Molecular Events in Response to Triclosan-Induced Oxidative Stress in CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated p53-Targeted Mutants in Daphnia magna.

Triclosan (TCS), a widely used antimicrobial agent, has been implicated in the oxidative stress induction and disruption of cellular processes in aquatic organisms. As TCS is ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, many previous studies have documented the effects of exposure to TCS on aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, most of the research has concentrated on the molecular and physiological responses of TCS, but there are still limited studies on the function of specific genes and the consequences of their absence. In this study, we focused on p53, a gene that is crucial for molecular responses such as autophagy and apoptosis as a result of TCS exposure. In order to ascertain the role and impact of the p53 gene in TCS-induced molecular responses, we examined the molecular responses to TCS-induced oxidative stress in wild-type (WT) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated p53 mutant (MT) water fleas. The result has been accomplished by examining changes in molecular mechanisms, including in vivo end points, enzyme activities, adenosine triphosphate release rate, and apoptosis, to determine the role and impact of the p53 gene on TCS-induced molecular responses. The results indicated that the sensitivity of MT water fleas to TCS was greater than that of WT water fleas; however, the difference in sensitivity was significant at short exposures within 48 h and decreased toward 48 h. Accordingly, when we confirmed the oxidative stress after 24 h of exposure, the oxidative stress to TCS exposure was stronger in the MT group, with an imbalance of redox. To identify the mechanisms of tolerance to TCS in WT and MT Daphnia magna, we checked mitochondrial and ER-stress-related biomarkers and found an increase in apoptosis and greater sensitivity to TCS exposure in the MT group than in the WT. Our results suggest that the absence of p53 caused alterations in molecular processes in response to TCS exposure, resulting in increased sensitivity to TCS, and that p53 plays a critical role in response to TCS exposure.

Elevated temperature as the dominant stressor on the harmful algal bloom-causing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum obtusidens in a future ocean scenario.

Marine dinoflagellates are increasingly affected by ongoing global climate changes. While understanding of their physiological and molecular responses to individual stressors anticipated in the future ocean has improved, their responses to multiple concurrent stressors remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the individual and combined effects of elevated temperature (26 °C relative to 22 °C), increased pCO2 (1000 µatm relative to 400 µatm), and high nitrogen: phosphorus ratio (180:1 relative to 40:1) on a harmful algal bloom-causing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum obtusidens under short-term (28 days) exposure. Elevated temperature was the most dominant stressor affecting P. obtusidens at physiological and transcriptomic levels. It significantly increased cell growth rate and maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), but reduced chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen, and particulate organic phosphorus. Elevated temperature also interacted with other stressors to produce synergistic positive effects on cell growth and Fv/Fm. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that elevated temperature promoted energy production by enhancing glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and nitrogen and carbon assimilation, which supported rapid cell growth but reduced material storage. Increased pCO2 enhanced the expression of genes involved in ionic acid-base regulation and oxidative stress resistance, whereas a high N:P ratio inhibited photosynthesis, compromising cell viability, although the effect was alleviated by elevated temperature. The combined effect of these multiple stressors resulted in increased energy metabolism and up-regulation of material-synthesis pathways compared to the effect caused by elevated temperature alone. Our results underscore ocean warming as the predominant stressor for dinoflagellates and highlight the complex, synergistic effects of multi-stressors on dinoflagellates.

Interactions between lipid metabolism and the microbiome in aquatic organisms: A review.

Marine organisms' lipid metabolism contributes to marine ecosystems by producing a variety of lipid molecules. Historically, research focused on the lipid metabolism of the organisms themselves. Recent microbiome studies, however, have revealed that gut microbial communities influence the amount and type of lipids absorbed by organisms, thereby altering the organism's lipid metabolism. This has highlighted the growing importance of research on gut microbiota. This review highlights mechanisms by which gut microbiota facilitate lipid digestion and diversify the lipid pool in aquatic animals through the accelerated degradation of exogenous lipids and the transformation of lipid molecules. We also assess how environmental factors and pollutants, along with the innovative use of probiotics, interact with the gut microbiome to influence lipid metabolism within the host. We aim to elucidate the complex interactions between lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in aquatic animals by synthesizing current research and identifying knowledge gaps, providing a foundation for future explorations.

Genome-wide identification of 769 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes from the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma.

The marine medaka Oryzias melastigma is a useful fish model for marine and estuarine ecotoxicology studies and can be applied to field-based population genomics because of its distribution in Asian estuaries and other coastal areas. We identified 769 full-length G protein-coupled receptor genes in the O. melastigma genome and classified them into five distinct classes. A phylogenetic comparison of GPCR genes in O. melastigma to humans and two other small fish species revealed a high-level orthological relationship. Purinergic and chemokine receptors were highly differentiated in humans whereas significant differentiation of chemosensory receptors was evident in fish species. Our results suggest that the GPCR gene families among the species used in this study exhibit evidence of sporadic evolutionary processes. These results may help improve our understanding of the advanced repertoires of GPCR and expand our knowledge of physiological mechanisms of fish in response to various environmental stimuli.

Hyaluronic acid impacts hematological endpoints and spleen histological features in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

Since its identification in the vitreous humour of the eye and laboratory biosynthesis, hyaluronic acid (HA) has been a vital component in several pharmaceutical, nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic uses. However, little is known about its potential toxicological impacts on aquatic inhabitants. Herein, we investigated the hematological response of Clarias gariepinus to nominal doses of HA. To achieve this objective, 72 adult fish were randomly and evenly distributed into four groups: control, low-dose (0.5 mg/l HA), medium-dose (10 mg/l HA), and high-dose (100 mg/l HA) groups for two weeks each during both the exposure and recovery periods. The findings confirmed presence of anemia, neutrophilia, leucopoenia, lymphopenia, and eosinophilia at the end of exposure to HA. In addition, poikilocytosis and a variety of cytomorphological disturbances were observed. Dose-dependent histological alterations in spleen morphology were observed in the exposed groups. After HA removal from the aquarium for 2 weeks, the groups exposed to the two highest doses still exhibited a notable decline in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and an increase in mean corpuscular volume. Additionally, there was a significant rise in neutrophils, eosinophils, cell alterations, and nuclear abnormalities percentages, along with a decrease in monocytes, coupled with a dose-dependent decrease in lymphocytes. Furthermore, only the highest dose of HA in the recovered groups continued to cause a significant increase in white blood cells. White blood cells remained lower, and the proportion of apoptotic RBCs remained higher in the high-dose group. The persistence of most of the haematological and histological disorders even after recovery period indicates a failure of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome the HA-associated problems or insufficient duration of recovery. Thus, these findings encourage the inclusion of this new hazardous agent in the biomonitoring program and provide a specific pattern of hematological profile in HA-challenged fish. Further experiments are highly warranted to explore other toxicological hazards of HA using dose/time window protocols.

Effects of bisphenol A on reproduction, oxidative stress, and lipid regulation in the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.

This study reports the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, focusing on growth performance, reproductive output, oxidative stress responses, and lipid metabolism genes. High BPA levels disrupted peak daily offspring production and led to oxidative stress and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. The research identified distinctive monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (MGAT) and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) genes in B. plicatilis, B. rotundiformis, and B. koreanus, enhancing understanding of lipid metabolism in these species. BPA exposure significantly altered MGAT and DGAT expression, and feeding status affected these regulatory patterns. When food was unavailable, BPA reduced DGAT2 and MGAT2a expression. However, under feeding conditions, DGAT2 and MGAT1 levels increased, indicating that nutritional status and BPA exposure interact to affect gene expression.

Multigenerational resilience of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis to high temperature after additive exposure to high salinity and nanoplastics.

To study multigenerational resilience to high temperature (HT) conditions, we exposed Brachionus plicatilis marine rotifers to HT, high salinity (HS), and nanoplastics (NPs), and measured reproductive and life-cycle endpoints. After exposure to HT, rotifer lifespans were reduced, but daily production of offspring increased. However, both combined HT/HS and HT/HS/NP exposure led to additional decreases in longevity and reproductive ability; the antioxidant defense mechanisms of the rotifers were also notably upregulated as measured by reactive oxygen species levels. Fatty-acid profiles were reduced in all conditions. In multigenerational experiments, the negative effects of HT dissipated rapidly; however, the effects of HT/HS and HT/HS/NPs required four generations to disappear completely. The findings indicated that B. plicatilis were able to recover from these environmental stressors. This study demonstrated the resilience of aquatic organisms in response to changing environmental conditions and provides insights into the complex interactions of different abiotic stressors.

Oxidative stress-mediated deleterious effects of hypoxia in the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis.

In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity, in vivo effects, oxidative stress, and gene expression changes caused by hypoxia on the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) of 48 h of hypoxia exposure was found to be 2 mg/L O2. Chronic exposure to NOEC caused a significant decline in lifespan but had no effect on total fecundity. The induction of reactive oxygen species increased in a time-dependent manner over 48 h, whereas the content of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) decreased. The transcription and translation levels were modulated by hypoxia exposure. In particular, a significant increase in hemoglobin level was followed by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α gene expression and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In conclusion, our findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the adverse effects of hypoxia in brackish water zooplankton.

Toxicity of methylmercury in aquatic organisms and interaction with environmental factors and coexisting pollutants: A review.

Mercury is a hazardous heavy metal that is distributed worldwide in aquatic ecosystems. Methylmercury (MeHg) poses significant toxicity risks to aquatic organisms, primarily through bioaccumulation and biomagnification, due to its strong affinity for protein thiol groups, which results in negative effects even at low concentrations. MeHg exposure can cause various physiological changes, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, metabolic disorders, genetic damage, and immunotoxicity. To assess the risks of MeHg contamination in actual aquatic ecosystems, it is important to understand how MeHg interacts with environmental factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved organic matter, salinity, and other pollutants such as microplastics and organic compounds. Complex environmental conditions can cause potential toxicity, such as synergistic, antagonistic, and unchanged effects, of MeHg in aquatic organisms. This review focuses on demonstrating the toxic effects of single MeHg exposure and the interactive relationships between MeHg and surrounding environmental factors or pollutants on aquatic organisms. Our review also recommends further research on biological and molecular responses in aquatic organisms to better understand the potential toxicity of combinational exposure.

The comparative toxicity of biobased, modified biobased, biodegradable, and petrochemical-based microplastics on the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis.

The escalating production and improper disposal of petrochemical-based plastics have led to a global pollution issue with microplastics (MPs), which pose a significant ecological threat. Biobased and biodegradable plastics are believed to mitigate plastic pollution. However, their environmental fate and toxicity remain poorly understood. This study compares the in vivo effects of different types of MPs, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) as a biodegradable plastic, polylactic acid (PLA) as a biobased plastic, ß-cyclodextrin-grafted PLA as a modified biobased plastic, and low density polyethylene as the reference petrochemical-based plastic, on the key aquatic primary consumer Diaphanosoma celebensis. Exposure to MPs resulted in significant reproductive decline, with comparable effects observed irrespective of MP type or concentration. Exposure to MPs induced distinct responses in redox stress, with transcriptional profiling revealing differential gene expression patterns that indicate varied cellular responses to different types of MPs. ATP-binding cassette transporter activity assays demonstrated altered efflux activity, mainly in response to modified biobased and biodegradable MPs. Overall, this study highlights the comparable in vivo and in vitro effects of biobased, biodegradable, and petrochemical-based MPs on aquatic primary consumers, highlighting their potential ecological implications.

Toxicity and speciation of inorganic arsenics and their adverse effects on in vivo endpoints and oxidative stress in the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma.

Here, we investigate the effects of acute and chronic exposure to arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII) in the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. In vivo effects, biotransformation, and oxidative stress were studied in marine medaka exposed to the two inorganic arsenics for 4 or 28 days. An investigation of embryonic development revealed no effect on in vivo parameters, but the hatching rate increased in the group exposed to AsIII. Exposure to AsIII also caused the greatest accumulation of arsenic in medaka. For acute exposure, the ratio of AsV to AsIII was higher than that of chronic exposure, indicating that bioaccumulation of inorganic arsenic can induce oxidative stress. The largest increase in oxidative stress was observed following acute exposure to AsIII, but no significant degree of oxidative stress was induced by chronic exposure. During acute exposure to AsV, the increase in the enzymatic activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was twice as high compared with exposure to AsIII, suggesting that GST plays an important role in the initial detoxification process. In addition, an RNA-seq-based ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that acute exposure to AsIII may be related to cell-cycle progression. A network analysis using differentially expressed genes also revealed a potential link between the generation of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress due to arsenic exposure.

Non-negligible Toxicity to Fish in the Early Life Stages Triggered by Aqueous Leachate of Takeaway Plastic Containers.

Ordering takeout is a growing social phenomenon and may raise public health concerns. However, the associated health risk of compounds leaching from plastic packaging is unknown due to the lack of chemical and toxicity data. In this study, 20 chemical candidates were tentatively identified in the environmentally relevant leachate from plastic containers through the nontargeted chemical analysis. Three main components with high responses and/or predicted toxicity were further verified and quantified, namely, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (BHC), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), and 9-octadecenamide (oleamide). The toxicity to zebrafish larvae of BHC, a degradation product of a widely used antioxidant Irganox 1010, was quite similar to that of the whole plastic leachate. In the same manner, RNA-seq-based ingenuity analysis showed that the affected canonical pathways of zebrafish larvae were quite comparable between BHC and the whole plastic leachate, i.e., highly relevant to neurological disease, metabolic disease, and even behavioral disorder. Longer-term exposure (35 days) did not cause any effect on adult zebrafish but led to decreased hatching rate and obvious neurotoxicity in zebrafish offspring. Collectively, this study strongly suggests that plastic containers can leach out a suite of compounds causing non-negligible impacts on the early stages of fish via direct or parental exposure.

Size-Dependent Effect of Indocyanine Green Nanoimaging Agent for Metastatic Lymph Node Detection.

Identification of metastatic lymph nodes is a crucial step in lymph node dissection to prevent further cancer spread and recurrence. However, the current limitations in metastatic lymph node detection often result in extensive resection of normal lymph nodes, leading to serious complications. The clinical application of indocyanine green (ICG) as a tool for lymph node detection is challenging because of its short plasma half-life and rapid light-induced decomposition and clearance. To overcome this limitation, we used polydopamine nanoparticles (PNs) as carriers for ICG and screened for the optimal particle size for detecting metastatic lymph nodes. ICG/PNs with sizes of 80, 160, 300, and 600 nm were synthesized, and their ICG loading efficiency, physical stability, and lymph node distribution were evaluated. The ICG absorbed on the PNs was found to be protected from light degradation, and its retention at the lymph nodes was improved. Notably, the ICG/PNs favored the fluorescence signal at the metastatic lymph nodes compared to the nonmetastatic lymph nodes. Among the tested particle sizes, the 80-nm ICG/PN showed a higher distribution in the metastatic lymph nodes. This study suggests that the 80-nm ICG/PN is a potentially valuable reagent for the detection and diagnosis of lymph node metastasis.

Polystyrene nanoplastic and engine oil synergistically intensify toxicity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus : Polystyrene nanoplastic and engine oil toxicity in Nile tilapia.

Polystyrene nanoplastic (PS-NPs) and Engine oil (EO) pose multiple ecotoxic effects with increasing threat to fish ecosystems. The current study investigated the toxicity of 15 days exposure to PS-NPs and / or EO to explore their combined synergistic effects on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus). Hematobiochemical parameters, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers as well as histological alterations were evaluated. The experimental design contained 120 acclimated Nile tilapia distributed into four groups, control, PS-NPs (5 mg/L), EO (1%) and their combination (PS-NPs + EO). After 15-days of exposure, blood and tissue samples were collected from all fish experimental groups. Results indicated that Nile tilapia exposed to PS-NPs and / or EO revealed a significant decrease in almost all the measured hematological parameters in comparison to the control, whereas WBCs and lymphocyte counts were significantly increased in the combined group only. Results clarified that the combined PS-NPs + EO group showed the maximum decrease in RBCs, Hb, MCH and MCHC, and showed the maximum significant rise in interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in comparison to all other exposed groups. Meanwhile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) showed a significant (p < 0.05) decline only in the combination group, whereas reduced glutathione (GSH) showed a significant decline in all exposed groups in comparison to the control. Both malondialdehyde (MDA) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed a significant elevation only in the combination group. Uric acid showed the maximum elevation in the combination group than all other groups, whereas creatinine showed significant elevation in the EO and combination group when compared to the control. Furthermore, the present experiment proved that exposure to these toxicants either individually or in combination is accompanied by pronounced histomorpholgical damage characterized by severe necrosis and hemorrhage of the vital organs of Nile tilapia, additionally extensively inflammatory conditions with leucocytes infiltration. We concluded that combination exposure to both PS-NPs and EO caused severe anemia, extreme inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation effects, thus they can synergize with each other to intensify toxicity in fish.

Combined exposure to hypoxia and nanoplastics leads to negative synergistic oxidative stress-mediated effects in the water flea Daphnia magna.

In this study, we investigated the combined effects of hypoxia and NPs on the water flea Daphnia magna, a keystone species in freshwater environments. To measure and understand the oxidative stress responses, we used acute toxicity tests, fluorescence microscopy, enzymatic assays, Western blot analyses, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Our findings demonstrate that hypoxia and NPs exhibit a negative synergy that increases oxidative stress, as indicated by heightened levels of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activity. These effects lead to more severe reproductive and growth impairments in D. magna compared to a single-stressor exposure. In this work, molecular investigations revealed complex pathway activations involving HIF-1α, NF-κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, illustrating the intricate molecular dynamics that can occur in combined stress conditions. The results underscore the amplified physiological impacts of combined environmental stressors and highlight the need for integrated strategies in the management of aquatic ecosystems.

Changes in Induced-Antipredation Defense Traits and Transcriptome Regulations of Daphnia magna in Response to 5-HT1A Receptor Antagonist.

The serotonin signaling system plays a crucial role in regulating the ontogeny of crustaceans. Here, we describe the effects of different concentrations of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor antagonist (WAY-100635) on the induced antipredation (Rhodeus ocellatus as the predator), morphological, behavioral, and life-history defenses of Daphnia magna and use transcriptomics to analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results indicate that exposure to WAY-100635 leads to changes in the expression of different defensive traits in D. magna when faced with fish predation risks. Specifically, as the length of exposure to WAY-100635 increases, high concentrations of WAY-100635 inhibit defensive responses associated with morphological and reproductive activities but promote the immediate negative phototactic behavioral defense of D. magna. This change is related to the underlying mechanism through which WAY-100635 interferes with gene expression of G-protein-coupled GABA receptors by affecting GABBR1 but promotes serotonin receptor signaling and ecdysteroid signaling pathways. In addition, we also find for the first time that fish kairomone can significantly activate the HIF-1α signaling pathway, which may lead to an increase in the rate of immediate movement. These results can help assess the potential impacts of serotonin-disrupting psychotropic drugs on zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems.

Differential interference effects of thermal pollution on the induced defense of different body-sized cladocerans.

Climate warming influences the biological activities of aquatic organisms, including feeding, growth, and reproduction, thereby affecting predator-prey interactions. This study explored the variation in thermal sensitivity of anti-predator responses in two cladoceran species with varying body sizes, Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia cornuta. These species were cultured with or without the fish (Rhodeus ocellatus) kairomone at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C for 15 days. Results revealed that cladocerans of different body sizes exhibited varying responses to fish kairomones in aspects such as individual size, first-brood neonate size, total offspring number, average brood size, growth rate, and reproductive effort. Notably, low temperature differently affected defense responses in cladocerans of different body sizes. Both high and low temperatures moderated the intensity of the kairomone-induced response on body size at maturity. Additionally, low temperature reversed the reducing effect of fish kairomone on the total offspring number, average brood size, and reproductive effort in D. pulex. Conversely, it enhanced the increasing effect of fish kairomone on these parameters in C. cornuta. These results suggest that inducible anti-predator responses in cladocerans are modifiable by temperature. The differential effects of fish kairomones on various cladocerans under temperature influence offer crucial insights for predicting changes in predator-prey interactions within freshwater ecosystems under future climate conditions.

Decellularized matrix bioink with gelatin methacrylate for simultaneous improvements in printability and biofunctionality.

Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) bioink has been widely used in bioprinting because it is a printable and biocompatible biomaterial. However, it is difficult to print GelMA bioink without any temperature control because it has a thermally-sensitive rheological property. Therefore, in this study, we developed a temperature-controlled printing system in real time without affecting the viability of the cells encapsulated in the bioink. In addition, a skin-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (SdECM) was printed with GelMA to better mimic the native tissue environment compared with solely using GelMA bioink with the enhancement of structural stability. The temperature setting accuracy was calculated to be 98.58 ± 1.8 % for the module and 99.48 ± 1.33 % for the plate from 5 °C to 37 °C. The group of the temperature of the module at 10 °C and the plate at 20 °C have 93.84 % cell viability with the printable range in the printability window. In particular, the cell viability and proliferation were increased in the encapsulated fibroblasts in the GelMA/SdECM bioink, relative to the GelMA bioink, with a morphology that significantly spread for seven days. The gene expression and growth factors related to skin tissue regeneration were relatively upregulated with SdECM components. In the bioprinting process, the rheological properties of the GelMA/SdECM bioink were successfully adjusted in real time to increase printability, and the native skin tissue mimicked components providing tissue-specific biofunctions to the encapsulated cells. The developed bioprinting strategies and bioinks could support future studies related to the skin tissue reconstruction, regeneration, and other medical applications using the bioprinting process.

Toxic effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms: A review focusing on single and combined exposure of environmental conditions and pollutants.

Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent commonly used in personal care products. Due to its widespread use and improper disposal, it is also a pervasive contaminant, particularly in aquatic environments. When released into water bodies, TCS can induce deleterious effects on developmental and physiological aspects of aquatic organisms and also interact with environmental stressors such as weather, metals, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics. Multiple studies have described the adverse effects of TCS on aquatic organisms, but few have reported on the interactions between TCS and other environmental conditions and pollutants. Because aquatic environments include a mix of contaminants and natural factors can correlate with contaminants, it is important to understand the toxicological outcomes of combinations of substances. Due to its lipophilic characteristics, TCS can interact with a wide range of substances and environmental stressors in aquatic environments. Here, we identify a need for caution when using TCS by describing not only the effects of exposure to TCS alone on aquatic organisms but also how toxicity changes when it acts in combination with multiple environmental stressors.

Occurrence, distribution, and composition of black sand along the Red Sea, Egypt.

Black sand along the Red Sea is often composed of volcanic minerals and heavy minerals. The Red Sea region is known for its unique geological features, and black sand beaches can be found in various areas along its shores. The study presents a comprehensive semi-quantitative chemical analysis of black sand samples collected from various locations along the red sea, revealing significant variations in their elemental compositions. The main oxides were identified in each sample, determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses, indicate diverse mineralogical compositions. The spatial distribution of minerals at each site is depicted through mapping. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra offer information on the functional groups present in the samples, revealing the existence of hydroxyl groups, aliphatic compounds, and adsorbed water molecules. For Qusier-Elsharm Alqbly, Safaga, Marsa Alam, Gabal Alrosass, Hurghada Titanic, Hurghada Elahiaa, Gemsa, and Ras Elbehar samples, the results highlight the presence of various minerals, such as Quartz, Calcite, Titanium Dioxide, Magnetite, Hematite, Aluminum Oxide, Zirconium Dioxide, Chromium (III) Oxide, and others, providing insights into the geological characteristics of each location. The differences in mineral content among the examined sites are linked to the geological and mineralogical makeup of the source rocks upstream and midstream in the basins that discharge into the surveyed regions. So, variations in black sand concentrations among different locations offer insights into the geological and mineralogical diversity of the studied areas along the Red Sea coast. This study addresses the existing knowledge gap by focusing on the preliminary exploration and description of the occurrence, distribution, and composition of black sand along the Red Sea in Egypt. whereas the results provide valuable insights into the geological diversity of black sand deposits in the surveyed areas, underscoring the need for additional research and interpretation of these variations. Therefore, the in-depth examination of mineralogical composition and crystal structures establishes a foundation for future investigations in the field of geology and earth sciences.