Pd and Pt Complexes of Benzo-Fused Dipyrrins: Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemical, and Optical Properties.

Benzo-fused dipyrrins are π-extended analogs of conventional dipyrrins, which exhibit bathochromically shifted absorption and possess the synthetic capability to bind various metal ions. We aimed to investigate the synthetic potential of benzo-fused dipyrrins in the complexation with transition metals. Two new complexes with Pd2+ and Pt2+ were synthesized and characterized. X-ray crystallography reveals that both complexes exhibit a zigzag geometry with square planar coordination of the central metal. The Pd2+ complex possesses a very weak fluorescence at 665 nm, while the Pt2+ complex is completely nonemissive. Transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed triplet excited state formation for both complexes; however, they are short-lived and no phosphorescence was observed even at 77K. DFT calculations support the experimental observation, revealing the existence of the low-lying ligand-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) triplet state acting as an energy sink.

An Inorganic Fluorescent Chemosensor: Rational Design and Selective Mg2+ Detection.

A Zn2+ based complex, 3, displays greatly increased fluorescence emission in the presence of Mg2+. Fluorescent and computational studies suggest that 3 selectively interacts with Mg2+ due to optimal cavity size formation between two uncoordinated pyrazole side arms. This work thus represents a new approach to the development of fluorescent chemosensors.

Synthesis and characterization of trigonal bipyramidal FeIII complexes and their solution behavior.

A series of air-stable trigonal bipyramidal FeIII complexes supported by a redox non-innocent NNN pincer ligand, Cz tBu(PyrR)2 - (R = iPr, Me, or H), were synthesized, fully characterized, and utilized for the investigation of the interaction between acetone and the FeIII center. The magnetic moments determined from the paramagnetic 1H NMR spectra in conjunction with EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopy indicate the presence of a high-spin ferric center. Cyclic voltammetry studies feature two quasi-reversible events corresponding to a metal-centered FeIII/II reduction around -0.40 V (vs. Fc) and a ligand-centered Cz tBu(PyrR)2/Cz tBu(PyrR)2 •+ oxidation at potentials near +0.70 V (vs. Fc). UV-Visible spectroscopy in CH2Cl2 showcases ligand-metal charge transfer (LMCT) bands, as well as coordination of acetone to Cz tBu(PyrH)2FeCl2. In situ IR spectroscopy and solution conductivity (κ) measurements of Cz tBu(PyrR)2FeCl2 with varied equivalents of acetone reveal that acetone is weakly associated with the iron center.

Synthesis, characterization, DFT calculations, and reactivity study of a nitrido-bridged dimeric vanadium(iv) complex.

Two vanadium(iii) complexes, CztBu(PyriPr)2VCl2 (1) and CztBu(PyriPr)2V(N3)2 (2), were synthesized and characterized. Chemical reduction of both 1 and 2 gives the thermally stable nitrido-bridged vanadium(iv) dimer complex, [{CztBu(PyriPr)2}V]2(µ-N)2 (3), which is a rare example of a dimeric vanadium(iv) complex bridged by two nitrido ligands. The nitride ligands of 3 are unreactive due to the well-protected environment provided by the pincer ligand and its substituents, as is supported by its X-ray crystal structure and further described by DFT calculations.

Intramolecular C-H Functionalization Followed by a [2σ + 2π] Addition via an Intermediate Nickel-Nitridyl Complex.

Irradiation of a disphenoidal Ni(II) azido complex, [Cz tBu(Pyr iPr)2NiN3] (1), revealed an unprecedented nickel complex, [Cz tBu(Pyr iPr)(NH2-Pyr iPr)] (2), in >90% isolated yield. As evidenced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 2 is produced by double intramolecular C-H activation of a putative nickel-nitridyl intermediate, [Cz tBu(Pyr iPr)2Ni-⃛N•]. Calculations support the generation of an intermediate with significant nitridyl radical character after the loss of N2, which, in turn, undergoes tandem C-H activations, leading to functionalized intermediates and products. This is an unprecedented example of transient Ni-⃛N•-promoted intramolecular C-H functionalization, followed by a [2σ + 2π] addition, yielding bis-metallacyclic product 2. Complex 2 is also observed from the reaction of Ni(I) precursor Cz tBu(Pyr iPr)2Ni (3) and Me3SiN3, suggesting a unique thermal route toward a masked nickel-nitridyl intermediate.

Iron(II) complexes of dimethyltriazacyclophane.

Treatment of the ortho-triazacyclophane 1,4-dimethyltribenzo[b,e,h][1,4,7]triazacyclonona-2,5,8-triene [(C6H5)3(NH)(NCH3)2, L1] with Fe[N(SiMe3)2]2 yields the dimeric iron(II) complex bis(µ-1,4-dimethyltribenzo[b,e,h][1,4,7]triazacyclonona-2,5,8-trien-7-ido)bis[(µ-1,4-dimethyltribenzo[b,e,h][1,4,7]triazacyclonona-2,5,8-trien-7-ido)iron(II)], [Fe(C20H18N3)4] or Fe2(L1)4 (9). Dissolution of 9 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) results in solvation by two THF ligands and the formation of a simpler monoiron complex, namely bis(µ-1,4-dimethyltribenzo[b,e,h][1,4,7]triazacyclonona-2,5,8-trien-7-ido-κN7)bis(tetrahydrofuran-κO)iron(II), [Fe(C20H18N3)2(C4H8O)2] or (L1)2Fe(THF)2 (10). The reaction is reversible and 10 reverts in vacuo to diiron complex 9. In the structures of both 9 and 10, the monoanionic triazacyclophane ligand L1- is observed in only the less-symmetric saddle conformation. No bowl-shaped crown conformers are observed in the solid state, thus preventing chelating κ3-coordination to the metal as had been proposed earlier based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Instead, the L1- ligands are bound in either a η2-chelating fashion through the amide and one amine donor (for one of the four ligands of 9), or solely through their amide N atoms in an even simpler monodentate η1-coordination mode. Density functional calculations on dimer 9 revealed nearly full cationic charges on each Fe atom and no bonding interaction between the two metal centers, consistent with the relatively long Fe...Fe distance of 2.912 (1) Šobserved in the solid state.

A Series of 4- and 5-Coordinate Ni(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Spectroscopic, and DFT Studies.

A series of four- and five-coordinate Ni(II) complexes Cz tBu(Pyr iPr)2NiX (1-3 and 1·THF-3·THF), where X = Cl, Br, and I, were synthesized and fully characterized by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations. The solid-state structures of 1-3 reveal rare examples of seesaw Ni(II) complexes. In solution, 1-3 bind reversibly to a THF molecule to form five-coordinate adducts. The electronic transitions in the visible region (630-680 nm), attributed to LMCT bands, for 1 → 3 exhibit a bathochromic shift. The thermochromic tendency of the five-coordinate complexes implies the loss of THF coordination at elevated temperatures. Finally, the electronic properties of all Ni(II) complexes were studied by time-dependent density functional theory calculations to characterize the nature of the excited states.

Crystal structure of (2-{[(8-aminona-phthalen-1-yl)imino]-meth-yl}-4,6-di-tert-butyl-phenolato-κ3N,N',O)bromido-nickel(II).

The title compound, [NiBr(C25H29N2O)], contains an NiII atom with a slightly distorted square-planar coordination environment defined by one O and two N atoms from the 2-{[(8-aminona-phthalen-1-yl)imino]-meth-yl}-4,6-di-tert-butyl-phenolate ligand and a bromide anion. The Ni-O and Ni-N bond lengths are slightly longer than those observed in the phenyl backbone counterpart, which can be attributed to the larger steric hindrance of the naphthyl group in the structure of the title compound. The mol-ecule as a whole is substanti-ally distorted, with both the planar naphthalene-1,8-di-amine and imino-meth-yl-phenolate substitutents rotated against the NiN2OBr plane by 38.92 (7) and 37.22 (8)°, respectively, giving the mol-ecule a twisted appearance. N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds and N-H⋯C(π) contacts connect the mol-ecules into dimers, and additional C-H⋯Br contacts, C-H⋯π inter-actions, and an offset stacking inter-action between naphthyl units inter-connect these dimers into a three-dimensional network.

Synthesis and characterization of an iron complex bearing a hemilabile NNN-pincer for catalytic hydrosilylation of organic carbonyl compounds.

A low-coordinate iron(ii) complex (CztBu(PztBu)2)Fe[N(SiMe3)2], 1 bearing an NNN-pincer ligand was prepared and fully characterized. Intramolecular C-H activation on the 5-position of a pyrazole at elevated temperatures was observed. Complex 1 was found to be an efficient and chemoselective pre-catalyst for the hydrosilylation of organo carbonyl substrates.

Cyanide Ligand Assembly by Carbon Atom Transfer to an Iron Nitride.

The new iron(IV) nitride complex PhB(iPr2Im)3Fe≡N reacts with 2 equiv of bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene (BAC) to provide PhB(iPr2Im)3Fe(CN)(N2)(BAC). This unusual example of a four-electron reaction involves carbon atom transfer from BAC to create a cyanide ligand along with the alkyne iPr2N-C≡C-NiPr2. The iron complex is in equilibrium with an N2-free species. Further reaction with CO leads to formation of a CO analogue, which can be independently prepared using NaCN as the cyanide source, while reaction with B(C6F5)3 provides the cyanoborane derivative.

Spectroscopic and Computational Studies of Spin States of Iron(IV) Nitrido and Imido Complexes.

High-oxidation-state metal complexes with multiply bonded ligands are of great interest for both their reactivity as well as their fundamental bonding properties. This paper reports a combined spectroscopic and theoretical investigation into the effect of the apical multiply bonded ligand on the spin-state preferences of threefold symmetric iron(IV) complexes with tris(carbene) donor ligands. Specifically, singlet (S = 0) nitrido [{PhB(ImR)3}FeN], R = tBu (1), Mes (mesityl, 2) and the related triplet (S = 1) imido complexes, [{PhB(ImR)3}Fe(NR')]+, R = Mes, R' = 1-adamantyl (3), tBu (4), were investigated by electronic absorption and Mössbauer effect spectroscopies. For comparison, two other Fe(IV) nitrido complexes, [(TIMENAr)FeN]+ (TIMENAr = tris[2-(3-aryl-imidazol-2-ylidene)ethyl]amine; Ar = Xyl (xylyl), Mes), were investigated by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, including applied-field measurements. The paramagnetic imido complexes 3 and 4 were also studied by magnetic susceptibility measurements (for 3) and paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy: high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance (for 3 and 4) and frequency-domain Fourier-transform (FD-FT) terahertz electron paramagnetic resonance (for 3), which reveal their zero-field splitting parameters. Experimentally correlated theoretical studies comprising ligand-field theory and quantum chemical theory, the latter including both density functional theory and ab initio methods, reveal the key role played by the Fe 3dz2 (a1) orbital in these systems: the nature of its interaction with the nitrido or imido ligand dictates the spin-state preference of the complex. The ability to tune the spin state through the energy and nature of a single orbital has general relevance to the factors controlling spin states in complexes with applicability as single molecule devices.

Styrene Aziridination by Iron(IV) Nitrides.

Thermolysis of the iron(IV) nitride complex [PhB(tBuIm)3Fe≡N] with styrene leads to formation of the high-spin iron(II) aziridino complex [PhB(tBuIm)3Fe-N(CH2CHPh)]. Similar aziridination occurs with both electron-rich and electron-poor styrenes, while bulky styrenes hinder the reaction. The aziridino complex [PhB(tBuIm)3Fe-N(CH2CHPh)] acts as a nitride synthon, reacting with electron-poor styrenes to generate their corresponding aziridino complexes, that is, aziridine cross-metathesis. Reaction of [PhB(tBuIm)3Fe-N(CH2CHPh)] with Me3SiCl releases the N-functionalized aziridine Me3SiN(CH2CHPh) while simultaneously generating [PhB(tBuIm)3FeCl]. This closes a synthetic cycle for styrene azirdination by a nitride complex. While the less hindered iron(IV) nitride complex [PhB(MesIm)3Fe≡N] reacts with styrenes below room temperature, only bulky styrenes lead to tractable aziridino products.

Computational evaluation of tris(carbene)borate donor properties in {NiNO}(10) complexes.

Electronic structure calculations are performed to characterise the structures, energies, and spectroscopic data for a series of four-coordinate tris(carbene)borate {NiNO}(10) complexes. There is excellent agreement between the computational and experimental results for known complexes, allowing for structure-function relationships to be delineated. Calculations that provide insights into the synthetic accessibility of nickel(iv) nitrides by oxygen atom abstraction from these complexes are also reported.

Reaction of an iron(IV) nitrido complex with cyclohexadienes: cycloaddition and hydrogen-atom abstraction.

The iron(IV) nitrido complex PhB(MesIm)3Fe≡N reacts with 1,3-cyclohexadiene to yield the iron(II) pyrrolide complex PhB(MesIm)3Fe(η(5)-C4H4N) in high yield. The mechanism of product formation is proposed to involve sequential [4 + 1] cycloaddition and retro Diels-Alder reactions. Surprisingly, reaction with 1,4-cyclohexadiene yields the same iron-containing product, albeit in substantially lower yield. The proposed reaction mechanism, supported by electronic structure calculations, involves hydrogen-atom abstraction from 1,4-cyclohexadiene to provide the cyclohexadienyl radical. This radical is an intermediate in substrate isomerization to 1,3-cyclohexadiene, leading to formation of the pyrrolide product.

Ligand modification transforms a catalase mimic into a water oxidation catalyst.

The catalytic reactivity of the high-spin Mn(II) pyridinophane complexes [(Py2NR2)Mn(H2O)2](2+) (R=H, Me, tBu) toward O2 formation is reported. With small macrocycle N-substituents (R=H, Me), the complexes catalytically disproportionate H2O2 in aqueous solution; with a bulky substituent (R=tBu), this catalytic reaction is shut down, but the complex becomes active for aqueous electrocatalytic H2O oxidation. Control experiments are in support of a homogeneous molecular catalyst and preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the catalyst is mononuclear. This ligand-controlled switch in catalytic reactivity has implications for the design of new manganese-based water oxidation catalysts.

A tripodal ligand constructed from mesoionic carbene donors.

A tripodal ligand constructed solely from mesoionic carbene donors is reported. The donor strength of this ligand is lower than most imidazol-2-ylidene-based tris(carbene)borate ligands, as measured by IR spectroscopy of {NiNO}(10) and {Mn(CO)3}(+) derivatives. The attenuated donor strength is proposed to be due to the collective electron-withdrawing effect of the ligand's aryl substituents.

Stabilization of iridium(IV) by monoanionic dialkyldiarylguanidinato ligands.

Electron-rich tris(guanidinato) complexes of Ir(III), [Ir{ArNC(NR(2))NAr}(3)] (where R = Me or Et; Ar = Ph or 4-MeC(6)H(4)), were synthesized from the respective [Ir{ArNC(NR(2))NAr}(C(8)H(14))(2)] precursors (C(8)H(14) = cis-cyclooctene), are air-sensitive, and can be electrochemically oxidized in two one-electron transfer steps. The first electron transfer is reversible and occurs at much lower potentials than typical for Ir(III). Chemical oxidation by [FeCp(2)]PF(6) afforded isolable, paramagnetic Ir(IV) compounds, [Ir{ArNC(NR(2))NAr}(3)]PF(6), which were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and a single-crystal structure determination, demonstrating that Ir(IV) is accessible in a nitrogen-donor ligand environment.

Synthesis, characterization, and O2 reactivity of iridium(I) complexes supported by guanidinato ligands.

Mononuclear [Ir{ArNC(NR(2))NAr}(C(8)H(12))] complexes (where R = Me or Et; Ar = Ph, 4-MeC(6)H(4), or 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3); and C(8)H(12) = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) were synthesized from the neutral N,N-dialkyl-N',N''-diarylguanidines via deprotonation and transmetalation. As confirmed by single-crystal structure determinations, the guanidinato(1-) ligands coordinate the low-valent d(8) Ir(I) center in an N,N'-chelating binding mode, and the (13)C NMR chemical shifts of the alkene carbon atoms establish that these ligands function as stronger donors than related monoanionic, bidentate nitrogen-based ligands. In the reactions of the complexes with O(2), the observed reactivity trends correlate with the electronic and steric influences of the substituents of the guanidinato ligands.

Synthesis and characterization of a novel paramagnetic macromolecular complex [Gd(TTDASQ-protamine)].

Adenocarcinomas in rats and humans frequently contain perivascular, degranulating mast cells that release heparin. Protamine is a low-molecular weight, cationic polypeptide that binds to heparin and neutralizes its anticoagulant properties. A novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent containing protamine was synthesized. TTDASQ, the derivative of TTDA (3,6,10-tri(carboxymethyl)-3,6,10-triazadodecanedioic acid), was also synthesized and the kinetic stability of [Gd(TTDASQ)]- chelate containing phosphate buffer and ZnCl2 to measure the relaxation rate (R1) at 20 MHz was studied by transmetallation with Zn(II). The water-exchange rate (k(ex)298) of [Gd(TTDASQ)]- is 6.4 x 10(6) s(-1) at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C which was obtained from the reduced 17O relaxation rates (1/T(1r) and 1/T(2r)) and chemical shift (omega(r)) of H(2)17O, and it is compared with that previously reported for the other gadolinium(III) complex, [Gd(DO3ASQ)]. The binding affinity assay showed that the (TTDASQ)3-pro19 has higher activity toward heparin. On the other hand, the effect of heparin on the relaxivity of the [Gd(TTDASQ)3-pro19] conjugate shows the binding strength (K(A)) is 7669 dm3 mol(-1) at pH 7.4 and the relaxivity (r(b)1) of the [Gd(TTDASQ)3-pro19]-heparin adduct is 30.9 dm3 mmol(-1) s(-1).