Emergent Synchronous Volumetric Oscillation in Hierarchically Structured Self-Oscillating Gel Clusters.

Emergent properties accompanying synchronization among oscillators are vital characteristics in biological systems. Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillators are an artificial model to study the emergence and synchronization in life. This research represents a self-oscillating gel system with clusterable properties to experimentally examine synchronous and emergent properties at a fundamental hierarchical level. Incorporating acrylic acid (AAc) moieties within the gel network facilitates cluster formation through hydrogen bonding in an acidic BZ substrate solution. Upon clustering, both homogeneous and heterogeneous gel assemblies─ranging from double to quadruple clusters─exhibit increased and synchronized periods and amplitudes during the BZ reaction. Notably, in heterogeneous clusters, gel units with initially short periods and small volumetric amplitudes display a significant increase, aligning with the lonfger periods and larger amplitudes of other elements within the cluster, an emergent property. This research can pave the way for a better understanding of synchronous and emergent properties in biological oscillators such as cardiomyocytes.

Rotavirus hospitalization in early childhood: fine motor skills and cognition at six years old-Population-based cohort study.

Rotavirus is linked to severe childhood gastroenteritis and neurological complications, but its impact on neurodevelopment remains uncertain. We examined data from 1,420,941 Korean children born between 2009 and 2011, using the Korean National Health Insurance System. At age 6, we assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes using the validated Korean Developmental Test, covering six major domains. Utilizing propensity score-based Inverse Probability Weighting to ensure covariates including considering covariates including sex, birth weight, changes in body weight from birth to 4-6 months of age, head circumference at 4-6 months of age, residence at birth, economic status, infant feeding types, and birth year. The main analysis that encompassed 5,451 children with rotavirus hospitalization and 310,874 unexposed individuals reveled heightened odds of suspected delays in fine motor skills and cognition among exposed children. Our results suggest an association between rotavirus-related hospitalization in infancy and suspected delays in fine motor function and cognition in 6-year-olds.

Temperature-Adaptative Self-Oscillating Gels: Toward Autonomous Biomimetic Soft Actuators with Broad Operating Temperature Region.

Self-oscillating gel systems exhibiting an expanded operating temperature and accompanying functional adaptability are showcased. The developed system contains nonthermoresponsive main-monomers, such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) or acrylamide (AAm) or 3-(methacryloylamino)propyl trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC). The gels volumetrically self-oscillate within the range of the conventional (20.0 °C) and extended (27.0 and 36.5 °C) temperatures. Moreover, the gels successfully adapt to the environmental changes; they beat faster and smaller as the temperature increases. The period and amplitude are also controlled by tuning the amount of main-monomers and N-(3-aminopropyl) acrylamide. Furthermore, the record amplitude in the bulk gel system consisting of polymer strand and cross-linker at 36.5 °C is achieved (≈10.8%). The study shows new self-oscillation systems composed of unprecedented combinations of materials, giving the community a robust material-based insight for developing more life-like autonomous biomimetic soft robots with various operating temperatures and beyond.

Microcurrent therapy as the nonpharmacological new protocol against Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses an increasing global health challenge and is marked by gradual cognitive deterioration, memory impairment, and neuroinflammation. Innovative therapeutic approaches as non-pharmacological protocol are urgently needed with side effect risk of drugs. Microcurrent therapy, a non-invasive modality involving low-level electrical currents, has emerged as a potential solution to address AD's complex pathogenesis. This study investigates the optimal application of microcurrent therapy as a clinical protocol for AD, utilizing a comprehensive approach that integrates behavioral assessments and neuroinflammation evaluation in a mouse model of dementia. Methods and results: The results reveal that microcurrent therapy holds promise in ameliorating memory impairment and reducing neuroinflammation in AD. Behavioral assessments, including the Novel Object Recognition Test (NOR) and Radial Arm Maze Test (RAM), demonstrated improved cognitive function following microcurrent therapy. Furthermore, microcurrent therapy inhibited expression of neuroinflammatory proteins, including ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in current-treated group. Mechanistic insights suggest that microcurrent therapy may modulate neuroinflammation through the regulation of MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the prospect of microcurrent therapy as a safe and efficacious non-pharmacological strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD), providing optimism to the countless individuals impacted by this debilitating ailment. These results contribute to the developments of an innovative clinical protocol for AD and recovery from neurological injury, underscoring the significance of investigating unconventional therapeutic approaches for addressing this complex condition.

Unraveling the link between atopic dermatitis and autoimmune diseases in children: Insights from a large-scale cohort study with 15-year follow-up and shared gene ontology analysis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis and autoimmune diseases are highly heritable conditions that may co-occur from an early age. METHODS: The primary study is a national administrative cohort study involving 499,428 children born in 2002, tracked until 2017. Atopic dermatitis was defined as five or more principal diagnoses of atopic dermatitis and two or more topical steroid prescriptions. We estimated the risks for the occurrence of 41 autoimmune diseases, controlling for risk factors. In addition, we sourced a gene library from the National Library of Medicine to conduct a comprehensive gene ontology. We used Gene Weaver to identify gene set similarity and clustering, and used GeneMania to generate a network for shared genes. RESULTS: Exposed and unexposed groups included 39,832 and 159,328 children, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 12 years, the exposed group had an increased risk of autoimmune disease (hazard ratio, 1.27 [95 % confidence interval, 1.23-1.32]) compared to the unexposed group. The hazard ratios of autoimmune illnesses consistently increased with two- and five years lag times and alternative atopic dermatitis definitions. Shared genes between atopic dermatitis and autoimmune diseases were associated with comorbidities such as asthma, bronchiolitis, and specific infections. Genetic interactions of these shared genes revealed clustering in Th1, Th2, Th17, and non-classifiable pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Atopic dermatitis was significantly associated with an increased risk of subsequent autoimmune disease. we identified the genetically associated disease in atopic dermatitis patients comorbid with autoimmune disease and demonstrated a genetic network between atopic dermatitis and autoimmune diseases.

Anisotropically self-oscillating gels by spatially patterned interpenetrating polymer network.

Here we introduce sub-millimeter self-oscillating gels that undergo the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction and can anisotropically oscillate like cardiomyocytes. The anisotropically self-oscillating gels in this study were realized by spatially patterning an acrylic acid-based interpenetrating network (AA-IPN). We found that the patterned AA-IPN regions, locally introduced at both ends of the gels through UV photolithography, can constrain the horizontal gel shape deformation during the BZ reaction. In other words, the two AA-IPN regions could act as a physical barrier to prevent isotropic deformation. Furthermore, we controlled the anisotropic deformation behavior during the BZ reaction by varying the concentration of acrylic acid used in the patterning process of the AA-IPN. As a result, a specific directional deformation behavior (66% horizontal/vertical amplitude ratio) was fulfilled, similar to that of cardiomyocytes. Our study can provide a promising insight to fabricating robust gel systems for cardiomyocyte modeling or designing novel autonomous microscale soft actuators.

Evaluation of algal species distributions and prediction of cyanophyte cell counts using statistical techniques.

Safe drinking water sources are crucial for human health. Consequently, water quality management, including continuous monitoring of water quality and algae at sources, is critical to ensure the availability of safe water for local residents. This study aimed to construct statistical prediction models considering probability distributions relevant to cyanophyte cell counts and compare their prediction performance. In this study, water quality parameters at Juam Lake and Tamjin Lake, representative water sources in the Yeongsan and Seomjin rivers, South Korea, were investigated. We used a water quality monitoring network, algae alert system, and hydraulic and hydrological data measured every 7 days from January 2017 to December 2022 from the Water Environment Information System of the National Institute of Environmental Research. Using data for 2017-2021 as a training set and data for 2022 as a test set, the performances of seven models were compared for predicting cyanophyte cell counts. Environmental factors associated with algae in water sources were observed based on the monitoring data, and a prediction model appropriate for the cyanophyte distribution was generated, which also included the risk of toxicity. The extreme gradient boosting with the random forest model had the best predictive performance for cyanophyte cell counts. The study results are expected to facilitate water quality management in various water systems, including water sources.

Regulation of astrocyte activity and immune response on graphene oxide-coated titanium by electrophoretic deposition.

Introduction: Astrocytes play crucial role in modulating immune response in the damaged central nervous system. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between immune responses in astrocytes and brain diseases. However, the potential application of nanomaterials for alleviating neuroinflammation induced by astrocytes remains unexplored. Method: In this study, we utilized electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to coat graphene oxide (GO) onto titanium (Ti) to enhance the bioactivity of Ti. Results: We confirmed that GO-Ti could improve cell adhesion and proliferation of astrocytes with upregulated integrins and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Moreover, we observed that astrocytes on GO-Ti exhibited a heightened immune response when exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although pro-inflammatory cytokines increased, anti-inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factors involved in neuroprotective effects were also augmented through nuclear localization of the yes-associated protein (YAP) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Discussion: Taken together, GO-Ti could enhance the neuroprotective function of astrocytes by upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and neuroprotective factors with improved cell adhesion and viability. Consequently, our findings suggest that GO-Ti has the potential to induce neuroprotective effects by regulating cell activity.

Literature-based predictions of Mendelian disease therapies.

In the effort to treat Mendelian disorders, correcting the underlying molecular imbalance may be more effective than symptomatic treatment. Identifying treatments that might accomplish this goal requires extensive and up-to-date knowledge of molecular pathways-including drug-gene and gene-gene relationships. To address this challenge, we present "parsing modifiers via article annotations" (PARMESAN), a computational tool that searches PubMed and PubMed Central for information to assemble these relationships into a central knowledge base. PARMESAN then predicts putatively novel drug-gene relationships, assigning an evidence-based score to each prediction. We compare PARMESAN's drug-gene predictions to all of the drug-gene relationships displayed by the Drug-Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb) and show that higher-scoring relationship predictions are more likely to match the directionality (up- versus down-regulation) indicated by this database. PARMESAN had more than 200,000 drug predictions scoring above 8 (as one example cutoff), for more than 3,700 genes. Among these predicted relationships, 210 were registered in DGIdb and 201 (96%) had matching directionality. This publicly available tool provides an automated way to prioritize drug screens to target the most-promising drugs to test, thereby saving time and resources in the development of therapeutics for genetic disorders.

Effectiveness of tumor­treating fields to reduce the proliferation and migration of liposarcoma cell lines.

Liposarcoma (LPS) is a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma that constitutes 20% of all sarcoma cases in adults. Effective therapeutic protocols for human LPS are not well-defined. Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) are a novel and upcoming field for antitumor therapy. TTFields combined with chemoradiotherapy have proven to be more effective than TTFields combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of TTFields in inhibiting cell proliferation and viability for the anticancer treatment of LPS. The present study used TTFields (frequency, 150 kHz; intensity, 1.0 V/cm) to treat two LPS cell lines (94T778 and SW872) and analyzed the antitumor effects. According to trypan blue and MTT assay results, TTFields markedly reduced the viability and proliferation of LPS cell lines along with the formation of colonies in three-dimensional culture. Based on the Transwell chamber assay, TTFields treatment also markedly reduced the migration of LPS cells. Furthermore, as shown by the higher activation of caspase-3 in the Caspase-3 activity assay and the results of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, TTFields increased the formation of ROS in the cells and enhanced the proportion of apoptotic cells. The present study also investigated the inhibitory effect of TTFields in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) on the migratory capacity of tumor cells. The results demonstrated that TTFields treatment synergistically induced the ROS-induced apoptosis of LPS cancer cell lines and inhibited their migratory behavior. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the potential of TTFields in improving the sensitivity of LPS cancer cells, which may lay the foundation for future clinical trials of this combination treatment strategy.

Association between atopic dermatitis and school readiness in preschool children.

BACKGROUND: Although atopic dermatitis (AD) in children affects diverse stages of life, no studies have reported on the association between school readiness and AD. METHODS: This study used Korean National Health Insurance data and the Health Screening Program for Infants and Children. Among all children born between 2008 and 2012 in Korea, those who were assessed for school readiness through questionnaires in a health screening program performed at 54 and 60 months old were enrolled. AD was defined based on the International Classification of Diseases codes, with two or more prescriptions of topical corticosteroids during the first 54-60 months of life. The primary outcome was the association between school readiness and AD. The questionnaire relating to school readiness comprised six items - cognitive skills, social development, activeness, concentration, emotional development, and language skills. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associations between school readiness and AD. RESULTS: This study included 239,673 children without AD and 38,229 children with AD. The average age at which school readiness was assessed was 4.8 years. AD was associated with vulnerability in activeness (adjusted odds ratio: 1.127; 95% confidence interval: 1.071-1.186) and concentrations (1.170; 1.093-1.254). The impact of AD on concentrations showed consistent results regardless of sex, exposure to systemic corticosteroids and antihistamines, and age at the diagnosis of AD. CONCLUSIONS: Children with AD have vulnerability in school readiness in the aspects of activeness and concentration.

Capacitive Electrode-Based Electric Field Treatments on Redox-Toxic Iron Deposits in Transgenic AD Mouse Models: The Electroceutical Targeting of Alzheimer's Disease Feasibility Study.

Iron accumulation in the brain accelerates Alzheimer's disease progression. To cure iron toxicity, we assessed the therapeutic effects of noncontact transcranial electric field stimulation to the brain on toxic iron deposits in either the Aß fibril structure or the Aß plaque in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a pilot study. A capacitive electrode-based alternating electric field (AEF) was applied to a suspension of magnetite (Fe3O4) to measure field-sensitized reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The increase in ROS generation compared to the untreated control was both exposure-time and AEF-frequency dependent. The frequency-specific exposure of AEF to 0.7-1.4 V/cm on a magnetite-bound Aß-fibril or a transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model revealed the degradation of the Aß fibril or the removal of the Aß-plaque burden and ferrous magnetite compared to the untreated control. The results of the behavioral tests show an improvement in impaired cognitive function following AEF treatment on the AD mouse model. Tissue clearing and 3D-imaging analysis revealed no induced damage to the neuronal structures of normal brain tissue following AEF treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that the effective degradation of magnetite-bound amyloid fibrils or plaques in the AD brain by the electro-Fenton effect from electric field-sensitized magnetite offers a potential electroceutical treatment option for AD.

Assessment of Neurodevelopment and Growth in Congenital Hypothyroidism: Serial 6-Year Follow-up Study of 408 Patients.

CONTEXT: The link between congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and neurodevelopment is suggested, yet studies applying quantifiable measures are lacking. Moreover, socioeconomic disparities and subtle variation in timing of approach make the relationship difficult to detect. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between CH and abnormalities in neurodevelopment and growth and determine the critical period for intervention. METHODS: We utilized a nationwide database to conduct a longitudinal analysis of 919 707 children. Exposure to CH was identified using claims-based data. The primary outcome of interest was suspected neurodevelopmental disorder, as measured using the Korean Ages & Stages Questionnaires (K-ASQ) administered annually from 9 to 72 months of age. Secondary outcomes were height and BMI z-scores. After randomly matching cases and controls at a 1:10 ratio, we employed inverse probability of treatment weighting and generalized estimating equation models for our analyses. We conducted subgroup analysis based on the age of treatment initiation. RESULTS: The prevalence of CH in our population was 0.05% (n = 408). Relative to the control group, the CH group had higher risk of suspected neurodevelopmental disorders (propensity score-weighted odds ratio: 4.52; 95% CI: 2.91, 7.02), and significantly increased risk in each of the 5 K-ASQ domains. No time interactions were noted at any rounds for the outcomes according to when the neurodevelopmental assessment was conducted (all P for interaction >.05). The CH group also had higher risk for low height-for-age z-score, but not for elevated BMI-for-age z-score. In subgroup analysis, delayed medication for CH correlated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes. CONCLUSION: The CH group had worse neurodevelopmental outcomes and reduced height-for-age z-score. Outcomes were worse when onset of treatment was increasingly delayed.

Necessity of an Integrative Animal Model for a Comprehensive Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Animal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been used to study and understand the behavioral, neural, and physiological mechanisms underlying ADHD. These models allow researchers to conduct controlled experiments and manipulate specific brain regions or neurotransmitter systems to investigate the underlying causes of ADHD and test potential drug targets or treatments. However, it is essential to note that while these models can provide valuable insights, they do not ideally mimic the complex and heterogeneous nature of ADHD and should be interpreted cautiously. Additionally, since ADHD is a multifactorial disorder, environmental and epigenetic factors should be considered simultaneously. In this review, the animal models of ADHD reported thus far are classified into genetic, pharmacological, and environmental models, and the limitations of the representative models are discussed. Furthermore, we provide insights into a more reliable alternative model for the comprehensive study of ADHD.

The relationship between childhood asthma and socioeconomic status: a Korean nationwide population-based study.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate associations of socioeconomic status (SES) with asthma exacerbation and asthma-related hospital utilization factors among children with asthma in the Republic of Korea. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed population-level data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, collected from 2013 through 2019. SES was classified into five categories according to the national health insurance premiums quantiles (0 [lowest] to 4 [highest]). The hazard ratios (HRs) for asthma exacerbation, emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admission, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were analyzed with respect to SES. Results: Among the five SES groups, SES group 0 (medical aid), had the highest tallies and proportions of children who experienced asthma exacerbations (n = 1,682, 4.8%), ED visits (n = 932, 2.6%), hospital admission (n = 2,734, 7.7%) and ICU admission (n = 14, 0.04%). Compared with SES group 4, SES group 0 had adjusted HRs of 3.73 (p = 0.0113) and 1.04 (p < 0.0001) for ventilator support/tracheal intubation and administration of systemic corticosteroids, respectively. Relative to group 4, the adjusted HRs for ED visits, hospital admission, and ICU admission in group 0 were 1.88 (p < 0.0001), 2.20 (p < 0.0001), and 7.12 (p < 0.0001), respectively. In the survival analysis, group 0 had a significantly higher risk of ED presentation, hospital admission, and ICU admission than the other groups (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusion: Compared with children of higher SES, those in the lowest SES group had increased risk of asthma exacerbation, hospital admission, and receiving treatment for severe asthma symptoms.

Sex and Age-Dependent Olfactory Memory Dysfunction in ADHD Model Mice.

ADHD is a typical neurodevelopmental disorder with a high prevalence rate. NSCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are closely related to neurodevelopmental disorder and can affect olfactory function by neurogenesis and migratory route. Although olfactory dysfunction is one of the symptoms of ADHD, the relevance of cells in the olfactory bulb derived from NSCs has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated olfactory memory and NSCs in Git1-deficient mice, under the ADHD model. Interestingly, only adult male G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein-1 (GIT1)-deficient (+/-, HE) mice showed impaired olfactory memory, suggesting sex and age dependence. We performed adult NSCs culture from the SVZ and observed distinct cell population in both sex and genotype. Taken together, our study suggests that the altered differentiation of NSCs in GIT1+/- mice can contribute to olfactory dysfunction in ADHD.

Fabrication of submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels and control of their isotropic volumetric oscillatory behaviors.

In this study, we established a fabrication method and analyzed the volumetric self-oscillatory behaviors of submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels. We validated that the manufactured submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels exhibited isotropic volumetric oscillations during the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. In addition, we experimentally elucidated that the volumetric self-oscillatory behaviors (i.e., period and amplitude) and the oscillatory profiles depended on the following parameters: (1) the molar composition of N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (NAPMAm) in the gels and (2) the concentration of Ru(bpy)3-NHS solution containing an active ester group on conjugation. These clarified relationships imply that controlling the amount of Ru(bpy)3 in the gel network could influence the gel volumetric oscillation during the BZ reaction. These results of submillimeter-sized and spherical self-oscillating gels bridge knowledge gaps in the current field because the gels with corresponding sizes and shapes have not been systematically explored yet. Therefore, our study could be a cornerstone for diverse applications of (self-powered) gels in various scales and shapes, including soft actuators exhibiting life-like functions.

Café Food Safety and Its Impacts on Intention to Reuse and Switch Cafés during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Starbucks.

We explored the definition of food safety in the coffee service business during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic because consumer values and decision-making may have been affected by the pandemic. The food safety dimensions are freshness, quarantine, hygiene, and healthiness. We evaluated the effects of café food safety on both the consumer intention to revisit a café and their intention to switch to other cafés. We used the Amazon Mechanical Turk system for data collection. In total, 474 individuals responded to the survey questions. We used the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) ver. 20.0 and the analysis of moment structure (AMOS) ver. 21.0. We subjected the definition of café food safety to confirmatory factor analysis and then used structural equations to test the research hypotheses. The four dimensions adequately defined food safety. The results indicated that food safety positively influenced the intention to revisit, although it had no significant impact on the intention to switch cafés. Our findings will assist managers because we identify the implications of food safety for the coffee service business.

Capsule self-oscillating gels showing cell-like nonthermal membrane/shape fluctuations.

A primary interest in cell membrane and shape fluctuations is establishing experimental models reflecting only nonthermal active contributions. Here we report a millimeter-scaled capsule self-oscillating gel model mirroring the active contribution effect on cell fluctuations. In the capsule self-oscillating gels, the propagating chemical signals during a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction induce simultaneous local deformations in the various regions, showing cell-like shape fluctuations. The capsule self-oscillating gels do not fluctuate without the BZ reaction, implying that only the active chemical parameter induces the gel fluctuations. The period and amplitude depend on the gel layer thickness and the concentration of the chemical substrate for the BZ reaction. Our results allow for a solid experimental platform showing actively driven cell-like fluctuations, which can potentially contribute to investigating the active parameter effect on cell fluctuations.

Relationship Between Feeding to Sleep During Infancy and Subsequent Childhood Disease Burden.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of feeding to sleep during infancy and subsequent childhood health burdens. STUDY DESIGN: Information was collected from the parents of children who participated in the national health screening survey when the child was 9-12 months old. The exposure group included participants who were fed to sleep. The primary outcome was all-cause hospital admission (inpatient care, intensive care unit [ICU] admission, or general anesthesia) after age 24 months. Secondary outcomes were subsequent childhood diseases (ie, adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy, nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis, acute otitis media, asthma, pneumonia, and aspiration pneumonia), and growth status, as measured by weight-to-age and height-to-age z-scores. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 224 075 children who participated in the health screening program, 29 392 of whom (13.1%; 51% males) were fed to sleep. Exposure was associated with an increased risk of all-cause hospitalization after age 24 months (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.07), but not with admission to an ICU or receipt of general anesthesia. This also was related to adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15), dental caries (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.23-1.40), asthma (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.14-1.24), pneumonia (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.13), overweight (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.09), and obesity (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06-1.16). CONCLUSIONS: Several adverse health outcomes are related to feeding to sleep during early childhood.