Buried penis: a histological and histochemical study of dartos fascia.

This study aimed to determine whether the abnormal deep layer of dartos fascia plays an important role in buried penis. Forty-nine patients with buried penis were treated with anatomical resection of the deep layer of dartos fascia under a microscope. Penile length was measured before and after completely resecting the deep layer to investigate the role of this layer in penile retraction. The superficial and deep layers of dartos fascia were collected from 49 patients with buried penis, the normal superficial layers were collected from 25 children/adults who underwent circumcision for nonmedical reasons, and the normal deep layers were collected from 20 adult cadavers. The penile fascia samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Sirius red, and Verhoeff's Van Gieson, and subjected to immunohistochemical examination and scanning electron microscopy. The penile shaft (mean ± standard deviation) was found to be significantly elongated after resecting the deep layer compared with that before resection (6.8 ± 1.9 cm vs 6.0 ± 1.6 cm, P < 0.001). An abnormal deep layer of dartos fascia characterized by disordered and fragmented elastic fibers was observed in 87.8% (43/49) of buried penis samples, whereas no abnormal deep layer was observed in normal penises from cadavers (0/20, P < 0.001). Thus, the abnormal deep layer of dartos fascia plays an important role in the buried penis. Its resection is helpful for avoiding recurrence.

MiR-132-3p Modulates MEKK3-Dependent NF-κB and p38/JNK Signaling Pathways to Alleviate Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Hindering M1 Polarization of Macrophages.

Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (SCIR) injury is a serious complication of open surgical and endovascular aortic procedures. MicroRNA-132-3p (miR-132-3p) has been reported to be involved in the progression of various diseases, but its role in SCIR injury is unclear. Thus, we aimed in this study to investigate the mechanism of miR-132-3p in SCIR injury and explore its pathway as a therapeutic target for SCIR injury. We first constructed a SCIR injury rat model and documented motor function in the model. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPC)R and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of miR-132-3p and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) in SCIR injury rats. The interaction between miR-132-3p and MEKK3 was identified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Then, the effects of miR-132-3p and MEKK3 on macrophage M1 polarization were evaluated in vitro and in vivo by altering their expression in macrophages of SCIR injury rats, with treatments altering the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 signaling pathways using SP600125, SB203580, or PDTC. The SCIR injury rats had a high Tarlov score and low miR-132-3p expression along with high MEKK3 expression. miR-132-3p could directly bind to MEKK3, and that macrophage M1 polarization and inflammation could be inhibited by overexpression of miR-132-3p through downregulating MEKK3 and inactivating the NF-κB and p38/JNK signaling pathways. Besides, increased miR-132-3p expression could decrease the injured rat Tarlov score. Overall, our study demonstrated that miR-132-3p can suppress M1 polarization of macrophages and alleviate SCIR injury by blocking the MEKK3-dependent activation of the NF-κB and p38/JNK signaling pathway. Thus, miR-132-3p and its downstream pathways may be useful targets to alleviate the symptoms of SCIR injury.

Long Noncoding RNA H19 Overexpression Protects against Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage by Inhibiting miR-107 and Up-Regulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.

Long noncoding RNAs play critical roles in cellular homeostasis, and long noncoding RNA H19 (H19) is implicated in several pathologic conditions. The putative role of H19 in the pathogenesis and progression of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is not yet understood. Therefore, a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments were designed to investigate the potential roles of H19 in neuronal apoptosis and cognitive dysfunction in HIBD. H19 expression was decreased in HIBD rat models established by partial occlusion of carotid artery. H19 bound to and decreased the expression of miR-107, which also increased VEGF expression. H19 overexpression reduced neuronal apoptosis and alleviated cognitive dysfunction in HIBD rats. The up-regulation of miR-107 reversed the protective effects conferred by H19. In addition, the cell model of HIBD was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation in neuronal cells used. H19 overexpression in oxygen-glucose deprivation neurons increased B-cell lymphoma-2 and decreased B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X, total and cleaved caspase-3 expressions. Taken together, the results showed that H19 expresses at a low level in HIBD. H19 overexpression decreased miR-107 and increased VEGF expression, which resulted in repressed neuronal apoptosis and alleviated cognitive dysfunction. Thus, H19 may serve as a molecular target for translational research for HIBD therapy.

HDAC3 Downregulation Improves Cerebral Ischemic Injury via Regulation of the SDC1-Dependent JAK1/STAT3 Signaling Pathway Through miR-19a Upregulation.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can protect the brain from ischemic injury. This study aimed to identify the regulation of HDAC3 in cerebral ischemic injury. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to establish a mouse model with cerebral ischemic injury, in which expression of HDAC3 and miR-19a was evaluated using RT-qPCR. In MCAO mice with silencing of HDAC3, infarct volume was determined using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were measured using ELISA. An in vitro model was constructed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), followed by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Relationships among miR-19a, HDAC3, and syndecan-1 (SDC1) were explored using RIP, ChIP, and dual-luciferase reporter assays. The expression of HDAC3, SDC1, JAK1, and STAT3 along with the extent of JAK1 and STAT3 phosphorylation was measured by Western blot analysis. HUVEC viability, apoptosis, and angiogenesis were assessed by CCK-8, flow cytometry, and angiogenesis assays in vitro separately. We found elevated HDAC3 and downregulated miR-19a expression in the MCAO mice. Decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 serum levels were observed in response to silencing of HDAC3. HDAC3 inhibited the expression of miR-19a, which in turn targeted SDC1, leading to JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway activation. HDAC3 overexpression or miR-19a inhibition repressed HUVEC viability and angiogenesis but enhanced HUVEC apoptosis. Our data unraveled the mechanism whereby HDAC3 inhibition ameliorated cerebral ischemic injury by activating the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway through miR-19a-mediated SDC1 inhibition.

Dexmedetomidine-up-regulated microRNA-381 exerts anti-inflammatory effects in rats with cerebral ischaemic injury via the transcriptional factor IRF4.

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) possesses analgesic and anaesthetic values and reported being used in cerebral ischaemic injury therapeutics. Accumulating studies have determined the effect of microRNAs (miRNAs) on the cerebral ischaemic injury. Thus, the present study aimed to unravel the molecular mechanism of miR-381 and Dex in cerebral ischaemic injury. For this purpose, the cerebral ischaemic injury rat model was established by induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and expression of miR-381 and IRF4 was determined. Thereafter, MCAO rats were treated with Dex, miR-381 mimic, miR-381 inhibitor and oe-IRF4 respectively, followed by evaluation of neurological function. Furthermore, neuron cells were isolated from the hippocampus of rats and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Then, OGD-treated neuron cells and primary neuron cells were examined by gain- and loss-of-function assay. Neuron cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. The correlation between interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and interleukin (IL)-9 was detected. Our results showed down-regulated miR-38 and up-regulated IRF4 in MCAO rats. Besides, IRF4 was targeted by miR-381 in neuron cells. Dex and overexpressed miR-381, or silenced IRF4 improved the neurological function and inhibited neuron cell apoptosis in MCAO rats. Additionally, in MCAO rats, Dex was found to increase the miR-381 expression and reduced IRF4 expression to decrease the IL-9 expression, which suppressed the inflammatory response and cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, our study demonstrated that Dex elevated the expression of miR-381, which ultimately results in the inhibition of inflammation response in rats with cerebral ischaemic injury.

MicroRNA-22-3p alleviates spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating M2 macrophage polarization via IRF5.

Cell death after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can occur through necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy, resulting in changes to the immune environment. However, the molecular mechanism of this immune regulation is not clear. Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord I/R injury. Here, we hypothesized miR-22-3p may be involved in spinal cord I/R injury by interacting with interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 5. Rat models of spinal cord I/R injury were established by 12-min occlusion of the aortic arch followed by 48-hr reperfusion, with L4-6 segments of spinal cord tissues collected. MiR-22-3p agomir, a lentivirus-delivered siRNA specific for IRF5, or a lentivirus expressing wild-type IRF5 was injected intrathecally to rats with I/R injury to evaluate the effects of miR-22-3p and IRF5 on hindlimb motor function. Macrophages isolated from rats were treated with miR-22-3p mimic or siRNA specific for IRF5 to evaluate their effects on macrophage polarization. The levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α in spinal cord tissues were detected by ELISA. miR-22-3p was down-regulated, whereas IRF5 was up-regulated in rat spinal cord tissues following I/R. IRF5 was a target gene of miR-22-3p and could be negatively regulated by miR-22-3p. Silencing IRF5 or over-expressing miR-22-3p relieved inflammation, elevated Tarlov score, and reduced the degree of severity of spinal cord I/R injury. Increased miR-22-3p facilitated M2 polarization of macrophages and inhibited inflammation in tissues by inhibiting IRF5, thereby attenuating spinal cord I/R injury. Taken together, these results demonstrate that increased miR-22-3p can inhibit the progression of spinal cord I/R injury by repressing IRF5 in macrophages, highlighting the discovery of a promising new target for spinal cord I/R injury treatment.

PRR34-AS1 overexpression promotes protection of propofol pretreatment against ischemia/reperfusion injury in a mouse model after total knee arthroplasty via blockade of the JAK1-dependent JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

Long noncoding RNAs have been documented to be protective against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, few research works have focused on the protective effects of PRR34-AS1 on I/R injury after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The objective of the present study was to investigate the possible effect of PRR34-AS1 on I/R injury after TKA. A mouse model with I/R injury after TKA was established. The interaction between PRR34-AS1 and Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) was examined and thoroughly investigated. Next, the effects of PRR34-AS1 on the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, JAS-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways, and inflammation-related genes, chondrocyte proliferation, and apoptosis were analyzed after gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Attenuated symptoms were observed in mice pretreated with propofol, which was evidenced by decreased positive expression rate of JAK1 protein and superoxide dismutase content along with increased malondialdehyde content and IL-10 levels. PRR34-AS1 was poorly expressed in mice with I/R injury after TKA. JAK1 was a target of PRR34-AS1. Upregulated PRR34-AS1 diminished expression of JAK1, STAT1, JAK2, and STAT3 as well as cell apoptosis, while enhancing cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, JAK1 silencing could reverse the suppressed cell proliferation and enhanced cell apoptosis of chondrocytes imposed by silencing PRR34-AS1. Upregulation of PRR34-AS1 can potentially relieve I/R injury after TKA in mice pretreated with propofol through inhibition of the JAS-STAT signaling pathway by targeting JAK1.

Effect of ketamine combined with lidocaine in pediatric anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a randomized clinical trial to determine whether adjunctive lidocaine diminishes the incidence of adverse effects in pediatric patients sedated with ketamine. METHODS: This case-control study involved 586 consecutive pediatric patients necessitating anesthesia. Then systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen saturation were observed. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cr) levels were tested. General dose of ketamine, the time of onset and duration of anesthesia and postoperative recovery, anesthesia effect, and adverse reaction were subsequently compared. High-performance liquid chromatography was employed to detect ketamine concentration at different time points after administration, and the postoperative cognition function was further evaluated. RESULTS: Intra- and post-operation, the rising degree of ALT, AST, BUN, and Cr in patients treated with ketamine was higher than those in patients treated with the ketamine-lidocaine complex. General dose of ketamine, the time of onset and duration of anesthesia, postoperative recovery time, and the incidence rate of adverse reaction in patients treated with ketamine-lidocaine complex were lower, but the concentration of ketamine was higher compared to the patients treated with ketamine. In patients treated with the ketamine-lidocaine complex, elimination half-life of ketamine was prolonged, the area under curve was increased, and the plasma clearance rate was decreased relative to those with ketamine alone. CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine combined with lidocaine may be beneficial in shortening the onset of anesthesia, promoting postoperative awake, prolonging elimination half-life, increasing area under curve, and decreasing plasma clearance rate and incidence of adverse reactions.

Family with Sequence Similarity 83 Member H Promotes the Viability and Metastasis of Cervical Cancer Cells and Indicates a Poor Prognosis.

PURPOSE: Family with sequence similarity 83 member H (FAM83H) plays key roles in tumorigenesis. However, the specific roles of FAM83H in cervical cancer (CC) have not been well studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The RNA-seq data of 306 CC tissues and three normal samples downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used to analyze the expression of FAM83H. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curves. Associations between FAM83H expression and clinicopathological factors were analyzed by chi-square test. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze prognostic factors. Loss-of-function assays were conducted to discover the biological functions of FAM83H in cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and migration. Real-time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to measure the expression levels of FAM83H in CC cell lines. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that FAM83H is overexpressed in CC tissues and that high FAM83H expression is associated with worse overall survival (OS). High FAM83H expression in CC was associated with clinical stage, pathologic tumor, and pathologic node. Univariate analysis suggested that FAM83H expression was significantly related to the OS of CC patients. Although multivariate analysis showed that FAM83H expression was not an independent prognostic factor for the OS of CC patients, the effects of FAM83H on CC cell growth and motility was significant. Loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that knockdown of FAM83H inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of CC cells by inactivating PI3K/AKT pathway. CONCLUSION: FAM83H might play a crucial role in CC progression and could act as a novel therapeutic target in CC.

Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 sponges microRNA-429 to regulate apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by regulating WNT1.

Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a common neurological disorder. Emerging reports reveal that long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs (miRs) are implicated in the progress of HIBD. In this study we tried to ascertain whether lncRNA MALAT1, with the involvement of miR-429 and WNT1, affects HIBD. Initially, a HIBD mouse model was established. Then, we treated HIBD mice with dexmedetomidine (DEX) and then up- or down-regulated the expression of MALAT1, miR-429 and WNT1 in HIBD mice and neurons. Meanwhile, brain injury and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis were evaluated. Moreover, the interaction among MALAT1, miR-429 and WNT1 in HIBD was investigated. MALAT1 and WNT1 were high-expressed in brain tissues of HIBD mice while miR-429 was low-expressed in brain tissues from HIBD mice. Interestingly, MALAT1 silencing was observed to enhance the cerebral protection of DEX against HIBD. In addition, it was confirmed that MALAT1 sponged miR-429 downregulating expression of miR-429, thereby promoting apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. This effect was achieved through up-regulating the level of WNT1. Taken together, this study demonstrates that silencing of MALAT1 enhances the cerebral protection of DEX against HIBD by suppressing WNT1 expression through miR-429.

NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition suppresses hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairment via RCAN1 in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

NF-κB is a core transcription factor, the activation of which can lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), while RCAN1 plays a protective role in HIBD. However, the relationship between NF-κB and RCAN1 in HIBD remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of NF-κB signaling pathway in hippocampal neuron apoptosis and cognitive impairment of neonatal rats with HIBD in relation to RCAN1. Initially, microarray analysis was used to determine the differentially expressed genes related to HIBD. After the establishment of HIBD rat models, gain- or loss-of-function assay was performed to explore the functional role of NF-κB signaling pathway in HIBD. Then, the learning and memory ability of rats was evaluated. Expression of RCAN1, NF-κB signaling pathway-related genes and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100ß and acetylcholine (Ach) level, and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity were determined with neuron apoptosis detected to further explore the function of NF-κB signaling pathway. RCAN1 could influence the development of HIBD. In the HIBD model, the expression of RCAN1 and NF-κB-related genes increased, and NF-κB p65 showed a significant nuclear shift. By activation of NF-κB or overexpression of RCAN1, the number of neuronal apoptosis, S-100ß protein level, and AchE level increased significantly, Ach activity decreased significantly, and GFAP positive cells increased. In addition, after the activation of NF-κB or overexpression of RCAN1, the learning and memory ability of HIBD rats was inhibited. All the results show that activation of NF-κB signaling pathway promotes RCAN1 expression, thus increasing neuronal apoptosis and aggravating cognitive impairment in HIBD rats.

microRNA-128 enhances neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on neonatal mice with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by targeting WNT1.

OBJECTIVE: Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a major cause of acute mortality and chronic neurological morbidity in infants and children. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an effective choice in HIBD treatment. Recent findings have revealed that microRNA-128 (miR-128) is implicated in cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the role of miR-128 in HIBD. METHODS: HIBD models of neonatal mice were established. HIBD mice were treated with DEX, and injected with agomir (ago)-miR-128 or antagomir (anti)-miR-128 into the lateral ventricles to explore the influence of miR-128 on the neuroprotective effects of DEX on HIBD. Subsequently, the mice body weight, left/right (L/R) brain weight ratio, left-brain water content as well as learning and memory abilities were measured. Furthermore, the pathological changes of brain tissues and apoptosis rate of nerve cells were determined. The potential relationship between miR-128 and WNT1 was analyzed. RESULTS: Over-expression of miR-128 caused an increase in mouse body weight, L/R brain weight ratio, and learning and memory abilities, while led to a decline in left-brain water content, brain tissue injury and apoptosis rate of nerve cells in DEX-treated HIBD mice. WNT1 was targeted and negatively regulated by miR-128. Silencing of WNT1 exerted the same effect as miR-128 on enhancing the neuroprotective effect of DEX on HIBD mice. CONCLUSION: Collectively, miR-128 enhanced neuroprotective effect of DEX on HIBD neonatal mice by inhibiting WNT1.

A new species of the genus Oxyporus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxyporinae) in Yunnan Province, China.

A new species of the genus Oxyporus Fabricius, 1775 is described based on specimens collected in Yunnan Province, China, namely Oxyporus (Oxyporus) tuantianius sp. nov. from Xinping County. The number of Oxyporus species worldwide is thus increased to 131. Color images of the habitus and aedeagus of the new species are included. A key to the Oxyporus species of Yunnan Province is provided.

Two new species of the genus Oxyporus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxyporinae) in Yunnan Province, China.

Two new species of the genus Oxyporus Fabricius, 1775 are described based on specimens collected in Yunnan Province, China, namely Oxyporus (Oxyporus) fentianae sp. nov. from Mojiang County and Oxyporus (Oxyporus) ningerius sp. nov. from Ninger County. The number of Oxyporus species worldwide is thus increased to 130. Color images of the habitus and aedeagi of the two new species are included. A key to the Oxyporus species of Yunnan Province is provided.

Role of SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway in clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The present study aims to explore the role of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/stromal cell-derived factor receptor-4 (CXCR4) signaling pathway to the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). From January 2009 to December 2010, 102 patients with NPC and 80 patients with chronic nasopharyngitis were enrolled for the study. Immunohistochemical staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting were employed to determine the expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins in NPC tissues and chronic nasopharyngitis tissues. Chi-square test was conducted to analyze the associations of the expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins with the clinicopathological features of NPC patients. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the SDF-1α protein expression and CXCR4 protein expression. The mRNA and protein expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 in NPC tissues were significantly higher than those in chronic nasopharyngitis tissues. The expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins showed associations with T staging, N staging, tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, skull base invasion, and cervical lymph node metastasis of NPC patients. Compared with NPC patients showing negative expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins, those with positive expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins had a significantly shorter survival time. SDF-1α protein, CXCR4 protein, EBV-IgG status, T staging, N staging, TNM staging, skull base invasion, and cervical lymph node metastasis were independent risk factors for the prognosis of NPC. The findings indicated that SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway might be associated with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with NPC.

Revealing radiotherapy- and chemoradiation-induced pathway dynamics in glioblastoma by analyzing multiple differential networks.

The progression of glioblastoma (GBM) is driven by dynamic alterations in the activity and connectivity of gene pathways. Revealing these dynamic events is necessary in order to understand the pathological mechanisms of, and develop effective treatments for, GBM. The present study aimed to investigate dynamic alterations in pathway activity and connectivity across radiotherapy and chemoradiation conditions in GBM, and to give system­level insights into molecular mechanisms for GBM therapy. A total of two differential co­expression networks (DCNs) were constructed using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and one sided t­tests, based on gene expression profiles and protein­protein interaction networks, one for each condition. Subsequently, shared differential modules across DCNs were detected via significance analysis for candidate modules, which were obtained according to seed selection, module search by seed expansion and refinement of searched modules. As condition­specific differential modules mediate differential biological processes, the module connectivity dynamic score (MCDS) was implemented to explore dynamic alterations among them. Based on DCNs with 287 nodes and 1,052 edges, a total of 28 seed genes and seven candidate modules were identified. Following significance analysis, five shared differential modules were identified in total. Dynamic alterations among these differential modules were identified using the MCDS, and one module with significant dynamic alterations was identified, termed the dynamic module. The present study revealed the dynamic alterations of shared differential modules, identified one dynamic module between the radiotherapy and chemoradiation conditions, and demonstrated that pathway dynamics may applied to the study of the pathogenesis and therapy of GBM.

A new species of the genus Oxyporus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxyporinae) in Yunnan Province, China.

Oxyporus (Oxyporus) wangae sp. nov. is described from Yunnan, China. Color images of the habitus and aedeagus of the new species are included. A key to the genus Oxyporus of Yunnan Province species is provided.

Perfusion of gastrodin in abdominal aorta for alleviating spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of perfusion of the gastrodin in abdominal aorta for alleviating the spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury (SCIRI). METHODS: A total of 36 New Zealand white rabbits were divided randomly into sham-operated group (group S), control group (group C) and gastrodin group (group G), 12 rabbits for each group. Aorta abdominalis infrarenalis blocking method was applied to establish the SCIRI model. The changes of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) before the ischemia and on 30 min, 60 min, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of reperfusion of the gastrodin were respectively recorded, and the neurologic function score before the ischemia, on the 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of the reperfusion of the gastrodin were assessed. And the changes of the concentration of serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), interleukin (IL)-lß and IL-8 were measured before the ischemia, after 45 min of ischemia, and on 30 min, 60 min, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of reperfusion of gastrodin. Then the levels of spinal cord nerve cells mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and mitochondrial swelling degree (MSD) were tested and the histopathologic changes in spinal cord tissues were observed. RESULTS: The levels of the NSE, IL-lß, IL-8, ROS, MDA and MSD of group C were all significantly elevated after the ischemia (P < 0.01); the levels of the spinal nerve cell mitochondria SOD, GSH-PX and T-AOC were all significantly reduced (P < 0.01), MEPs and spinal cord tissue pathology were damaged significantly (P < 0.01). The rate of motor neuron abnormalities and the damages of spinal cord tissue pathology of group G were significantly milder than those of group C (P < 0.01); the levels of NSE, IL-lß, IL-8, ROS, MDA and MSD were significantly lower than those of group C (P < 0.01), but the levels of SOD, GSH-PX and T-AOC were all significantly higher than those of group C (P < 0.01), and the recovery of neurologic function score during the reperfusion of gastrodin was significantly faster than group C (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Perfusion of the gastrodin in abdominal aorta can alleviate the spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury by promoting the mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the inflammatory reaction.

Functional polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene with susceptibility to esophageal, nasopharyngeal, and oral cancers.

Emerging evidence showed that functional polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene may have effects on individuals' susceptibility to nasopharyngeal, oral and esophageal cancers, yet individually published findings are inconsistent. We therefore designed the meta-analysis to investigate the correlations of IL-10 genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to nasopharyngeal, oral and esophageal cancers. The EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science and the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) databases were searched with no language restrictions. We use Comprehensive Meta-analysis 2.0 software to carry out statistical analysis. Ten case-control studies with a number of 1,883 patients and 2,857 healthy subjects were enrolled. Our results revealed that IL-10 rs1800872 T>G and rs1800896 A>G polymorphisms has a significantly association with the increased risk of esophageal cancer under the allele and dominant models; rs1800871 T>G, rs1800872 T>G and rs1800896 A>G under allele and dominant models could increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer; rs1800871T>G, rs1800872T>G and rs1800896 A>G SNPs under allele model were closely related to the susceptibility to oral cancer. Our findings support the point that IL-10 genetic polymorphisms may play essential role in identifying esophageal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer and oral cancer at early stage.