente , Sulfato de Dextran , Mediadores de Inflamación/análisis , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/análisis , Triticum/química , Vía de Señalización Wnt/efectos de los fármacos , beta Catenina/análisis , beta Catenina/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Euphorbia supina (ES) has been widely used in folk medicine owing to its antibacterial, hemostatic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and skin-whitening effects of a 70% ethanol extract of ES. METHODS: The aerial parts of ES plant were extracted with 70% ethanol. The viability of B16F10 cells was evaluated by MTT assay to determine the non-toxic doses for further experiments. The tyrosinase and cellular tyrosinase activities were then measured using an enzyme-substrate assay. In addition, the expression of whitening-related proteins was measured using western blot. RESULTS: The antioxidant activity of the ES samples increased in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by their radical scavenging activities in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. The ES extract significantly reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin content in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it decreased α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced protein expression of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the ES extract attenuated α-MSH-stimulated melanin synthesis by modulating tyrosinase and MITF expression. Therefore, the ES extract could be a promising therapeutic agent to treat hyperpigmentation and as an ingredient for skin-whitening cosmetics.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Euphorbia/química , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Preparaciones para Aclaramiento de la Piel/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Melaninas/metabolismo , Ratones , Factor de Transcripción Asociado a Microftalmía/metabolismo , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Biosíntesis de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , Preparaciones para Aclaramiento de la Piel/química , alfa-MSH/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism behind the anti-obesity effect of the 50% ethanol extract of Chrysanthemum indicum L. flowers (CIEE) in a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Male C57BL/6J mice (six mice in each group) were administered CIEE (8, 40 and 200 mg/kg) for 6 weeks while being fed with a HFD. Garcinia cambogia (GC) was used as the positive control and was administered in the same manner as CIEE. Results demonstrated that oral administration of CIEE significantly reduced body weight, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), liver weight and serum levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride (P<0.05). In addition, CIEE reduced serum leptin and increased adiponectin levels. CIEE significantly downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α and fatty acid synthase expression levels in EWAT, and upregulated the protein expression of PPARα in liver tissue of HFD-fed obese mice (P<0.05). These results suggested that Chrysanthemum indicum L. flowers may be a potentially effective therapeutic agent for obesity and its associated complications.
RESUMEN
The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiobesity effect of a 50% ethanol extract of Euphorbia supina (ESEE) in highfatdiet (HFD)induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Mice were fed a HFD with or without ESEE (2, 10, or 50 mg/kg) or with Garcinia cambogia (positive control) for 6 weeks. ESEE supplementation significantly reduced body, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and organ weights (P<0.05). ESEE also reduced hepatic steatosis and improved serum lipid profiles. In addition, ESEE significantly reduced serum leptin levels and increased adiponectin levels, and significantly downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancerbinding protein alpha (C/EPBα) in eWAT and liver tissues (all P<0.05). These results suggested that ESEE supplementation protects against HFDinduced obesity by downregulating PPARγ and C/EPBα, and that ESEE may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated diseases.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Antiobesidad/uso terapéutico , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Euphorbia , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Adipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Adiposo/patología , Animales , Fármacos Antiobesidad/química , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Euphorbia/química , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/patología , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
Chrysanthemum indicum (CI) is widely distributed in China and many parts of the tropical world, and has been reported to have antibacterial, antiviral, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory effects, but no information is available on its effects on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. This was undertaken to investigate the mechanism responsible for the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of CI (CIEA) on adipogenesis, in vitro and in vivo models of obesity. In the in vitro study, differentiating 3T3-L1 cells were treated with media to initiate differentiation (MDI) in the presence or absence of CIEA with different concentrations, and in the in vivo study, C57BL/6 mice were fed with HFD and administered CIEA daily for six weeks. Garcinia cambogia (GC) was used as the positive control, and was administered in the same manner as CIEA. Results showed CIEA reduced HFD-induced body weight gain, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and liver weight. In addition, CIEA significantly decreased serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) levels. Furthermore, CIEA also reduced leptin levels and increased adiponectin levels in serum, and significantly decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [Formula: see text] (PPAR[Formula: see text]) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EPBs) levels, but increased PPAR[Formula: see text] level and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in eWATs and in the liver tissues of HFD fed obese mice. Taken together, these results indicate CIEA might be beneficial for preventing obesity.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Adipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Chrysanthemum/química , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad/prevención & control , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Células 3T3-L1 , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Leptina/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Obesidad/etiología , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The aim of this study is to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of Euphorbia supina (ES) ethanol extract in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis model. ES was per orally administered at different doses of 4 or 20 mg/kg body weight with 5% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. Twenty mg/kg of ES administration regulated body weight decrease, recovered colon length shortening, and increased disease activity index score and myeloperoxidase level in DSS-induced colitis. Histological features showed that 20 mg/kg of ES administration suppressed edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by DSS. Furthermore, ES suppressed the expressions of COX-2, iNOS, NF-kB, IkBα, pIkBα in colon tissue. These findings demonstrated a possible effect of amelioration of ulcerative colitis and could be clinically applied.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sulfato de Dextran/efectos adversos , Euphorbia/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Colitis/metabolismo , Colitis/patología , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/patología , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Etanol/química , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Células RAW 264.7 , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Hepatic injury occurs frequently during sepsis, and polysaccharides isolated from plants have been reported to have antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects in various models. However, the effect of wheatgrass-derived polysaccharide (WGP) has not been previously studied. In the present study, we investigated the effect of WGP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic injury in mice. Mice were pre-treated with WGP (100 or 200 mg/kg daily for 2 days) and then challenged with LPS (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and sacrificed after 12 h. Wheatgrass-derived polysaccharide decreased serum aminotransferase levels and histological changes as compared with LPS-challenged mice. Wheatgrass-derived polysaccharide also significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine up-regulation and improved the oxidative status of liver tissues. Furthermore, these effects were found to be mediated by the suppression of the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), due to inhibitions of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß)-activated kinase (TAK)-1 phosphorylation and inhibition of kappa B (IκB)-α degradation. In addition, WGP inhibited the activations of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Wheatgrass-derived polysaccharide also attenuated hepatic cell death by modulating caspase-3 and apoptosis associated mitochondrial proteins, such as, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax). Taken together, WGP possesses antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic activity and ameliorates LPS-induced liver injury in mice. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/fisiopatología , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Triticum/química , Animales , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Vitis labrusca is a grapevine that has antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anticarcinogenic activity. However, the antithrombotic effect of Vitis labrusca leaves on platelets is yet to be ascertained. We investigated the inhibitory effect of V. labrusca leaf extract (VLE) on platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo. The thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and serotonin concentrations were measured by ELISA. The flavonoids content was measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The antithrombotic activity of VLE was evaluated using various agonists in vitro. VLE strongly inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. In rats, VLE treatment (100âmg/kg) reduced ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation, without affecting tail bleeding and coagulation time. Moreover, VLE significantly suppressed TXB2 and serotonin secretion. UPLC analysis indicated that VLE contains quercetin, isorhamnetin, and rutin. Our results indicate that VLE possesses antiplatelet activity via the suppression of TXB2 and serotonin, without affecting bleeding. Further, we identified the flavonoids present in VLE. Thus, VLE may be a potential agent for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Asunto(s)
Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacos , Flavonoides/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/farmacología , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Vitis/química , Adenosina Difosfato/farmacología , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/química , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Serotonina/metabolismo , Tromboxano B2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Tromboxano B2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Euphorbia maculata (EM) is a traditionally used antidiarrheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant agent. However, the effects of EM on platelet activity remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated the antiplatelet effect of various EM extract fractions on platelet aggregation in rats. The antiplatelet activity of the EM fractions on collagen or adenosine diphosphate (ADP)induced platelet aggregation was evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) formation, rattail bleeding time and coagulation time were also measured. Among the fractions, the chloroform fraction of EM (CFEM) significantly inhibited ADPinduced platelet aggregation in vitro. Furthermore, oral administration of 50 mg/kg CFEM to rats significantly reduced ADPinduced platelet aggregation without increasing the tail bleeding time or coagulation time. In addition, EM significantly inhibited the level of TXB2 formation in a dosedependent manner. These results suggest that CFEM exhibits antiplatelet activity, without causing bleeding, via the suppression of TXB2 formation. CFEM may be a type of food which has the potential for preventing cardiovascular disease.
Asunto(s)
Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacos , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Euphorbia/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/farmacología , Tromboxano B2/biosíntesis , Animales , Tiempo de Sangría , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Tiempo de Coagulación de la Sangre TotalRESUMEN
One new octulosonic acid derivative, chrysannol A (1), along with 17 known compounds (2-18), were isolated from Chrysanthemum indicum flowers. Their structures were determined from 1D NMR, 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS spectral data, and comparisons with previous reports. The effects of these compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. Compound 8 showed the highest inhibition of NO production of 46.09% at a concentration of 10.0µM. Compounds 7, 10, 11, and 16 inhibited TNF-α secretion at all concentration tested (0.4, 2.0, and 10.0µM), with inhibition values ranging from 22.27% to 33.13%. In addition, compound 8 and 9 decrease COX-2 and iNOS protein on Western blot analysis in dose dependent manner.