[Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Gender on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Hypertensive Population].

Objective To explore the associations of obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) and gender with estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) in hypertensive populations.Methods From February 2005 to August 2010,2064 hypertensive patients who were treated in the Department of Hypertension Center underwent overnight polysomnographic monitoring.According to the apnea-hypopnea index(AHI),they were assigned into an hypertension combined with OSA group and a hypertension group.The clinical characteristics and sleep monitoring indicators were compared between different genders and between the two groups.Multivariate Logistic regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of eGFR.Results Among the 2064 hypertensive patients,there were 1537 males(including 1221 patients with OSA) and 527 females(including 350 patients with OSA).The males had higher prevalence of OSA(χ2=36.631,P<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure(Z=-7.776,P<0.001) and lower eGFR(Z=-3.010,P=0.003) than the females.The males had higher AHI(Z=-8.727,P<0.001),apnea index(Z=-9.252,P<0.001),hypopnea index(HI)(Z=-4.868,P<0.001) than the females,and the lowest oxygen saturation(t=-3.325,P=0.001) was significantly lower in males than in females.The hypertension combined with OSA group showed lower eGFR than the hypertension group(Z=-27.434,P<0.001;Z=-18.762,P<0.001).HI was negatively correlated with eGFR in the male population(r=-0.006,P=0.017),and AHI and HI were negatively correlated eGFR in females(r=-0.108,P=0.013;r=-0.094,P=0.032).After adjustment,Logistic regression showed that OSA and oxygen desaturation index 4 were the risk factors for the reduction of eGFR in hypertensive patients in males and females,respectively(OR=1.383,95%CI=1.010-1.905,P=0.045;OR=1.013,95%CI=1.002-1.024,P=0.021).Conclusion OSA lowers the eGFR of hypertensive patients,and OSA and oxygen desaturation index are the risk factors for the decrease in eGFR in male and female hypertensive patients,respectively.

Development and Validation of a Prognostic Model to Predict High-Risk Patients for Coronary Heart Disease in Snorers With Uncontrolled Hypertension.

Purpose: Snoring or obstructive sleep apnea, with or without uncontrolled hypertension, is common and significantly increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to develop and validate a prognostic model to predict and identify high-risk patients for CHD among snorers with uncontrolled hypertension. Methods: Records from 1,822 snorers with uncontrolled hypertension were randomly divided into a training set (n = 1,275, 70%) and validation set (n = 547, 30%). Predictors for CHD were extracted to construct a nomogram model based on multivariate Cox regression analysis. We performed a single-split verification and 1,000 bootstraps resampling internal validation to assess the discrimination and consistency of the prediction model using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration plots. Based on the linear predictors, a risk classifier for CHD could be set. Results: Age, waist circumference (WC), and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C) were extracted as the predictors to generate this nomogram model. The C-index was 0.720 (95% confidence interval 0.663-0.777) in the derivation cohort and 0.703 (0.630-0.776) in the validation cohort. The AUC was 0.757 (0.626-0.887), 0.739 (0.647-0.831), and 0.732 (0.665-0.799) in the training set and 0.689 (0.542-0.837), 0.701 (0.606-0.796), and 0.712 (0.615-0.808) in the validation set at 3, 5, and 8 years, respectively. The calibration plots showed acceptable consistency between the probability of CHD-free survival and the observed CHD-free survival in the training and validation sets. A total of more than 134 points in the nomogram can be used in the identification of high-risk patients for CHD among snorers with uncontrolled hypertension. Conclusion: We developed a CHD risk prediction model in snorers with uncontrolled hypertension, which includes age, WC, HDL-C, and LDL-C, and can help clinicians with early and quick identification of patients with a high risk for CHD.

Derivation and Validation of a Prediction Model for Predicting the 5-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Non-Obese Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to derivate and validate a nomogram based on independent predictors to better evaluate the 5-year risk of T2D in non-obese adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a historical cohort study from a collection of databases that included 12,940 non-obese participants without diabetes at baseline. All participants were randomised to a derivation cohort (n = 9651) and a validation cohort (n = 3289). In the derivation cohort, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was used to determine the optimal risk factors for T2D. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to establish the nomogram of T2D prediction. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, C-index, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis were performed by 1000 bootstrap resamplings to evaluate the discrimination ability, calibration, and clinical practicability of the nomogram. RESULTS: After LASSO regression analysis of the derivation cohort, it was found that age, fatty liver, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose were risk predictors, which were integrated into the nomogram. The C-index of derivation cohort and validation cohort were 0.906 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.878-0.934] and 0.837 (95% CI, 0.760-0.914), respectively. The AUC of 5-year T2D risk in the derivation cohort and validation cohort was 0.916 (95% CI, 0.889-0.943) and 0.829 (95% CI, 0.753-0.905), respectively. The calibration curve indicated that the predicted probability of nomogram is in good agreement with the actual probability. The decision curve analysis demonstrated that the predicted nomogram was clinically useful. CONCLUSION: Our nomogram can be used as a reasonable, affordable, simple, and widely implemented tool to predict the 5-year risk of T2D in non-obese adults. With this model, early identification of high-risk individuals is helpful to timely intervene and reduce the risk of T2D in non-obese adults.

Development and validation of a novel diagnostic nomogram model to predict primary aldosteronism in patients with hypertension.

PURPOSE: Primary aldosteronism (PA) remains, to a large extent, an under-diagnosed disease. We aimed to develop and validate a novel clinical nomogram to predict PA based on routine biochemical variables including new ones, calcium-phosphorus product. METHODS: Records from 806 patients with hypertension were randomly divided into 70% (n = 564) as the training set and the remaining 30% (n = 242) as the validation set. Predictors for PA were extracted to construct a nomogram model based on regression analysis of the training set. An internal validation was performed to assess the nomogram model's discrimination and consistency using the area under the curve for receiver operating characteristic curves and calibration plots. The diagnostic accuracy was compared between nomogram and other known prediction models, using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and decision curve analyses (DCA). RESULTS: Female gender, serum potassium, serum calcium-phosphorus product, and urine pH were adopted as predictors in the nomogram. The nomogram resulted in an area under the curve of 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.68-0.78) in the training set and an area under the curve of 0.68 (0.59-0.75) in the validation set. Predicted probability and actual probability matched well in the nomogram (p > 0.05). Based on ROC and DCA, 21-70% threshold to predict PA in the nomogram model was clinically useful. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a novel nomogram to predict PA in hypertensive individuals based on routine biochemical variables. External validation is needed to further demonstrate its predictive ability in primary care settings.

[GG Genotype at rs1275988 and rs2586886 Loci of TWIK-related Acid-sensitive K + Channel-1 Gene is A Potential Risk Factor for Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea].

Objective To explore the mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) by assessing the association between human TWIK-related acid-sensitive K + channel-1(TASK-1) gene and OSA. Methods A total of 164 patients with severe OSA and 171 patients without OSA were recruited from the Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,from April to December 2016.Two single nucleotide polymorphisms(rs1275988 and rs2586886) in the TASK-1 gene were selected and genotyped using a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genotyping system. Results In patients with blood potassium <3.95 mmol/L,the distribution of rs1275988 alleles(G vs.A)(χ 2=4.474,P=0.034) and recessive model(GG+GA vs.AA)(χ 2=4.327,P=0.038) showed significant differences between severe and non-OSA groups.The distribution of rs2586886 alleles(G vs.A)(χ 2=6.345,P=0.012) and dominant model(AA+GA vs.GA)(χ 2=4.431,P=0.035) showed significant differences between severe and non-OSA groups.The Logistic regression analysis showed that the GG genotype was a risk factor for OSA patients with blood potassium <3.95 mmol/L(OR=7.854,95% CI:1.710-36.000,P=0.008;OR=8.849,95% CI:1.816-43.117,P=0.007). Conclusions Both the GG genotypes of rs1275988 and rs2586886 in the TASK-1 gene may be potential risk factors in severe OSA patients with blood potassium <3.95 mmol/L.Serum potassium>3.95 mmol/L in patients with TASK-1 GG genotype may be conducive to reducing the incidence of severe OSA.

Genetic variants of rs1275988 and rs2586886 in TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel-1 gene may be potential risk factors for obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of OSA by assessing the association between the human tandem of P domains in a weak inwardly rectifying K channel (TWIK)-related acid-sensitive K channel-1 (TASK-1) gene and OSA. METHODS: A total of 164 patients with severe OSA and 171 patients without OSA were recruited from the Center for Hypertension of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (China) from April to December in 2016. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1275988 and rs2586886) in the TASK-1 gene were selected and genotyped using a kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction genotyping system. Clinical-pathological characteristics and genotype data were compared between the severe and non-OSA groups to explore the association between TASK-1 gene polymorphism and severe OSA. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in genotype distribution, allele frequency, and the recessive and dominant model of the two selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1275988 and rs2586886) between the severe and non-OSA groups in the total population (P > 0.05). However, for patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥28 kg/m, the distribution of genotypes and alleles, and the recessive model (GG + GA vs. AA) exhibited significant differences between the severe and non-OSA group (for genotypes: P = 0.014 and P = 0.026; for alleles: P = 0.006 and P = 0.011; for the recessive model: P = 0.005 and P = 0.009, respectively). The simple logistic regression analysis revealed that the GG genotype was a risk factor for OSA. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 4.902 (1.582-15.186, P = 0.006) for rs1275988 and 4.420 (1.422-13.734, P = 0.010) for rs2586886, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the combination of GG genotypes of rs1275988 with BMI ≥28 kg/m increased the risk of severe OSA (OR = 8.916, 95% CI 4.506-17.645, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both the GG genotype of rs1275988 and GG genotype of rs2586886 in the TASK-1 gene may play as potential risk factors in obese patients with OSA.

[TWIK-related Acid Sensitive K + Channels in the Regulation of Respiration and Sleep].

TWIK-related acid-sensitive K + channel(TASK)is an important member of the two-pore-domain potassium channels family. It is widely expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues and is extremely sensitive to hypoxia and pH changes in extracellular fluid. TASK participates in regulating the expression of respiratory center and the respiratory movement and also plays certain role in sleep regulation. This article reviews the recent advances in the roles of TASK in the regulation of respiration and sleep.

Correlation of lipid metabolic disturbance with SOCS-3 gene variation in the Uygur nationality women in Xinjiang.

To study the correlation of lipid metabolic disturbance with gene variation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) in the Uygur nationality women in Xinjiang. We Selected 1379 Uygur nationality women as research objects and proceeded genotype assay for 3 representative loci (rs12953258, rs4969168 and rs9914220) to analyze them. There were significant difference in genotypic frequency in rs12953258 between lipid metabolic disturbance group and lipid embolism group (P=0.032) and between high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) abnormal and normal group (P=0.029). Logistic regression analysis showed that the AA genotype of rs12953258 might be a risk factors of lipid metabolic disturbance in the Uygur nationality women in Xinjiang [CC/AA: OR=3.271, 95% CI (1.092-9.797), P=0.034]. The AA genotype might be associated with HDL-C decrease and triacylglycerol increase. The AA genotype Uygur nationality women with abnormal body mass index (BMI) were more sensitive to lipid metabolic disturbance disease. SOCS-3 gene variation may be associated with lipid metabolic disturbance in the Uygur nationality women in Xinjiang, prevalence of lipid metabolic disturbance increases significantly in crowd carrying AA genotype with abnormal BMI.

[Association of glucose transporter 4 gene polymorphism with hypoxia caused by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and with related inflammatory factors].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and hypoxia caused by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) as well as with related inflammatory factors. METHODS: Consecutive hypertension patients diagnosed at the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were selected from January to December 2010. A total of 859 subjects with possible OSAS base on their histories and physical examination findings udner went the polysomnography and inflammatory factor determination, of whom 616 (72%) were diagnosed with moderate and severe hypoxia with OSAS (case group) and 243 (28%) without hypoxia or OASA (control group). Ninty-six patients from the case group underwent DNA sequencing at the functional domain of GLUT4 gene to screen for representative mutations. TaqMan PCR was used to genotyping then analyzed the relationship between locis of GLUT4 and hypoxia. RESULTS: GLUT4 genome sequencing was performed in 96 severe OSAS patients and 4 mutated sites were found, among which 3 mutated sites (rs5415, rs4517, and rs5435) were selected according to the principle of linkage disequilibrium (r² > 0.8) and minimum gene allele frequency > 5%. All of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) satisfied Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). A significant association of GLUT4 SNP rs5417 allele carried in control subjects, compared with moderate and severe hypoxia in OSAS patients (P<0.05); AA+AC genotype relative to CC with low oxygen levels in subjects significantly reduced. The difference existed in overweight and obese patients, as well as in those aged more than 50 years (P<0.05). AA was still an independent protective factor for hypoxia caused by OSAS (OR=0.385, 95%CI = 0.210-0.704, P=0.002). Male (OR=1.635, 95% CI=1.037-2.577, P=0.034) and total cholesterol (OR=1.600, 95% CI=1.287-1.987, P<0.001) were independent risk factors associated with hypoxia. Normal weight(OR=0.059, 95% CI=0.037-0.094, P<0.001) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=0.337, 95% CI=0.171-0.666, P=0.002)were independent protective factors for hypoxia. The levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and C-reaction protein above CC were significantly higher than AA+AC (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypoxia caused by OSAS is associated with GLUT4 gene SNP rs5417.

[Association of interleukin-1ß genetic polymorphisms with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between interleukin (IL)-1ß genetic polymorphisms and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). METHODS: Totally 850 individuals with hypertension were included. All of them were checked by polysomnography in the Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January to December in 2010. According to the results of polysomnography, these subjects were divided into non-OSAS group (n=225)and OSAS group (n=625). Genetic variations were sequenced and screened at loci over functional region of IL-1ß gene in 96 patients with severe OSAS.The typical loci were selected for genotyping by TaqMan-polymerase chain reaction in 850 subjects. RESULTS: One novel and 5 known variations in the IL-1ß gene were identified, and then three representative mutation loci were selected for genotyping.The allele frequency distribution of rs1143633 was significantly different between the OSAS and non-OSAS groups in the total and male populations (χ(2)=9.258, P=0.002;χ(2)=5.119, P=0.024, respectively). Although the parameters of sleep apnea monitoring showed no significant difference in individuals with CC, CT, and TT genotypes of rs1143633 in total, male, and female populations (P>0.05), the median of the apnea hypopnea index of CT genotype was significantly higher than that of CC and TT in total and male populations and the mean of the lowest blood oxygen saturation increased in individuals with CC, CT, and TT genotypes of rs1143633 in total and male populations.Haplotype was no significantly associated with OSAS in total,male,and female populations(P>0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that CT genotype of rs1143633 variation was a risk factor for OSAS in total and male populations (OR=1.574,95% CI=1.061-2.437,P=0.042;OR=1.887,95% CI=1.091- 3.265,P=0.023). CONCLUSION: The rs1143633 polymorphism in IL-1ß gene may be associated with OSAS.

[Relationship between genetic variation of furin gene and hypercholesterolemia and hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia in Kazakh general population].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the genetic variation of Furin gene and the hypercholesterolemia and hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia in Kazakh general population. METHODS: Based on a cross-sectional epidemiological study in a Kazakh general population, a case-control study including 878 subjects was conducted. All the sequence variant-located promoters and exon regions of Furin gene were identified by the direct sequencing of PCR products in 48 randomly selected hypercholesterolemic individuals (24 males and 24 females). After having genotyped the representative polymorphisms in 878 subjects by TaqMan PCR, we investigated the relationship between genetic variation of Furin and hypercholesterolemia/hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia in these subjects. RESULTS: Twelve genetic variations in Furin gene were identified by sequencing 48 hypercholesterolemic individuals and 4 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs6226, rs6227, rs2071410, and rs4932178)were selected as the representatives for genotyping in these subjects. The rs6226, rs6227, rs2071410, and rs4932178 polymorphisms were successfully genotyped. The distribution of the genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes of rs6226, rs6227, rs2071410, and rs4932178 polymorphisms did not differ significantly between the hypercholesterolemia group and the control groups or between the hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia group and the control groups (all P>0.05). The cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels did not differ significantly among individuals with different genotypes (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The genetic variation of Furin may not be associated with hypercholesterolemia or hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia in Kazakh general population.

[Relationship between female dyslipidemia and polymorphism of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in Xinjiang Uygur population].

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the polymorphism of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) and dyslipidemia are correlated in Uygur females. METHODS: A total of 1379 Uygur females from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were enrolled in this study. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely rs12953258, rs4969168, and rs9914220, were analyzed after being genotyped. RESULTS: Of these three SNPs, the frequency distribution of rs12953258 sites was found to be significantly different between dyslipidemia group and normal group (P=0.032). The frequency distribution of rs12953258 sites between the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) abnormal group and normal group also showed significant difference (P=0.029). Logistic regression analysis showed that the genotype AA of rs12953258 was a risk factor for dyslipidemia among the Uygur females [CC vs. AA:OR=3.271,95%CI(1.092-9.797), P=0.034]. The genotype AA of rs12953258 might be related to the decreased high HDL-C and increased trigleceride, whereas the genotype AA coupled with abnormal body mass index (BMI) were more likely to be linked with the higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in Uygur females. CONCLUSIONS: The polymorphism of SOCS-3 is correlated to the dyslipidemia in Uygur females in Xinjiang. Carriers of Genotype AA of rs12953258 coupled with abnormal BMI are more susceptible to dyslipidemia.

Association of glucose transporter 4 genetic polymorphisms with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in Han Chinese general population: a cross-section study.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is strongly associated with the increasing prevalence of cerebrovascular events and metabolic syndrome. A growing number of studies have shown OSAS is an independent factor for insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and type2 diabetes. However, relationship of OSAS with dysglycemia is complex and still remains poorly understood. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) gene is Human and rodents' main glucose transporter sensitive to insulin, and therefore confirmation of candidate gene polymorphisms and association with OSAS is needed. Aim of our study was to assess whether GLUT4 gene polymorphisms are associated with OSAS. METHODS: Patients hospitalized at People's Hospital of Xinjiang were selected from January to December 2010. A total of 568 Han subjects who possibly exist OSAS base on a history and physical examination were completed the polysomnography, 412of whom (72.5%) were diagnosed with OSAS, and 156 individuals were confirmed without OSAS (27.5%). 96 severe OSAS patients chosen from OSAS were used for DNA sequencing in functional domain. Blood samples were collected from all subjects and genotyping was performed on DNA extracted from blood cells. RESULTS: We performed GLUT4 genome sequencing, found 4 mutated sites. And finally selected three mutated sites such as rs5415, rs4517 and rs5435, according to principle of linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.8) and minimum gene allele frequency > 5%. All SNPs satisfied HEW (P > 0.05). Our study demonstrated a significant association of GLUT4 SNPrs5417 allele with OSAS, compared with controls (P < 0.05). Haplotype H1 (TCC) and H3 (CCC) defined as SNPrs5415, rs4517 and rs5435 are marginally associated with OSAS (P < 0.05). Frequencies of C haplotype of rs5417 in OSAS were higher than in controls. After adjustment for confounding factors, (AC + AA) genotype significantly reduces prevalence of OSAS, compared with CC genotype. Level of awake blood oxygen and lowest blood oxygen of (AA + AC) genotype was significantly superior to those of CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates GLUT4 gene SNPrs5417 is associated with OSAS in hypertensive population. Carriers of AA + AC have less prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome than that of CC carriers.

[Association study of PRDM16 gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Xinjiang Uygur population].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of polymorphisms of PR domain containing 16 gene (PRDM16) with essential hypertension in ethnic Uygur population from Xinjiang, China. METHODS: Functional regions of the PRDM16 gene were sequenced in 48 Uygur subjects with essential hypertension selected from 480 hypertensive patients and 819 normotensive controls. Representative variations were genotyped with TaqMan-PCR method. Association of variations of PRDM16 gene with hypertension was analyzed. RESULTS: For the 4 genotyped representative variations (rs2236518, rs2282198, rs2493292 and rs870171), no significant difference in genotype distribution and allele frequencies has been found between the patient and control groups (P>0.05). By ANOVA analysis, none of the polymorphisms was significantly associated with systolic or diastolic blood pressure (P>0.05). Nor was significant difference in haplotypic frequencies between the two groups detected (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: We have found no association between the four polymorphisms (rs2236518, rs2282198, rs2493292 and rs870171) of the PRDM16 gene with essential hypertension in ethnic Uygur population from Xinjiang.

[Analysis of influencing factors on circadian blood pressure of hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of obesity, arousal, hypoxia and sympathetic activation on the circadian blood pressure of hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. METHODS: Polysomnography (PSG) was performed in 436 hypertensive patients complaining of snoring, daytime sleepiness, lips cyanosis, hyperhemoglobinemia of unknown etiology, or with refractory hypertension. Hypertensive subjects were divided into four groups according to apnea-hypopnea index (AHI): hypertensive with mild obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) (n = 131), hypertensive with moderate OSAHS (n = 95), hypertensive with severe OSAHS (n = 95) and hypertensive without OSAHS as control group (n = 115). The ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), PSG, urine electrolyte, and urine vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were compared among groups. Factor analysis was employed to identify common factors related to the alterations of circadian blood pressure. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of the observed variables. RESULTS: There were significant differences among groups in age, neck circumference and waist circumference(P < 0.001). In severe group, 24 hour average systolic blood pressure (24 hSBP)[ (137.0 ± 16.8) mm Hg vs.(131.3 ± 11.9)mm Hg, (131.3 ± 13.2)mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa)], daytime systolic blood pressure (day-SBP) [(140.8 ± 16.8) mm Hg vs. (135.7 ± 11.9) mm Hg, (135.3 ± 13.5) mm Hg]and night systolic blood pressure (night-SBP)[ (130.9 ± 17.0) mm Hg vs.(124.5 ± 14.0 )mm Hg, (124.3 ± 13.2) mm Hg] were significantly higher than those of control or mild OSAS groups (P < 0.01). Factor analysis showed that body mass (BM), life style, urine electrolyte, age and course of disease (ACD) were the common factors influencing circadian blood pressure. OSAHS was correlated with declining percentage of SBP (ß = -0.128, P < 0.01) and declining percentage of DBP (ß = -0.126, P < 0.01). The contribution according to priority was ACD > OSAHS > BM for declining percentage of SBP (ß = -0.148, P = 0.002;ß = -0.128, P = 0.007;ß = 0.099, P = 0.035), OSAHS > ACD > BM for declining percentage of DBP(ß = -0.126, P = 0.008;ß = -0.105, P = 0.026;ß = 0.097, P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: OSAHS, ACD and BM are the independent risk factors contributing to the alterations of circadian blood pressure in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

[Correlation between plasma aldosterone concentration and left ventricular structure in hypertensive patients].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the correlation between plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and left ventricular structure in hypertensive patients. METHODS: A total of 201 hypertensive patients [117 male, aged from seventeen to sixty eight years old, mean (43.6 ± 10.2) years] were included. All subjects underwent echocardiography examination for measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), LV posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), interventricular septum thickness (IVST) and LV mass index (LVMI). Plasma PAC was also measured at three postural positions. According to the sitting PAC, subjects were divided into high aldosterone group (PAC ≥ 120 ng/L, n = 83) and normal aldosterone (PAC < 120 ng/L, n = 118) group. Bivariate correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis were performed to analyze the correlation between left ventricular structure parameters and PAC. RESULTS: IVST, LVPWT values were significantly higher in the increased PAC group than that in normal PAC group [ (10.4 ± 1.0) mm vs. (10.9 ± 1.8) mm, (10.1 ± 0.7) mm vs.(10.4 ± 1.5) mm, all P < 0.05]. Bivariate correlation analysis showed that PAC was weakly correlated with IVST (r = 0.190, P < 0.05) , while was not correlated to LVMI, LVPWT and LVEDD (all P > 0.05). Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that PAC was positively correlated with IVST and LVPWT (ß = 0.206 and ß = 0.241, respectively, all P < 0.05), but was not correlated to LVMI and LVEDD (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: PAC is positively correlated with IVST and LVPWT in hypertensive patients.

[Association between sequence variation of Furin gene and obesity in ethnic Kazakh from Xinjiang].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between sequence variation of Furin gene and obesity in ethnic Kazakh population in Xinjiang region. METHODS: Based on a cross-sectional epidemiological study, a case-control study was conducted. All sequence variants located promoter and exon regions of Furin gene were identified with direct sequencing of PCR products from 66 randomly chosen obese individuals (33 males and 33 females). Polymorphisms representative of a general ethnic Kazakh population (856 subjects, including 364 males and 492 females, 478 from obesity group and 378 from control group) were determined by TaqMan PCR, the association between sequence variation of Furin gene and obesity was assessed. RESULTS: Twelve sequence variations in Furin gene were identified through sequencing of 66 obese individuals. And 4 common SNPs (rs6226, rs6227, rs2071410 and rs4932178) were selected as representative polymorphisms for the general Kazakh population. Above polymorphisms were successfully typed in all subjects. Distribution of the genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes formed by such polymorphisms did not differ significantly between the case and control groups or males and females (P>0.05). The waist circumference also did not differ significantly among individuals with different genotypes (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Genetic variations of Furin gene are not associated with obesity in Kazakh general population.

[Expression of GIRK4 gene in kidney tissues of obese rat].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of GIRK4 gene in the kidney tissues of obese rats. METHODS: Obese rat models were established using diet-induced method. The GIRK4 protein expression in kidney tissues was determined in 20 obese rats and 10 normal rats using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: The relative expression level of GIRK4 protein in the kidney tissues of obese rat (1.75±0.42) was significantly lower than that in normal rats (3.37±0.68, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: GIRK4 has a low protein expression in the kidney tissues of obese rat.

[Association of MK2 gene polymorphisms with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Uygur population from Hetian area of Xinjiang].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of MK2 gene with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-Α) between different gender in Xinjiang Uygur population. METHODS: A total of 350 Uygur males and 595 females were recruited randomly from Hetian area. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (44890c/t, rs 45514798) in MK2 gene were selected and genotyped by Taqman-PCR in these subjects. All subjects underwent questionnaire-based survey, physical examination, measurement of lipid profiles and plasma TNF-Α determination. RESULTS: Among the male subjects, the concentration of total cholesterol (TC) [TT vs. CT vs. CC: (4.35±1.20) mmol/L vs. (4.69±1.34) mmol/L vs. (4.83±1.44) mmol/L, P=0.033]and TNF-Α [TT vs.CT vs.CC: (106.63±62.39) ng/dL vs. (128.44±86.15) ng/dL vs. (153.06±82.99) ng/dL, P=0.001]were significantly different in 3 genotypes of 44890c/t. However, the LDL-C levels in TT, CT, and CC genotypes of 44890c/t were not different neither in males nor in females [males: (2.64±1.16) mmol/L vs. (2.81±1.28) mmol/L vs. (3.04±1.32) mmol/L, P>0.05; females: (2.42±1.11) mmol/L vs. (2.36±0.99) mmol/L vs. (2.43±1.05) mmol/L, P>0.05]. None of the allele and genotype frequencies of 44890c/tand rs 45514798 were different between high LDL-C group and control group. Linear regression analysis indicated that body mass index (BMI) (beta=0.089) and TNF-Α (beta=0.092) were significantly associated with LDL-C levels in males (P<0.05), while the age, BMI, and waist/hip ratio with LDL-C levels in females (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The nucleotide polymorphisms (44890c/t and rs 45514798) in MK2 gene may not be associated with LDL-C in both males and females in the Uygur population in Hetian, Xinjiang.