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Previous studies demonstrated that sigma-receptor (σR) antagonists alone fail to alter cocaine self-administration despite blocking various other effects of cocaine. However, σR antagonists when combined with dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors substantially decrease cocaine self-administration. To better understand the effects of this combination, the present study examined the effects of σR antagonist and DAT inhibitor combinations in male rats discriminating cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline injections. The DAT inhibitors alone (WIN 35,428 and methylphenidate) at low (0.1 mg/kg) doses that were minimally active, failed to shift the dose-effect function for discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine to the left more than two-fold. At 0.32 mg/kg the DAT inhibitors alone shifted the cocaine dose-effect function leftward 24- or 6.6-fold, respectively. The σR antagonists (BD1008, BD1047, and BD1063) failed to fully substitute for cocaine, though BD1008 and BD1047 substituted partially. At 10 mg/kg, BD1008, BD1047, or BD1063 alone shifted the cocaine dose-effect function leftward less than 6.0-fold. In combination with 0.1 mg/kg WIN 35,428, the 10 mg/kg doses of σR antagonists shifted the cocaine dose-effect function from 12.3 to 36.7-fold leftward, and with 0.32 mg/kg WIN 35,428 from 14.3 to 440-fold leftward. In combination with 0.1 mg/kg methylphenidate, those σR antagonist doses shifted the cocaine dose-effect function from 5.5 to 55.0-fold leftward and with 0.32 mg/kg methylphenidate from 10.5 to 48.1-fold leftward. The present results suggest that dual DAT/σR inhibition produces agonist-like subjective effects that may promote decreases in self-administration obtained in previous studies. Significance Statement There is currently no approved medication for treating stimulant abuse, though dopamine-uptake inhibitors in combination with sigma-receptor (σR) antagonists decrease cocaine self-administration in laboratory animals. The present study assessed how this combination alters the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine in male rats. Results suggest that concurrent dopamine uptake inhibition and σR antagonism together may promote decreases in self-administration possibly by mimicking the subjective effects extant when subjects cease continued cocaine self-administration.
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In the evolving field of food safety, rapid and precise detection of antibiotic residues is crucial. This study aimed to tackle this challenge by integrating advanced inkjet printing technology with sophisticated microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs). The µPAD design utilized "green" quantum dots synthesized via an eco-friendly hydrothermal method using green white mulberry leaves as the carbon source, serving as the key fluorescent detection material. The action mechanism involved a photoinduced electron transfer system using red carbon dots (CDs) as electron donors and blue CDs combined with two-dimensional layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets as electron acceptors. This system could quickly detect antibiotics within 10 min in pork and water samples, demonstrating high sensitivity and recovery rates: 6.5 pmol/L at 99.75%-110% for sulfadimethoxine, 3.3 pmol/L at 99%-105% for sulfamethoxazole, and 8.5 pmol/L at 98.5%-105% for tetracycline. It achieved a relative standard deviation under 5%, ensuring reliability and reproducibility. The fabricated sensor offered a promising application for the rapid and efficient on-site detection of antibiotic residues in food.
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This study uses the extended C-D production function method to measure the total distortion of factor prices and the distortion of capital, labor and land factor prices in China's provinces and cities. The results indicate that between 2000 and 2019, due to factors such as the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas, human intervention in the capital market, and lagging land marketization reform, both capital and land factor prices showed negative distortions, except for positive distortions in labor factor prices. The degree of this positive distortion began to gradually weaken, and even showed a negative distortion trend in some regions.
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Comercio , China , Comercio/economía , Humanos , Modelos EconómicosRESUMEN
The dominant bacteria in the hindgut of calves play an important role in their growth and health, which could even lead to lifelong consequences. However, the identification of core probiotics in the hindgut and its mechanism regulating host growth remain unclear. Here, a total of 1045 fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the 408 Holstein dairy calves at the age of 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 days to characterize the dynamic changes of core taxa. Moreover, the mechanisms of nutrient metabolism of calf growth regulated by core bacteria were investigated using multi-omics analyses. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in mice were conducted to illustrate the potential beneficial effects of core bacteria. Four calf enterotypes were identified and enterotypes dominated by Bifidobacterium and Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 were representative. The frequency of enterotype conversion shifted from variable to stable. The close relationship observed between phenotype and enterotype, revealing a potential pro-growth effect of Bifidobacterium, might be implemented by promoting the use of carbohydrate, activating the synthesis of volatile fatty acids, amino acids and vitamin B6, and inhibiting methane production in the hindgut. The FMT results indicated the beneficial effect of Bifidobacterium on host growth and hindgut development. These results support the notion that the Bifidobacterium-dominated fecal microbiome would be an important driving force for promoting the host growth in the early life. Our findings provide new insights into the potential probiotic mining and application strategies to promote the growth of young animals or improve their growth retardation.
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Bifidobacterium , Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Heces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Animales , Heces/microbiología , Bovinos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Bifidobacterium/genética , Bifidobacterium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ratones , Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal/métodos , Fenotipo , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Filogenia , ADN Bacteriano/genéticaRESUMEN
Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great interest in energy storage areas. However, the poor structural stability of MOFs derived from weak coordination bonds limits their applications. Here, quadruple hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) were introduced onto the MOFs to enhance their structural stability. Cross-linked networks could be formed between molecules owing to multiple H-bonds, strengthening the framework stability. Moreover, the dynamic reversibility of H-bonds could endow MOFs with self-healing ability. Furthermore, due to lower binding energy compared to coordination bonds, H-bonds break preferentially when subjected to internal stress, thus protecting the MOFs. Consequently, the as-prepared self-healing hybrid (SHH-Cu-MOF@Ti3C2TX) exhibited high capacitance retention (89.4%) after 5000 cycles at 1 A g-1, while that hybrid without dynamic H-bonds (H-Cu-MOF@Ti3C2TX) presented a 79.9% retention, delivering an enhancement in cycling stability. Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was fabricated by employing SHH-Cu-MOF@Ti3C2TX and activated carbon (AC) as the electrodes. The ASC delivered a specific capacitance (47.4 F g-1 at 1 A g-1), an energy density (16.9 Wh kg-1), and a power density (800 W kg-1) as well as good rate ability (retains 81% of its initial capacitance from 0.2 A g-1 to 5 A g-1).
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Postbiotics, which comprise inanimate microorganisms or their constituents, have recently gained significant attention for their potential health benefits. Extensive research on postbiotics has uncovered many beneficial effects on hosts, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effects, gut microbiota modulation, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Although these features resemble those of probiotics, the stability and safety of postbiotics make them an appealing alternative. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research on postbiotics, emphasizing their positive impacts on both human and animal health. As our understanding of the influence of postbiotics on living organisms continues to grow, their application in clinical and nutritional settings, as well as animal husbandry, is expected to expand. Moreover, by substituting postbiotics for antibiotics, we can promote health and productivity while minimizing adverse effects. This alternative approach holds immense potential for improving health outcomes and revolutionizing the food and animal products industries.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Probióticos , Animales , Humanos , Promoción de la Salud , Estado Nutricional , Antibacterianos , Probióticos/farmacología , Probióticos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The preparation of polymers with high self-healing ability is conducive to environmental protection and resource conservation. In the present work, two kinds of polyurethane (PU) elastomers were prepared: the one containing flexible end blocks (polypropylene glycol) and the other containing flexible end blocks and 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) groups that can form reversible quadruple hydrogen bonds. Both of the two PU elastomers have self-healing ability. At low temperatures the PU without UPy groups exhibits stronger self-healing ability, while at high temperatures the PU with UPy groups has better self-healing function. The difference can be attributed to the combined effect of segmental mobility and reversible network strength. Based on molecular simulations, we further observed that the self-healing behaviors are affected by four factors: healing temperature, reversible interaction strength, reversible interaction site density and segment diffusion ability.
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Sensory integration therapy (SIT) is an intervention to improve the developmental and learning problems in children. It was introduced in China from late 1980 s to early 1990 s and has received considerable attention from scholars. However, due to its late development in China and its specialised nature, it is worth exploring in depth whether it is recognized by the general public and how it is researched by academics. Therefore, we used Internet survey approach to explore the actual feedback of users towards SIT through the Internet. At the same time, bibliometric method and visualization techniques were used to study 892 journal articles on SIT in CNKI, Wanfang Database and VIP Database to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution, subject distribution, keyword co-occurrence, and keyword clustering of SIT research in mainland China since it came to China mainland. We found that the research on SIT in mainland China has been fruitful. However, the public is less aware of its basic function, therapeutic effects, and necessity. Our findings point to the need to raise awareness of sensory integration disorder and sensory integration therapy among the general public, and to strengthen academic research on sensory integration therapy.
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Bibliometría , Terapia por Relajación , Niño , Humanos , China , Bases de Datos FactualesRESUMEN
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been explored as adsorption materials owing to their diversity, controllable structure, high specific surface area, and abundant active sites. However, the shaping of MOFs has become a critical issue hindering their commercial application. A binder or high pressure is commonly used in traditional powder shaping, causing pores to be blocked or collapsed and porosity to be decreased, eventually leading to the degradation of adsorption performance. In this paper, Zr-MOFs were in situ grown on a columnar activated carbon (CAC) matrix, and a series of Zr-MOFs/CAC composites were prepared. The adsorption properties for SO2 and NO2 were measured by dynamic adsorption tests, and the Wheel-Jonas model was used to calculate the saturated adsorption capacity. Abundant mesopores can be formed between MOF crystals and activated carbon particles, and the mesoporosity of Zr-MOFs/CAC composites reached over 50%. Owing to the abundant mesoporous, increased activated sites as well as the synergistic effect between MOFs and activated carbon, the as-obtained HP-Zr-MOFs/CAC exhibited the best adsorption performance both for SO2 and NO2, which are 34.2 and 17.4 mg g-1, respectively, while the adsorption capacities of CAC for SO2 and NO2 are 20.9 and 6.6 mg g-1, respectively. The outstanding performance and facile synthesis process of HP-Zr-MOFs/CAC composites could provide ideas to develop other hierarchical porous MOFs/activated carbon composites.
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Linear and star block copolymer (BCP) nanoparticles of (polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine))n (PS-b-P4VP)n with arm numbers of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were prepared by two methods of polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) and general self-assembly of block copolymers in the low-polar organic solvent, toluene. The effect of the arm number on the size and/or morphology of the (PS-b-P4VP)n nanoassemblies synthesized by the two methods in toluene and on the polymerization kinetics was investigated in detail. Our results show that in toluene, a low-polar solvent, the topology not only affected the morphology of the BCP nanoparticles prepared by PISA, but also influenced the BCP nanoparticles synthesized through general self-assembly.
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Mechanical energy-induced CO2 reduction is a promising strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and simultaneously harvesting mechanical energy. Unfortunately, the low energy conversion efficiency is still an open challenge. Here, multiple-pulse, flow-type triboelectric plasma with dual functions of harvesting mechanical energy and driving chemical reactions is introduced to efficiently reduce CO2 . CO selectivity of 92.4% is achieved under normal temperature and pressure, and the CO and O2 evolution rates reach 12.4 and 6.7 µmol h-1 , respectively. The maximum energy conversion efficiencies of 2.3% from mechanical to chemical energy and 31.9% from electrical to chemical energy are reached. The low average electron energy in triboelectric plasma and vibrational excitation dissociation of CO2 with low barrier is revealed by optical emission spectra and plasma simulations, which enable the high energy conversion efficiency. The approach of triboelectric plasma reduction reported here provides a promising strategy for efficient utilization of renewable and dispersed mechanical energy.
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In the present work, we used molecular dynamics simulations to study the effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) contents on stretch-induced crystallization behavior in CNT filled polyethylene systems. During high-temperature stretching, the stretching is responsible for the orientation of CNTs, which then facilitates segment orientation and conformational transition from the gauche-conformation into the trans-conformation in interfacial regions. The systems with higher CNT contents have a higher degree of orientation and higher contents of trans-conformation during stretching, resulting in the formation of more precursors. During subsequent crystallization, the initial crystallization rate increases with the increase of the CNT content due to the increase in precursor contents in interfacial regions. However, after the CNT content exceeds a certain value, a filler network would be formed by CNTs, which can restrict chain movements and then lead to a decrease in the overall crystallization rate in the systems with high CNT contents.
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Oxidation reactions play a critical role in processes involving energy utilization, chemical conversion, and pollutant elimination. However, due to its spin-forbidden nature, the reaction of molecular dioxygen (O2) with a substrate is difficult under mild conditions. Herein, we describe a system that activates O2 via the direct modulation of its spin state by mechanical energy-induced triboelectric corona plasma, enabling the CO oxidation reaction under normal temperature and pressure. Under optimized reaction conditions, the activity was 7.2 µmol h-1, and the energy consumption per mole CO was 4.2 MJ. The results of kinetic isotope effect, colorimetry, and density functional theory calculation studies demonstrated that electrons generated in the triboelectric plasma were directly injected into the antibonding orbital of O2 to form highly reactive negative ions O2-, which effectively promoted the rate-limiting step of O2 dissociation. The barrier of the reaction of O2- ions and CO molecular was 3.4 eV lower than that of O2 and CO molecular. This work provides an effective strategy for using renewable and green mechanical energy to realize spin-forbidden reactions of small molecules.
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With the development of the automobile industry, artificial intelligence, big data, 5G, and other technologies, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) industry has entered a stage of rapid development. In this paper, a pollutant diffusion model based on an artificial neural network is designed in the context of a vehicle network. The application of artificial neural networks in haze prediction is studied. This paper first analyzes the causes and influencing factors of haze and selects the most representative and relatively large meteorological factors from temperature, wind, relative humidity, and several pollutant factors. Through training and simulation, a haze prediction model in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei regions of China is established. Finally, according to the collected meteorological data, the pollutant diffusion model is established. The model is deduced by a standard mathematical formula, which makes the prediction results more accurate and rigorous, and the main conclusions and feasible scientific suggestions are obtained. The simulation results show that the method is effective. By strengthening the service system of the IoV, meteorological services can be more intelligent, and the information acquisition and service ability of the vehicle network can be effectively improved.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire , Contaminantes Ambientales , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Inteligencia Artificial , Beijing , China , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Internet , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Material Particulado/análisisRESUMEN
Omega-3 fatty acids (FA), as a nutrient, has been proven effective in major depressive disorder (MDD), however, the results of monotherapy in perinatal depression (PND) remain unclear. To examine the efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) monotherapy for perinatal depression (PND) compared with placebo. PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were searched from inception up to November 2019. The reference lists of relevant review articles and included studies were also reviewed. Randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the efficacy and safety of omega-3 FA monotherapy in perinatal women with depressive symptoms were included. Pooled standard mean differences (SMD) were calculated and random-effects models were adopted for all analyses. Subgroups analyses and meta-regression were performed to quantify characteristics of the subjects and trials influencing the omega-3 response. In addition, meta-regression was conducted to identify the source of heterogeneity. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO, CRD42020159542. Eight eligible randomized placebo-controlled trials were included involving 638 participants. There was a significant effect of omega-3 FA on perinatal depression. Omega-3 with higher ratio of EPA/DHA (≥1.5) had significant efficacy both in mild-to-moderate pregnant and postpartum depression with low incidence of side effects. Among the included trials reporting adverse effects, there was no significant difference in incidence of gastrointestinal and neurologic events between the omega-3 and placebo groups. There was no evidence of publication bias. Our findings suggested that omega-3 FA significantly improved depressive symptoms in perinatal women regardless of pregnant or postpartum and well-tolerated. Furthermore, the omega-3 response was linked to higher EPA proportion in omega-3 formula and mild- to-moderate depression.
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Depresión Posparto , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Depresión , Depresión Posparto/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
We report on an experimental test of the velocity and spin dependent exotic interaction that can be mediated by new light bosons. The interaction is searched by measuring the force between a gold sphere and a microfabricated magnetic structure using a cantilever. The magnetic structure consists of stripes with antiparallel electron spin polarization so that the exotic interaction between the polarized electrons in the magnetic structure and the unpolarized nucleons in the gold sphere varies periodically, which helps to suppress the spurious background signals. The experiment sets the strongest laboratory constraints on the coupling constant between electrons and nucleons at the micrometer range with f_{â¥}<5.3×10^{-8} at λ=5 µm.
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Small RNAs (sRNAs) are key players in the regulation of bacterial gene expression. However, the distribution and regulatory functions of sRNA in pig farm wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) remains unknown. In this study, the wastewaters in anoxic and oxic tanks of the WWTPs were collected. The profiles of the community structure, mRNA expression, and sRNA expression of bacteria in pig farm wastewater were investigated using transcriptome sequencing and qPCR. This study demonstrated that there was a higher abundance of sRNA in the pig farm WWTPs and 52 sRNAs were detected. The sRNAs were mainly present in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, including the potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) (Escherichia, Shigella, Bordetella and Morganella), crop pathogen (Pectobacterium) and denitrifying bacteria (Zobellella). And the sRNAs were involved in the bacterial functional activities such as translation, transcription, drug resistance, membrane transport and amino acid metabolism. In addition, most sRNAs had a higher abundance in anoxic tanks which contained a higher abundance of the genes associated with infectious diseases and drug resistance than that in oxic tanks. The results presented here show that in pig farm WWTPs, sRNA played an important role in bacterial function activities, especially the infectious diseases, drug resistance and denitrification, which can provide a new point of penetration for improving the pig farm WWTPs.
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ARN Pequeño no Traducido , Aguas Residuales , Animales , Granjas , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , ARN Bacteriano , PorcinosRESUMEN
The present study aims at developing a new, ultrafine particle-based efficient antibiotic delivery system for the treatment of tuberculosis. The carrier material to make the rifampicin (RIF)-loaded particles is a low molecular weight star-shaped polymer produced from glucosamine (core building unit) and L-lactide (GluN-LLA). Particles were made via electrohydrodynamic atomization. Prolonged release (for up to 14 days) of RIF from these particles is reported. Drug release data fits the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation, which suggests the occurrence of a modified diffusion-controlled RIF release mechanism in vitro and is also supported by differential scanning calorimetry and drug leaching tests. Cytotoxicity tests on Mycobacterium smegmatis showed that antibiotic-free GluN-LLA and polylactides (PLA) particles (reference materials) did not show any significant anti-bacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values obtained for RIF-loaded particles showed 2- to 4-fold improvements in the anti-bacterial activity relative to the free drug. Cytotoxicity tests on macrophages indicated that cell death correlates with an increase of particle concentration but is not significantly affected by material type or particle size. Confocal microscopy was used to track internalization and localization of particles in the macrophages. The uptake of GluN-LLA particles is higher than those of their PLA counterparts. In addition, after phagocytosis, the GluN-LLA particles stayed in the cytoplasm and showed favorable long-term drug release behavior, which facilitated the killing of intracellular bacteria when compared to free RIF. The present studies suggest that these drug carrier materials are potentially very attractive candidates for the development of high-payload, sustained-release antibiotic/resorbable polymer particle systems for treating bacterial lung infections.
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BACKGROUND: Hypertension contributes to increased morbidity and mortality in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. Studies on blood pressure control in CKD patients in China are limited. In this study, we aimed to describe the status of blood pressure control in Chinese CKD patients based on the first national prospective CKD cohort data. METHODS: A subgroup of Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease participants with hypertension at baseline was included in the present study. Uncontrolled blood pressure was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Defined daily doses (DDDs) are used as a standard measurement of drug utilization in this population. Factors associated with uncontrolled blood pressure were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 2,251 hypertensive CKD subjects among 2,873 predialysis CKD participants. The awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension were 80.7%, 95.6%, and 57.1%, respectively. Factors independently associated with uncontrolled blood pressure were overweight, obesity, albuminuria, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and diabetes. Over 50% of study subjects were prescribed 2 or more antihypertensive medications and only 7% were prescribed diuretics. Uncontrolled hypertensive patients were prescribed less antihypertensive medication than controlled hypertensives (DDD 1.3 [1.0-2.3] vs. 2.0 [1.0-3.1], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension control was suboptimal among hypertensive CKD patients in China, especially among those overweight or with obesity, albuminuria, lower eGFR, and diabetes. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension should undergo treatment regimen evaluation to select the appropriate dosage and type of antihypertensive medications.