Design, Implementation, and Assessment Approaches Within an Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Elective Course.

Introduction: An estimated 38 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Pharmacists are well positioned to provide care to patients with HIV, but gaps in HIV education among pharmacists exist. Recognizing the need to educate and prepare future pharmacists, a 2-credit advanced HIV elective course was created for Doctor of Pharmacy students at Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in the United States, and Masters of Clinical Pharmacy students from University of Western Cape School of Pharmacy in South Africa. Methods: Course topics included diagnosis and treatment of HIV in children and adults, management of common comorbidities, pre-exposure prophylaxis, pharmacogenetic applications, and antiretroviral drug-drug interactions. Course effectiveness was evaluated using student examination results. Student perceptions were evaluated using pre- and post-course self-assessments involving abilities, confidence, and attitudes toward caring for people living with HIV. Results: Student pharmacists demonstrated competency in HIV knowledge, demonstrated skills in application to clinical-based scenarios, and reported significantly improved confidence and abilities as well as positive changes in attitudes toward people with HIV. Conclusion: This course contributed to student learning across different student cohorts in an institutional program in the United States including successful execution of distance learning and clinical application for students at a program in South Africa.

Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Life with Enhanced Recovery Protocols.

While studies have demonstrated the benefits of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) programs in reducing length of stay and costs without increasing complications, fewer studies have evaluated patient satisfaction and quality of life (QOL) with enhanced recovery protocols. The aim of this project was to summarize the literature comparing satisfaction and quality of life after colorectal surgery following treatment within an ERAS protocol to standard postoperative care. The available evidence suggests patients suffer no detriment to satisfaction or quality of life with use of ERAS protocols, and may suffer less fatigue and return to activities sooner. Most publications reported no adverse effects on postoperative pain. However, a limited number of studies suggest patients may experience increased early postoperative pain with ERAS pathways, particularly following open colorectal procedures. Future research should focus on potential improvements in ERAS protocols to better manage postoperative pain. Overall, the evidence supports more widespread implementation of ERAS pathways in colorectal surgery.

The Decline of Elective Colectomy Following Diverticulitis: A Population-Based Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The indications for interval elective colectomy following diverticulitis are unclear; evidence lends increasing support for nonoperative management. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the temporal trends in the use of elective colectomy following diverticulitis. DESIGN: This is a population-based retrospective cohort study using administrative discharge data. SETTING: This study was conducted in Ontario, Canada. PATIENTS: Patients who had had an episode of diverticulitis managed nonoperatively and were eligible for elective colectomy, from 2002 to 2012, were selected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in the proportion of patients who undergo elective colectomy following an episode of diverticulitis treated nonoperatively were evaluated. Cochran-Armitage was used to test for trends; adjusted analysis was performed by using multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: A total of 14,124 patients were admitted with an episode of diverticulitis and treated nonoperatively, making them eligible for interval elective colectomy. Median follow-up was 3.9 years (maximum, 10; interquartile range, 1.7-6.4). Overall, 1342 (9.5%) patients underwent elective colectomy; 33% of these colectomies were performed laparoscopically, and 7.5% patients received an ostomy. In-hospital mortality was 0.2%. The majority (76%) of elective operations were performed within 1 year of discharge (median, 160 days; interquartile range, 88-346). The proportion of patients undergoing elective colectomy within 1 year of discharge declined from 9.6% of patients in 2002 to 3.9% by 2011 (p < 0.001). The decline was most pronounced in patients <50 years of age (from 17% to 5%), and those with complicated disease (from 28% to 8%) (all p < 0.001). In multivariable regression, younger age, lower medical comorbidity, complicated disease, and early readmission were associated with elective colectomy. After adjusting for changes in patient characteristics, the odds of elective surgery decreased by 0.93 per annum (adjusted OR; 95% CI, 0.90-0.95). LIMITATIONS: Administrative health databases contain limited clinical detail; the rationale for elective surgery was not available. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with evolving practice guidelines, there has been a decrease in the use of elective colectomy following an episode of diverticulitis.

Evolving practice patterns in the management of acute colonic diverticulitis: a population-based analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence to support the use of percutaneous abscess drainage, laparoscopy, and primary anastomosis in managing acute diverticulitis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate how practices have evolved and to determine the effects on clinical outcomes. DESIGN: This is a population-based retrospective cohort study using administrative discharge data. SETTING: This study was conducted in Ontario, Canada. PATIENTS: All patients had been hospitalized for a first episode of acute diverticulitis (2002-2012). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Temporal changes in treatment strategies and outcomes were evaluated by using the Cochran-Armitage test for trends. Multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to test for trends while adjusting for patient characteristics. RESULTS: There were 18,543 patients hospitalized with a first episode of diverticulitis, median age 60 years (interquartile range, 48-74). From 2002 to 2012, there was an increase in the proportion of patients admitted with complicated disease (abscess, perforation), 32% to 38%, yet a smaller proportion underwent urgent operation, 28% to 16% (all p < 0.001). The use of percutaneous drainage increased from 1.9% of admissions in 2002 to 3.3% in 2012 (p < 0.001). After adjusting for changes in patient and disease characteristics over time, the odds of urgent operation decreased by 0.87 per annum (95% CI, 0.85-0.89). In those undergoing urgent surgery (n = 3873), the use of laparoscopy increased (9% to 18%, p <0.001), whereas the use of the Hartmann procedure remained unchanged (64%). During this time, in-hospital mortality decreased (2.7% to 1.9%), as did the median length of stay (5 days, interquartile range, 3-9; to 3 days, interquartile range, 2-6; p <0.001). LIMITATIONS: There is the potential for residual confounding, because clinical parameters available for risk adjustment were limited to fields existing within administrative data. CONCLUSIONS: There has been an increase in the use of nonoperative and minimally invasive strategies in treating patients with a first episode of acute diverticulitis. However, the Hartmann procedure remains the most frequently used urgent operative approach. Mortality and length of stay have improved during this time.

Risk of readmission and emergency surgery following nonoperative management of colonic diverticulitis: a population-based analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical course of patients with diverticulitis after nonoperative management and determine factors associated with readmission and subsequent emergency surgery. BACKGROUND: Clinical course of this disease remains poorly understood; indications for elective colectomy are unclear. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients managed nonoperatively after a first episode of diverticulitis in Ontario, Canada (2002-2012). Time-to-event analysis and Fine and Gray multivariable regression were used to characterize the risks of readmission and emergency surgery for diverticulitis, accounting for death and elective colectomy as competing events. RESULTS: A total of 14,124 patients were followed for a median of 3.9 years (maximum 10, interquartile range: 1.7-6.4). Five-year cumulative incidence was 9.0% for readmission, 1.9% for emergency surgery, and 14.1% for all-cause mortality. Patients younger than 50 years had higher incidence of readmission than patients aged 50 years and older (10.5% vs 8.4%; P < 0.001) but not emergency surgery (1.8% vs 2.0%; P = 0.52). Patients with complicated disease (abscess, perforation) were at increased risk of readmission than those with uncomplicated disease (12.0% vs 8.2%; P < 0.001), as well as increased risk of emergency surgery (4.3% vs 1.4%, P < 0.001). In multivariable regression, complicated disease and number of prior admissions were associated with increased risk of emergency surgery, yet age less than 50 years was not. Risks associated with complicated disease were nonproportional over time, being highest immediately after discharge and decreasing thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Absolute risks of readmission and emergency surgery are low after nonoperative management of diverticulitis, providing evidence for the practice of deferring colectomy for patients without persistent symptoms or multiple recurrences.

Knowledge translation: airway epithelial cell migration and respiratory diseases.

Airway epithelial cell migration is essential for lung development and growth, as well as the maintenance of respiratory tissue integrity. This vital cellular process is also important for the repair and regeneration of damaged airway epithelium. More importantly, several lung diseases characterized by aberrant tissue remodeling result from the improper repair of damaged respiratory tissue. Epithelial cell migration relies upon extracellular matrix molecules and is further regulated by numerous local, neuronal, and hormonal factors. Under inflammatory conditions, cell migration can also be stimulated by certain cytokines and chemokines. Many well-known environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases (e.g., cigarette smoking, air pollution, alcohol intake, inflammation, viral and bacterial infections) can inhibit airway epithelial cell migration. Further investigation of cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell migration with advanced techniques may provide knowledge that is relevant to physiological and pathological conditions. These studies may eventually lead to the development of therapeutic interventions to improve lung repair and regeneration and to prevent aberrant remodeling in the lung.

The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) is not appropriate for withholding surgery in high-risk patients with aortic stenosis: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) is a widely used risk assessment tool in patients with severe aortic stenosis to determine operability and to select patients for alternative therapies such as transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of the EuroSCORE in predicting mortality following aortic valve replacement (AVR). METHODS: The logistic EuroSCORE was determined for all consecutive patients that underwent conventional AVR between 1995 and 2005 at our institution. Provincial Vital Statistics were used to determine all-cause mortality. The accuracy of the prognostic risk prediction provided by logistic EuroSCORE was assessed by comparing observed and expected operative mortality. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 1,421 patients underwent AVR including 237 patients (16.7%) that had a logistic EuroSCORE > 20. Among these patients, the mean predicted operative mortality was 38.7% (SD = 18.1). The actual mortality of these patients was significantly lower than that predicted by EuroSCORE (11.4% vs. 38.7%, observed/expected ratio 0.29, 95% CI 0.15-0.52, P < 0.05). The EuroSCORE overestimated mortality within all strata of predicted risk. Although medium-term mortality is significantly higher among patients with EuroSCORE > 20 (log rank P = 0.0001), approximately 60% are alive at five years. CONCLUSION: Actual operative mortality in patients undergoing AVR is significantly lower than that predicted by the logistic EuroSCORE. Additionally, medium-term survival following AVR is acceptable in high-risk patients with EuroSCORE > 20. More accurate risk prediction models are needed for risk-stratifying patients with severe aortic stenosis.

Management of pediatric blunt splenic injuries in Canada--practices and opinions.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare the self-reported practice patterns of Canadian general surgeons (GSs) and pediatric general surgeons (PGSs) in treating blunt splenic injuries (BSIs) in children. METHODS: Forty-five PGSs and 690 GSs were surveyed (internet and hard copy). chi(2) was used to compare groups; logistic regression was performed to determine independent factors influencing management variables. RESULTS: Thirty-three PGSs and 191 GSs completed the survey, for a response rate of 30%. Pediatric general surgeons are more likely than GSs to follow American Pediatric Surgical Association guidelines (52% vs 11%; P < .0001). In diagnosing BSIs, PGSs and GSs are equally likely to use computed tomography (CT) over ultrasound for initial imaging. Pediatric general surgeons are less likely to consider CT injury grade in deciding on nonoperative management (NOM) (odds ratio [OR], 0.2; confidence interval [CI], 0.07-0.5; P = .002) and are more likely to continue NOM for patients with contrast blush on CT (OR, 6.5; CI, 2.5-17; P = .0002). Pediatric general surgeons report more selective intensive care unit use, hospital stay, follow-up imaging, and activity restrictions. No differences were found in the management of splenic artery pseudoaneurysms. CONCLUSION: Differences exist between PGSs and GSs in the management of pediatric BSIs, resulting in higher operative rates, use of resources, and radiation exposure. Further education of GSs in NOM and establishment of management guidelines are indicated.