CsHscB Derived from a Liver Fluke Clonorchis Sinensis Ameliorates Cholestatic Hepatic Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Sclerosing Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammatory fibrosis usually involving the whole biliary tree. However, there are very limited treatment options to treat this disease. Our previous study found a lipid-protein rCsHscB from a liver fluke - Clonorchis sinensis, which had full capacities of immune regulation. Therefore, we investigated the role of rCsHscB in a mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis induced by xenobiotic 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) to explore whether this protein had potential therapeutic value for PSC. METHODS: Mice were fed 0.1% DDC for 4 weeks and treated with CsHscB (30 µg/mouse, intraperitoneal injection, once every 3 days); the control group was given an equal amount of PBS or CsHscB under normal diet conditions. All the mice were sacrificed at 4 weeks for the evaluation of biliary proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammation. RESULTS: rCsHscB treatment attenuated DDC-induced liver congestion and enlargement and significantly decreased the upregulation of serum AST and ALT levels. The administration of rCsHscB to DDC-fed mice significantly decreased cholangiocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to mice fed with DDC alone. Also, rCsHscB treatment showed a decreased expression of α-SMA in the liver and other markers of liver fibrosis (Masson staining, Hydroxyproline content, and collagen deposit). More interestingly, DDC-fed mice treated with rCsHscB showed a significant up-regulation of PPAR-γ expression, which was similar to control mice, indicating the involvement of PPAR-γ signaling in the protective action of rCsHscB. CONCLUSION: Overall, our data show that rCsHscB attenuates the progression of cholestatic fibrosis induced by DDC and supports the potential for manipulating the parasite-derived molecule to treat certain immune-mediated disorders.

Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic and expression of MAPKKK gene family in Arabidopsis pumila.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are important components of the MAPK cascade and play crucial roles in development and stress responses. Arabidopsis pumila is an ephemeral Brassicaceae plant growing in Xinjiang desert regions, which possesses salt tolerance. To explore the evolution and function of the MAPKKK gene family in A. pumila, 143 ApMAPKKK genes were identified from A. pumila genome by genome-wide analysis, which were categorized into three subfamilies: ZIK (20), MEKK (36) and RAF (87). There existed 74 and 72 colinear genes between A. thaliana, A. lyrata and A. pumila, respectively, indicating that this gene family expanded obviously in A. pumila genome. Evolutionary analysis revealed that there were 64 duplicated gene pairs with Ka/Ks less than 1, and purifying selection was dominant. RNA-seq data were used to analyze the expression characteristics of ApMAPKKK genes in response to salt stress and in different tissues. The results showed that most ApMAPKKK genes were up-regulated under 250 mmol/L NaCl stress. For example, ApMAPKKK18-1/2 and ApMAPKKK17-1/2 were substantially up-regulated. Tissue expression profiles showed that ApMAPKKK mainly presented six expression patterns. Some duplicated genes were differentially expressed in response to salt stress and in different tissues. These results lay a foundation for further understanding the complex mechanism of MAPKKK gene family transduction pathway in response to abiotic stresses in A. pumila.

Vasorelaxant effect of curcubisabolanin A isolated from Curcuma longa through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) is a known blood-activating and stasis-removing traditional Chinese medicine and has relevant pharmacological properties. The rhizomes of C. longa have been used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China. Previous studies have shown that sesquiterpenoids from C. longa have significant vasorelaxant effects, which are closely associated with the prevention and treatment of CVD. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the sesquiterpenoids with vasorelaxant effects from C. longa and investigate the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The compound was isolated from C. longa by multiple chromatography technologies. Its structure was determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data calculations, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data calculations, and optical rotation (OR) data calculations. The vasorelaxant effect of the isolated compound was evaluated by KCl- or phenylephrine (PHE)-inducing contraction of the rat thoracic aortic rings. Endothelial removal and L-NAME pretreatment experiments were used to verify the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect of the isolated compound in rat thoracic aortic rings. NO production was monitored in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Western blot was carried out in HUVECs to elucidate the potential mechanisms. RESULTS: A new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, curcubisabolanin A [(+)-(1S,7S,9E)-bisabola-2(3),4(15),9(10)-trien-11-ol], was isolated from the rhizomes of C. longa. curcubisabolanin A exhibited endothelium-dependent relaxation on rat thoracic aortic rings, while pre-treatment of intact aortic rings with an eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME) attenuated the vasorelaxant response of curcubisabolanin A. In addition, curcubisabolanin A induced intracellular NO production and significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated PI3K (p-PI3K), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) in HUVECs. LY294002 (a blocker of PI3K) and MK-2206 (a highly selective inhibitor of Akt) significantly decreased these effects of curcubisabolanin A. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that the vasorelaxant effect of curcubisabolanin A was partially endothelium-dependent and was related to regulation of NO production in vascular endothelial cells through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway.

Fragile X-Related Protein 1 (FXR1) Promotes Trophoblast Migration at Early Pregnancy via Downregulation of GDF-15 Expression.

Fragile X-related protein 1 (FXR1) is an RNA-binding protein that can regulate specific mRNA decay in cells. Our previous study showed that FXR1 expression was significantly decreased in trophoblasts from patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA); however, the role of FXR1 in trophoblast function during early placenta development has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that knockdown of FXR1 using siRNA effectively inhibited the migration of HTR-8 cells and extravillous trophoblast (EVT) outgrowth in an ex vivo extravillous explant culture model. Furthermore, through analysis of a panel of cytokines, we found that the GDF-15 protein was upregulated after knockdown of FXR1 in HTR-8/SVneo cells. This was further confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescence in HTR-8/SVneo cells and an extravillous explant. Our data also showed that FXR1 expression was downregulated and GDF-15 was upregulated in chorionic villous tissues from RSA patients compared with those from healthy controls (HCs). Further, immunohistochemistry showed a strong expression of GDF-15 in chorionic villous tissue in the RSA group, which was mainly distributed in villous trophoblasts (CTBs) and syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs). Moreover, knockdown of GDF-15 enhanced the migration of HTR-8 cells, while overexpression of GDF-15 using plasmid or treatment with recombinant human GDF-15 protein inhibited trophoblast migration. Importantly, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation showed that FXR1 directly bound to the 3'-UTR of GDF-15 mRNA to promote GDF-15 mRNA decay. Together, our data provide new insight into the function of FXR1 in human placenta via regulation of GDF-15 expression in trophoblasts and suggest a possible pathological process involved in RSA.

Study on the characteristics of intestinal motility of constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Constipation is one of the most important nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, and constipation of different severities is closely related to the pathogenesis of PD. PD with constipation (PDC) is considered a unique type of constipation, but its mechanism of formation and factors affecting its severity have been less reported. Understanding the gastrointestinal motility characteristics and constipation classification of PDC patients is essential to guide the treatment of PDC. In this study, the colonic transit test and high-resolution anorectal manometry were used to identify the intestinal motility of PDC to provide a basis for the treatment of PDC. AIM: To investigate the clinical classification of PDC, to clarify its characteristics of colonic motility and rectal anal canal pressure, and to provide a basis for further research on the pathogenesis of PDC. METHODS: Twenty PDC patients and 20 patients with functional constipation (FC) who were treated at Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from August 6, 2018 to December 2, 2019 were included. A colonic transit test and high-resolution anorectal manometry were performed to compare the differences in colonic transit time, rectal anal canal pressure, and constipation classification between the two groups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age, body mass index, or duration of constipation between the two groups. It was found that more patients in the PDC group exhibited difficulty in defecating than in the FC group, and the difference was statistically significant. The rectal resting pressure, anal sphincter resting pressure, intrarectal pressure, and anal relaxation rate in the PDC group were significantly lower than those in the FC group. The proportion of paradoxical contractions in the PDC group was significantly higher than that in the FC group. There was a statistically significant difference in the type composition ratio of defecatory disorders between the two groups (P < 0.05). The left colonic transit time, rectosigmoid colonic transit time (RSCTT), and total colonic transit time were prolonged in PDC and FC patients compared to normal values. The patients with FC had a significantly longer right colonic transit time and a significantly shorter RSCTT than patients with PDC (P < 0.05). Mixed constipation predominated in PDC patients and FC patients, and no significant difference was observed. CONCLUSION: Patients with PDC and FC have severe functional dysmotility of the colon and rectum, but there are certain differences in segmental colonic transit time and rectal anal canal pressure between the two groups.

Proteomic analysis of decidua in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) reveals mitochondrial oxidative stress dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is a complicated physiological process. The multifaceted regulation of maternal-fetal interface is of great importance for maintaining normal pregnancy and avoiding fetal rejection and secondary abortion. Previous studies have focused on the clinical features or pathological biomarkers of fetal rejection and abortion. However, no significant breakthrough has been made. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) to identify potential therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of RPL. METHODS: In this study, Relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology integrated with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in decidual from RPL patients and matched normal controls. Further, Molecules NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 (ndufb3) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting, CCK8 and mitochondrial red fluorescent probe (Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos). RESULTS: A total of 456 proteins reached the threshold of a 1.5-fold change were identified for further bioinformatics analysis. Upon mapping the differentially expressed proteins using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways database, iTRAQ results were confirmed by assessing NDUFB3 and COX-2 protein levels in specimens of decidual tissue by Western blotting. Our study indicates that the level of COX-2 and NDUFB3 were significantly increased in decidual cell from RPL patients. Overexpression of NDUFB3 inhibited cell vitality and oxidative stress of decimal cell. Further, our found that overexpression NDUFBD3 in decidual cell decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential expression levels. These results suggest that NDUFB3 might play an important role in promote the pathological process of RPL. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive analysis of RPL proteomics reveals novel candidate: NDUFB3, which could be further investigated for explanation of the pathological mechanism of RPL.

Twelve undescribed derivatives of ganoderic acid isolated from Ganoderma luteomarginatum and their cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines.

Lanostane triterpenoids are thought to be the main underlying preclinical antitumor secondary metabolites of the genus Ganoderma. To further explore the potential cytotoxic triterpenoids from Ganoderma luteomarginatum, the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of 95% ethanolic extract was systematically studied. Twelve previously undescribed lanostane-type triterpene acids were isolated from the fruiting bodies of G. luteomarginatum, and their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. Among them, 11 compounds have an unusual ß-configuration for OH-15. All isolates were assessed for cytotoxic activities using three human cancer cell lines (A549, HGC-27, and SMMC-7721) and one human normal cell line (LO2). (17Z)-3ß,7ß,15ß-Trihydroxy-11,23-dioxolanost-8,17(20)-dien-26-oate and (20E)-15ß-hydroxy-3,7,11,23-tetraoxolanost-20(22)-en-26-oate exhibited significant selective cytotoxicity against HGC-27 cells and A549 cells, respectively, with IC50 values of 6.82 ± 0.77 and 13.67 ± 1.04 µM, while 3ß,7ß,15ß-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxolanost-8-en-26-oate inhibited the proliferation of both A549 and SMMC-7721 cells. In addition, Hoechst fluorescence 33,258 staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining proved that (17Z)-3ß,7ß,15ß-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxolanost-8,17(20)-dien-26-oate could induce apoptosis in HGC-27 cells. Furthermore, a comparison of the results in this study and previous literature demonstrated that ganoderic alcohols have stronger cytotoxicity than the corresponding derivatives of ganoderic acid in the genus Ganoderma.

Factors predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis in elderly patients.

BACKGROUND: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP) and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) are associated with organ failure (OF), which can be lethal. AIMS: This study determined the factors that predict the severity of AP at admission in elderly patients. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the data from elderly patients (> 60 years of age) admitted within 72 h of onset of symptoms without OF were collected. These data at admission were analyzed and correlated with the severity of AP. To identify the factors associated with more serious AP (i.e. MSAP and SAP), patients were divided into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) and MSAP + SAP groups. RESULTS: A total of 198 patients [MAP group (n = 135) and MSAP + SAP group (n = 63)] were included. Biliary disease was the most common etiology. Respiratory failure was the most common OF. Logistic regression analyses indicated that idiopathic etiology (odds ratio [OR]: 3.029, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.017-9.022, p = 0.047), pre-existing pulmonary disease (OR: 7.104, CI 1.750-28.84, p = 0.006), increased hematocrit level (OR: 3.717, 95%CI 1.372-10.070, p = 0.010), serum calcium (OR: 0.023, 95%CI 0.001-0.371, p = 0.008), serum glucose (OR: 1.157, 95%CI 1.031-1.299, p = 0.013), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) (OR: 0.914, 95%CI 0.874-0.956, p < 0.001), and pleural effusion (OR: 4.979, 95%CI 1.863-13.303, p = 0.001) were independent predictors of more serious AP. CONCLUSION: This study found that idiopathic etiology, pre-existing pulmonary diseases, increased hematocrit level or pleural effusion, higher serum glucose, and lower serum calcium or PaO2 at the time of admission independently correlated with more serious AP in the elderly patients.

Systematic retrospective analysis of 13 cases of uterine arteriovenous fistula: Pathogeny, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.

AIM: To analyze the causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of uterine arteriovenous fistula (UAVF). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 13 patients with UAVF admitted to our hospital from October 2016 to April 2019. RESULTS: All patients had a history of intrauterine surgery (curettage for abortion, artificial removal of placenta, hysteroscopy, diagnostic curettage and intrauterine device removal). The main clinical manifestation of UAVF is paroxysmal massive vaginal bleeding; this involved a massive gush of vaginal blood that stopped suddenly. Sonographic images with typical features of UAVF were observed for 12 patients. Pelvic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was performed as a noninvasive adjuvant examination method for diagnosis. Twelve patients underwent uterine arteriography and a diagnosis of UAVF was confirmed. Then, bilateral uterine artery embolization (UAE) was performed. One patient underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy directly instead of uterine arteriography because of unstable vital signs and one patient underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy 25 weeks after the second UAE. The median time until menstrual recovery was 33 days (range, 20-70 days) after UAE. The median time until normal ultrasound examination results was 10 weeks (range, 2-35 weeks). CONCLUSION: Acquired UAVF was associated with a history of previous intrauterine surgery. The ultrasound examination and pelvic contrast-enhanced MRI were noninvasive adjuvant examination method to effectively assist in diagnosis. Uterine arteriography is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of UAVF, and UAE is considered an effective intervention for treating UAVF and maintaining reproductive function with less damage. Hysterectomy is an appropriate option when conservative measures have failed to prevent a life-threatening hemorrhage.

[Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling of the MKK gene family in Arabidopsis pumila].

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK or MKK) is an important component of the MAPK cascade, which plays important roles in plant growth and development as well as in various stress responses. At present, the MKK gene family has been identified in a variety of plants, but there has been no systematic study in Cruciferous plant Arabidopsis pumila. To explore the evolution and function of the MKK gene family in Arabidopsis pumila, 16 ApMKK genes were identified from the Arabidopsis pumila genome by genome-wide analysis, and they were distributed on 10 chromosomes of Arabidopsis pumila. According to phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment, these putative genes were divided into five known subfamilies, i.e, Groups A, B, C, D, and E, which includes 5, 2, 4, 3, 2 members, respectively. Evolutionary and syntenic analysis showed that there are seven pairs of duplication genes in Arabidopsis pumila: ApMKK1-1/1-2, ApMKK2-1/2-2, ApMKK3-1/3-2, ApMKK4-1/4-2, ApMKK5-1/5-2, ApMKK9-1/9-2, and ApMKK10-1/10-2. Ka/Ks and Tajima analysis indicated that evolution of ApMKK1-1/1-2 was accelerated after the duplication event. Combining the distribution of cis-element in the promoter region of ApMKKs and the expression profile of ApMKKs in mature leaves, stems, flowers and fruits as well as under salt stress, we found that the expressions of paralogous genes (duplication genes) were tissue-specific and their functions were diversified. The expression patterns of some duplicated genes in tissues were different, but the expression patterns under salt stress were basically the same. These results lay the foundation for analyzing the complex mechanisms of MKK-mediated growth and development and abiotic stress signal transduction pathways in Arabidopsis pumila.

The orphan nuclear receptor NUR77 promotes trophoblast invasion at early pregnancy through paracrine placental growth factor.

NR4A1 (NUR77) is an orphan nuclear receptor that has been implicated in both cell survival and apoptosis. However, the role of NUR77 in trophoblast function during early placenta development has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we showed that NUR77 expression was significantly lower in the villi of the recurrent miscarriage (RM) group compared to that in the healthy controls (HCs) group. We used immunohistochemistry and found that NUR77 was highly expressed in human placental villi during early pregnancy, especially in syncytiotrophoblast (STB), and was expressed at a much lower level in STB from the RM group than in those from HC group. Western blotting data further confirmed that NUR77 was highly expressed in primary human term placental STB and the FSK-induced BeWo cell line. Moreover, antibody array screening and ELISA revealed that NUR77 promoted significant placental growth factor (PGF) expression during trophoblast fusion. Ectopic overexpression and knockdown experiments demonstrated that PGF was a novel downstream target of NUR77, and serum PGF expression correlated positively with trophoblast NUR77 mRNA levels in HCs and RM patients. Importantly, bioinformatics analysis identified two NUR77 binding sites in the PGF promoter region, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with Western blotting analysis further verified that NUR77 bound directly to the PGF promoter region and promoted PGF expression. Furthermore, in a BeWo/HTR-8 co-culture system, FSK-induced BeWo-secreted PGF promoted HTR-8 cell migration and invasion, and an anti-PGF antibody reversed this effect. Collectively, these results indicated that NUR77 may play a key role in regulating trophoblast invasion at early pregnancy. KEY MESSAGES: NUR77 expression was significantly decreased in the syncytiotrophoblast of the recurrent miscarriage group compared to that in the healthy control group. NUR77 promoted PGF expression during trophoblast fusion. ChIP and western blotting experiments verified that NUR77 bound directly to the PGF promoter region and activated PGF expression in trophoblast. Trophoblast-derived PGF promoted HTR-8 cell migration and invasion in a cell co-culture system.

The m6A demethylase ALKBH5 controls trophoblast invasion at the maternal-fetal interface by regulating the stability of CYR61 mRNA.

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification in mammalian mRNAs. Although m6A is important in many biological processes, its roles in the placenta are unclear. Methods: Levels of global mRNA m6A methylation and ALKBH5 expression in recurrent miscarriage (RM) patients were determined using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), m6A RNA methylation quantification, and immunohistochemical methods. Using ALKBH5 overexpression and knockdown methods, we determined the role of ALKBH5 in trophoblast invasion at the maternal interface through trophoblasts and an extravillous explant culture experiments. Furthermore, the regulation of CYR61 by ALKBH5 was explored by RNA-sequencing coupled with methylated RNA immunoprecipitation. Results: We found that the level of global mRNA m6A methylation was significantly decreased in placental villous tissue from RM patients, while ALKBH5 expression was specifically unregulated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ALKBH5 knockdown in human trophoblast promoted trophoblast invasion. Conversely, overexpression of ALKBH5 inhibited cell invasion. ALKBH5 knockdown promoted trophoblast invasion in villous explant culture experiments, while overexpression of ALKBH5 repressed these effects. Furthermore, we clarified that ALKBH5 inhibited trophoblast invasion by regulating CYR61 mRNA stability, and this RNA regulation is m6A dependent. Mechanistic analyses showed that decreased ALKBH5 in trophoblast increased the half-life of CYR61 mRNA and promoted steady-state CYR61 mRNA expression levels. Conclusions: We elucidated the functional roles of ALKBH5 and mRNA m6A methylation in trophoblast and identified a novel RNA regulatory mechanism, providing a basis for further exploration of broad RNA epigenetic regulatory patterns in RM diseases.

Membrane-bound IgE on B cells is increased during Clonorchis sinensis infection.

A high level of serum IgE is a hallmark of helminthic disease. Secretory IgE can bind FcεRI or FcεRII/CD23. The combination of IgE and FcεRI, a high-affinity interaction, has long received attention and is believed to facilitate helminth control, while the properties of CD23-bound IgE have long been unexplored. Here, we established a Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infection model with different mouse strains and investigated membrane-bound IgE on B cells during infection. We show that after infection, the increase in CD23 expression on B cells was obvious, even in relatively resistant C57BL/6 mice, as well as in susceptible BALB/c and FVB mice. Although the serum IgE amount was lower in C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/c and FVB mice, the level of IgE binding to peripheral B cells was also elevated. Additionally, the IgE on B cells was soon undetectable in vitro due to dissociable binding. The results of the present study demonstrate the dramatic increase in CD23-bound IgE on B cells after C. sinensis infection. The significance of CD23-bound IgE in Ag transport and presentation has gained consideration in allergy development for its potential ability to promote the Th2 response. Therefore, even though the association of IgE and CD23 is not as substantial as that of IgE and FcεRI, membrane-bound IgE on B cells may be worth further study regarding clonorchiasis and other parasitic infections.

[Roles and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients in treating epilepsy].

At present,Western medicine is widely used in the treatment of epilepsy.However,about 30%-40% of epileptic patients are resistant to them and are affected by the side effects of these drugs.Traditional Chinese medicine is effective in treating epileptic seizures and relieving complications caused by Western medicine.However,the active ingredients and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine remain unclear.This article reviews and summarizes the advances and mechanisms in treating epilepsy,such as Chinese medicine monomer,the extracts of single Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine compound.Chinese medicine monomers,including gastrodin,asarone,rhynchophylline,ligustrazine,tanshinone ⅡA,curcumin,etc.,have antiepileptic effects via regulating excitatory neurotransmitters and receptors,the expression of inflammatory factors,sodium/potassium ion channels and the expression of apoptotic protein,therefore protecting neurons.The extracts of single Chinese herbal including the extracts of Gastrodiae Rhizoma,Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma,Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Ganoderma,Scutellariae Radix and Ginkgo Folium,etc.,have antiepileptic effects related to the inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor,upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway and reduction of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and oxidative stress response.Furthermore,these extracts can regulate ion channels and reduce oxidative damage of neurons.Chinese medicine compounds including Dianxian Qing Granules,Danxing Ningxian Granules,Huoxue Dingxian formulae,etc.,can improve the therapeutic effect on epilepsy through simultaneously regulating excitatory transmitters,apoptosis factors and cytokines.

Fragile X-related protein 1 (FXR1) regulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression at the maternal-fetal interface.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is regulated post-transcriptionally by the AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of its mRNA. However, the mechanism of COX-2 induction in infertility has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. The aim of this study was to examine the association between COX-2 and fragile X-related protein 1 (FXR1) in trophoblasts. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, our results showed that FXR1 mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in trophoblasts from recurrent miscarriage patients compared with healthy controls; conversely, COX-2 mRNA expression levels were increased in patient samples. We also observed that FXR1 was highly expressed in human placental villi during early pregnancy. Furthermore, we used western blotting and immunofluorescence to analyse the expression levels of FXR1 and COX-2 in HTR-8 cells that were treated with tumour necrosis factor α; we observed that the expression of COX-2 was clearly increased in HTR-8 cells treated with FXR1 small interfering RNA, whereas the expression of COX-2 was effectively decreased in HTR-8 cells with FXR1 overexpressed via a plasmid. Importantly, bioinformatics analysis identified FXR1 binding sites in the 3'-UTR region of COX-2 and firefly luciferase reporter assay analysis verified that FXR1 binds directly to the 3'-UTR region of COX-2. ELISA assays showed that overexpression of FXR1 enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor-A and interleukin-8 expression in HTR-8 cells, whereas conversely, knockdown of FXR1 effectively repressed these effects. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that FXR1 is a novel COX-2 regulatory factor.

A retrospective comparative study evaluating the efficacy of adding intra-arterial methotrexate infusion to uterine artery embolisation followed by curettage for cesarean scar pregnancy.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to compare the efficacy of intra-arterial methotrexate (MTX) infusion combined with uterine artery embolisation (UAE) and uterine curettage with that of UAE and curettage without MTX infusion for the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). METHODS: In this retrospective study, data of CSP patients admitted from January 2011 to July 2015 were obtained from electronic patient records. Clinical information at baseline and after treatment were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 93 CSP patients were included, with 57 patients receiving UAE followed by curettage (UC) and 36 patients receiving intra-arterial MTX infusion followed by UAE and curettage (MUC). The baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. Without additional intervention, 32 (88.9%) patients were successfully treated by MUC, and 49 (86.0%) patients were successfully treated by UC, defined by discontinued ectopic conceptus growth, normalized serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) level, ceased vaginal bleeding and preservation of uterus, with no significant difference between the two groups. Additionally, intra-operative blood loss volume and post-operative bleeding events were not significantly different between the two groups. However, serum ß-hCG decline on the first day after surgery was significantly promoted, and the hospitalization length and the time needed for serum ß-hCG normalization were significantly shortened by addition of intra-arterial MTX infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Adding intra-arterial MTX to UAE and curettage significantly promoted post-operative recovery, though success rate and bleeding events were not significantly affected, suggesting that addition of intra-arterial MTX might not be necessary.

The YY1-HOTAIR-MMP2 Signaling Axis Controls Trophoblast Invasion at the Maternal-Fetal Interface.

We aimed to determine the effect of YY1 expression on the expression profile of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in trophoblasts, and we studied the involvement of certain lncRNAs and YY1 in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage (RM). RT2 lncRNA PCR arrays revealed that YY1 overexpression in trophoblasts significantly promoted the expression of the HOX transcript antisense RNA HOTAIR and demonstrated that HOTAIR expression was significantly lower in the RM trophoblasts than in control trophoblasts. Ectopic HOTAIR overexpression and knockdown experiments revealed that it was a novel target of YY1. Bioinformatics analysis identified two YY1-binding sites in the HOTAIR promoter region, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis verified that YY1 binds directly to its promoter region. Interestingly, HOTAIR overexpression enhanced trophoblast invasion in an ex vivo explant culture model, while its knockdown repressed these effects. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) label-free quantitative proteomics screening revealed that HOTAIR overexpression activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling in trophoblasts. In an ex vivo explant culture model, HOTAIR overexpression effectively elevated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression via the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, enhancing trophoblast migration and invasion. These findings reveal a new regulatory pathway in which YY1 activates PI3K-AKT signaling via HOTAIR, promoting MMP2 expression, suggesting that HOTAIR is a potential therapeutic target for RM.

Effect of the p53-tristetraprolin-stathmin-1 pathway on trophoblasts at maternal-fetal interface.

PROBLEM: To reveal the effect of p53-tristetraprolin-stathmin-1 signaling on trophoblasts and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). METHOD OF STUDY: Stathmin-1 (STMN1), p53, and tristetraprolin (TTP) expression in paraffin-embedded villus tissue was determined using immunohistochemistry. HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with doxorubicin to activate p53; STMN1 and TTP levels were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to investigate STMN1 expression after TTP overexpression or knockdown in HTR-8 cells. RESULTS: STMN1 was downregulated and p53 was upregulated in the villus tissue from patients with RSA. Doxorubicin decreased STMN1 expression but enhanced TTP expression in HTR-8 cells. In vitro, TTP overexpression inhibited STMN1 production; TTP knockdown promoted it. TTP downregulated STMN1 expression in trophoblasts by directly binding its 3' untranslated region. CONCLUSIONS: TTP modulates trophoblast function and interacts with STMN1 and p53, and is related to pregnancy outcomes.

Association between acute pancreatitis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth assessed by hydrogen breath test.

AIM: To elucidate the effects of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) on the severity and complications of acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: In total, 208 patients with AP as defined by the revised Atlanta classification were admitted to Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from 2013 to 2016. All patients were admitted within 72 h of AP onset. The hydrogen breath test was performed 7 d after AP onset to detect hydrogen production and evaluate the development of SIBO. The incidence of SIBO was analyzed in patients with AP of three different severity grades. The association between SIBO and complications of AP was also assessed. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients with severe AP (SAP), seven (25.92%) developed SIBO. Of the 86 patients with moderately severe AP (MSAP), 22 (25.58%) developed SIBO. Of the 95 patients with mild AP (MAP), eight (8.42%) developed SIBO. There were significant differences in the rates of SIBO among patients with AP of different severities. Additionally, more severe AP was associated with higher rates of SIBO positivity (P < 0.05). SIBO in patients with AP mainly occurred within 72 h of the onset of AP. The incidence of organ failure was significantly higher in patients with SIBO than in those without (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: SIBO occurs more frequently in patients with MSAP or SAP than in those with MAP, usually ≤ 72 h after AP onset. Additionally, SIBO is associated with organ failure.