Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Costa Rica: Costa Rican National Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey, 2010.

BACKGROUND: The projected rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in developing countries warrants careful monitoring. The aim of this study was to present the results of the Costa Rican National Cardiovascular Risk Factors Surveillance System, which provides the first national estimates of diabetes and IFG prevalence among adults in Costa Rica. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 3653 non-institutionalized adults aged ≥20 years (87.8% response rate) following the World Health Organization STEPwise approach was built on a probabilistic sample of the non-institutionalized population during 2010. Known diabetes was defined as self-reported diagnosis, the use of insulin, or hypoglycemic oral treatment as consequence of diabetes during at least the previous 2 weeks before the survey. Unknown diabetes was defined no self-reported diabetes but with venous blood concentrations of fasting glucose >125 mg/dL determined by laboratory testing. Impaired fasting glucose was defined as fasting glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL among those without diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes and IFG prevalence was estimated according gender, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), educational level, and physical activity level. RESULTS: Overall diabetes prevalence was 10.8% (9.5% known and 1.3% unknown diabetes) and IFG prevalence was 16.5%. The prevalence of known diabetes was higher among women >65 years compared with men of the same age group. Both known and unknown diabetes were significantly associated with higher BMI, increased WC, and low education level (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diabetes and IFG in Costa Rica is comparable to that in developed countries and indicates an urgent need for effective preventive interventions.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Central America: a cross-sectional population-based study / Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en Centroamérica: un estudio transversal basado en la población

Objective. To report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as found by the Central American Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI) study for five major Central American populations: Belize (national); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Guatemala City); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); and Nicaragua (Managua). Methods. Study data on 6 185 adults aged 20 years or older with anthropometric and laboratory determination of MetS from population-based surveys were analyzed. Overall, the survey response rate was 82.0%. MetS prevalence was determined according to criteria from the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The study’s protocol was reviewed and approved by the bioethical committee of each country studied. Results. The overall standardized prevalence of MetS in the Central American region was 30.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27.1–33.4). There was wide variability by gender and work conditions, with higher prevalence among females and unpaid workers. The standardized percentage of the population free of any component of MetS was lowest in Costa Rica (9.0%; CI: 6.5–11.4) and highest in Honduras (21.1%; CI: 16.4–25.9). Conclusions. Overall prevalence of MetS in Central America is high. Strengthening surveillance of chronic diseases and establishing effective programs for preventing cardiovascular diseases might reduce the risk of MetS in Central America.

Objetivo. Notificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SMet) observada en el estudio de la Iniciativa Centroamericana de Diabetes (CAMDI) llevado a cabo en cinco importantes poblaciones centroamericanas: Belice (nacional); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Ciudad de Guatemala); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); y Nicaragua (Managua). Métodos. Se analizaron los datos de estudio obtenidos de las encuestas poblacionales dirigidas a 6 185 adultos de 20 años de edad o mayores con determinaciones antropométricas y de laboratorio relativas al SMet. En términos generales, la tasa de respuesta a las encuestas fue de 82,0%. Se determinó la prevalencia del SMet según los criterios del tercer informe del Grupo de Expertos en el Tratamiento de Adultos (Adult Treatment Panel III) del Programa Nacional de Educación sobre el Colesterol. El protocolo del estudio fue examinado y aprobado por el comité de bioética de cada uno de los países incluidos en el estudio. Resultados. La prevalencia general estandarizada del SMet en Centroamérica fue de 30,3% (Intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC): 27,1–33,4). Se observó una amplia variabilidad según el sexo y las condiciones laborales, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres y trabajadores no retribuidos. El menor porcentaje estandarizado de población libre de cualquier componente del SMet se observó en Costa Rica (9,0%; IC: 6,5–11,4) y el mayor en Honduras (21,1%; IC: 16,4–25,9). Conclusiones. La prevalencia general de SMet en Centroamérica es alta. Se podría reducir el riesgo de SMet en Centroamérica mediante el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia de las enfermedades crónicas y el establecimiento de programas eficaces de prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Central America: a cross-sectional population-based study / Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en Centroamérica: un estudio transversal basado en la población

OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as found by the Central American Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI) study for five major Central American populations: Belize (national); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Guatemala City); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); and Nicaragua (Managua). METHODS: Study data on 6 185 adults aged 20 years or older with anthropometric and laboratory determination of MetS from population-based surveys were analyzed. Overall, the survey response rate was 82.0%. MetS prevalence was determined according to criteria from the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The study's protocol was reviewed and approved by the bioethical committee of each country studied. RESULTS: The overall standardized prevalence of MetS in the Central American region was 30.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27.1-33.4). There was wide variability by gender and work conditions, with higher prevalence among females and unpaid workers. The standardized percentage of the population free of any component of MetS was lowest in Costa Rica (9.0%; CI: 6.5-11.4) and highest in Honduras (21.1%; CI: 16.4-25.9). CONCLUSIONS: Overall prevalence of MetS in Central America is high. Strengthening surveillance of chronic diseases and establishing effective programs for preventing cardiovascular diseases might reduce the risk of MetS in Central America.

OBJETIVO: Notificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SMet) observada en el estudio de la Iniciativa Centroamericana de Diabetes (CAMDI) llevado a cabo en cinco importantes poblaciones centroamericanas: Belice (nacional); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Ciudad de Guatemala); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); y Nicaragua (Managua). MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de estudio obtenidos de las encuestas poblacionales dirigidas a 6 185 adultos de 20 años de edad o mayores con determinaciones antropométricas y de laboratorio relativas al SMet. En términos generales, la tasa de respuesta a las encuestas fue de 82,0%. Se determinó la prevalencia del SMet según los criterios del tercer informe del Grupo de Expertos en el Tratamiento de Adultos (Adult Treatment Panel III) del Programa Nacional de Educación sobre el Colesterol. El protocolo del estudio fue examinado y aprobado por el comité de bioética de cada uno de los países incluidos en el estudio. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia general estandarizada del SMet en Centroamérica fue de 30,3% (Intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC): 27,1-33,4). Se observó una amplia variabilidad según el sexo y las condiciones laborales, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres y trabajadores no retribuidos. El menor porcentaje estandarizado de población libre de cualquier componente del SMet se observó en Costa Rica (9,0%; IC: 6,5-11,4) y el mayor en Honduras (21,1%; IC: 16,4-25,9). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia general de SMet en Centroamérica es alta. Se podría reducir el riesgo de SMet en Centroamérica mediante el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia de las enfermedades crónicas y el establecimiento de programas eficaces de prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Central America: a cross-sectional population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as found by the Central American Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI) study for five major Central American populations: Belize (national); Costa Rica (San José); Guatemala (Guatemala City); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); and Nicaragua (Managua). METHODS: Study data on 6 185 adults aged 20 years or older with anthropometric and laboratory determination of MetS from population-based surveys were analyzed. Overall, the survey response rate was 82.0%. MetS prevalence was determined according to criteria from the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The study's protocol was reviewed and approved by the bioethical committee of each country studied. RESULTS: The overall standardized prevalence of MetS in the Central American region was 30.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27.1-33.4). There was wide variability by gender and work conditions, with higher prevalence among females and unpaid workers. The standardized percentage of the population free of any component of MetS was lowest in Costa Rica (9.0%; CI: 6.5-11.4) and highest in Honduras (21.1%; CI: 16.4-25.9). CONCLUSIONS: Overall prevalence of MetS in Central America is high. Strengthening surveillance of chronic diseases and establishing effective programs for preventing cardiovascular diseases might reduce the risk of MetS in Central America.