[Emergent retention of organic liquid by modified bentonites: property and mechanism].

In this study, the property and mechanism of modified bentonites synthesized by long chain quaternary ammonium compounds which would be used in the emergent retention of typical organic liquid (benzene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene and diesel) were investigated and a pilot-scale simulation experiment was conducted. The unit retention capacity of modified bentonites for organic liquid (2.83-9.01 g x g(-1)) was much higher than that of conventional retention agents (0.28-1.17 g x g(-1)). The property and amount of the surfactants used and viscosity of organic liquid had a significant influence on the retention capacity of modified bentonites for the organic liquid, for example, the bentonites modified by cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMAB) with an adding quantity of 100% CEC showed the highest efficiency in the retention of organic liquid. In the simulation experiment, organic liquid could be retained effectively within 30 min by emergent retention device with modified bentonites and the retention efficiency might reach positively up to 90%. Results indicated that modifications using surfactants could enhance the hydrophobicity and interlayer space of the modified bentonites and make their retention capacities for organic liquid improved.

Non-thermal plasma-induced photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in water.

TiO(2) photocatalyst (P-25) (50mgL(-1)) was tentatively introduced into pulsed high-voltage discharge process for non-thermal plasma-induced photocatalytic degradation of the representative mode organic pollutant parachlorophenol (4-CP), including other compounds phenol and methyl red in water. The experimental results showed that rate constant of 4-CP degradation, energy efficiency for 4-CP removal and TOC removal with TiO(2) were obviously increased. Pulsed high-voltage discharge process with TiO(2) had a promoted effect for the degradation of these pollutants under a broad range of liquid conductivity. Furthermore, the apparent formation rates of chemically active species (e.g., ozone and hydrogen peroxide) were increased, the hydrogen peroxide formation rate from 1.10x10(-6) to 1.50x10(-6)Ms(-1), the ozone formation rate from 1.99x10(-8) to 2.35x10(-8)Ms(-1), respectively. In addition, this process had no influence on the photocatalytic properties of TiO(2). The introduction of TiO(2) photocatalyst into pulsed discharge plasma process in the utilizing of ultraviolet radiation and electric field in pulsed discharge plasma process enhanced the yields of chemically active species, which were available for highly efficient removal and mineralization of organic pollutants.

Study on NO(2) absorption by ascorbic acid and various chemicals.

Study on NO(2) absorption aimed at seeking a better NO(2) absorption chemical at pH 4.5 approximately 7.0 for application to existing wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD). The results from the double-stirred reactor indicated that ascorbic acid has very high absorption rate at this pH range. The rate constant of ascorbic acid reaction with NO(2) (0 approximately 1,000 x 10(-6) mol/mol) is about 3.54 x 10(6) mol/(Ls) at pH 5.4 approximately 6.5 at 55 degrees C.

Experimental study on the inhibition of biological reduction of Fe(III)EDTA in NO(x) absorption solution.

Scrubbing of NO(x) from the gas phase with Fe(II)EDTA has been shown to be highly effective. A new biological method can be used to convert NO to N(2) and regenerate the chelating agent Fe(II)EDTA for continuous NO absorption. The core of this biological regeneration is how to effectively simultaneous reduce Fe(III)EDTA and Fe(II)EDTA-NO, two mainly products in the ferrous chelate absorption solution. The biological reduction rate of Fe(III)EDTA plays a main role for the NO(x) removal efficiency. In this paper, a bacterial strain identified as Klebsiella Trevisan sp. was used to demonstrate an inhibition of Fe(III)EDTA reduction in the presence of Fe(II)EDTA-NO. The competitive inhibition experiments indicted that Fe(II)EDTA-NO inhibited not only the growth rate of the iron-reduction bacterial strain but also the Fe(III)EDTA reduction rate. Cell growth rate and Fe(III)EDTA reduction rate decreased with increasing Fe(II)EDTA-NO concentration in the solution.

Synergetic effects for p-nitrophenol abatement using a combined activated carbon adsorption-electrooxidation process.

A novel fluidized electrochemical reactor that integrated advanced electrochemical oxidation with activated carbon (AC) fluidization in a single cell was developed to model pollutant p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement. AC fluidization could enhance COD removal by 22%-30%. In such a combined process, synergetic effects on PNP and COD removal was found, with their removal rate being enhanced by 137.8% and 97.8%, respectively. AC could be electrochemically regenerated and reused, indicating the combined process would be promising for treatment of biorefractory organic pollutants.

Synthesis of TiO(2) supported on activated carbon by MOCVD: operation parameters study.

The metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique has been applied to the preparation of the photocatalyst titanium dioxide supported on activated carbon. The effects of various condition parameters such as carrier gas flow rate, source temperature and deposition temperature on the deposition rate were investigated. The maximum deposition rate of 8.2 mg/(g x h) was obtained under conditions of carrier gas flow rate of 400 ml/min, source temperature of 423 K and deposition temperature of 913 K. The deposition rate followed Arrhenius behavior at temperature of 753 K to 913 K, corresponding to activation energy E(a) of 51.09 kJ/mol. TiO(2) existed only in anatase phase when the deposition temperature was 773 K to 973 K. With increase of deposition temperature from 1073 K to 1273 K, the rutile content sharply increased from 7% to 70%. It was found that a deposition temperature of 773 K and a higher source temperature of 448 K resulted in finely dispersed TiO(2) particles, which were mainly in the range of 10-20 nm.

Degradation of 4-CP in an internal electrolysis system.

The characteristic and mechanism of parachlorophenol (4-CP) degradation in an internal electrolysis system were investigated. The degradation rate of 4-CP was higher in acid solution than that of in neutral or alkaline solution. Addition of activated carbon could make 4-CP easier be degraded by the surface contact catalysis. The dissolved oxygen in solution could take part in the electrode reaction and intensify the degradation of 4-CP. By the analysis of intermediates of degradation of 4-CP, it could be conferred that 4-CP was broken through the bond beside hydroxy firstly, then the bond beside chloride was broken and the chloride was dechlorinated simultaneously. Most intermediate products were glycerine, ethane diacid and acetic acid, while very few 1,4-butanedial and alcohols were found.

Degradation kinetics and mechanisms of phenol in photo-Fenton process.

Phenol degradation in photochemically enhanced Fenton process was investigated in this work. UV-VIS spectra of phenol degradation showed the difference between photo-Fenton process and UV/H(2)O(2), which is a typical hydroxyl radical process. A possible pathway diagram for phenol degradation in photo-Fenton process was proposed, and a mathematical model for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was developed. Operating parameters such as dosage of H(2)O(2) and ferrous ions, pH, suitable carrier gas were found to impact the removal of COD significantly. The results and analysis of kinetic parameters calculated from the kinetic model showed that complex degradation of phenol was the main pathway for removal of COD; while hydroxyl radicals acted weakly in the photo-Fenton degradation of phenol.

Heterogeneous UV/Fenton catalytic degradation of wastewater containing phenol with Fe-Cu-Mn-Y catalyst.

The heterogeneous UV/Fenton process with the appropriate amount of Fe-Mn-Cu-Y as catalyst was developed and various operation conditions for the degradation of phenol were evaluated. The results indicated that by using the heterogeneous UV/Fenton process, the COD(cr) removal rate reached almost 100% for wastewater containing phenol. Compared with the homogeneous process, the developed catalyst could be used at wider pH range in the UV/Fenton process. Comparison of various heterogeneous process showed that heterogeneous UV/Fenton process was best. The heterogeneous UV/Fenton process with Fe-Mn-Cu-Y catalyst is highly efficient in degrading various organic pollutants.

Photochemically enhanced degradation of phenol using heterogeneous Fenton-type catalysts.

The degradation of phenol was carried out using heterogeneous Fenton-type catalysts in the presence of H2O2 and UV. Catalysts were prepared by exchanging and immobilizing Fe2+ in zeolite 13X, silica gel or Al2O3. The concentration of phenol solution was 100 mg/L. The amount of H2O2 added was the stoichiometric amount of H2O2 required for the total oxidation of phenol. Under the irradiation of medium pressure light (300 W) phenol was mineralized within 1 h in the presence of Fe2+/zeolite 13X. The COD removal rate was enhanced in the presence of Fe2+/zeolite 13X compared to that of Fe2+/silica gel or Fe2+/Al2O3. Analogous homogenous photo-Fenton reaction with equivalent Fe2+ was also carried out to evaluate the catalysis efficiency of Fe2+/zeolite 13X. Results showed that the COD removal rate was near to that of homogeneous Fenton, while heterogeneous Fe2+/zeolite 13X catalyst could be recycled.