Mesoporous MOFs with ROS scavenging capacity for the alleviation of inflammation through inhibiting stimulator of interferon genes to promote diabetic wound healing.

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are the key problems that impede diabetic wound healing. In particular, dressings with ROS scavenging capacity play a crucial role in the process of chronic wound healing. Herein, Zr-based large-pore mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (mesoMOFs) were successfully developed for the construction of spatially organized cascade bioreactors. Natural superoxide dismutase (SOD) and an artificial enzyme were spatially organized in these hierarchical mesoMOFs, forming a cascade antioxidant defense system, and presenting efficient intracellular and extracellular ROS scavenging performance. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the SOD@HMUiO-MnTCPP nanoparticles (S@M@H NPs) significantly accelerated diabetic wound healing. Transcriptomic and western blot results further indicated that the nanocomposite could inhibit fibroblast senescence and ferroptosis as well as the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway activation in macrophages mediated by mitochondrial oxidative stress through ROS elimination. Thus, the biomimetic multi-enzyme cascade catalytic system with spatial ordering demonstrated a high potential for diabetic wound healing, where senescence, ferroptosis, and STING signaling pathways may be potential targets.

Gender potentially affects early postoperative hyponatremia in pituitary adenoma: XGBoost-based predictive modeling.

Purpose: The occurrence of hyponatremia is a prevalent complication following transnasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma surgery, which adversely affects patient prognosis, hospitalization duration, and rehospitalization risk. The primary objective of this study is to strengthen the correlation between clinical factors associated with pituitary adenoma and postoperative hyponatremia. Additionally, the study aims to develop a predictive model for postoperative hyponatremia in patients with pituitary adenoma, with the ultimate goal of establishing a basis for reducing the occurrence of postoperative hyponatremia following surgical interventions. Methods: The chi-square test or Fisher test was employed for nominal data, while the t-test or Mann-Whitney test was utilized for continuous data analysis. In cases where the data exhibited statistical differences, binary logistic analysis was conducted to examine the risk and protective factors associated with postoperative hyponatremia. XGBoost was employed to construct predictive models for hyponatremia in this study. The patients were partitioned into training and test sets, and the most suitable parameters were determined through five-fold cross-validation and subsequently utilized for training on the training set. The discriminatory capability was assessed on the internal validation set. Results and conclusions: Out of the total 280 patients included in this investigation, 82 patients experienced early postoperative hyponatremia. Among these individuals, male gender (P = 0.02, odds ratio = 1.98) was identified as a risk factor for early postoperative hyponatremia, while preoperative chloride levels (P = 0.021, odds ratio = 0.866) and surgery time (P = 0.039, odds ratio = 0.990) were identified as protective factors against postoperative hyponatremia. The XGBoost model exhibited a sensitivity of 94.2%, a specificity of 61.5%, a positive predictive value of 51.6%, a negative predictive value of 96%, and identified male gender, preoperative sodium, and preoperative cortisol as the most significant predictors. Our findings indicate that gender may have influence in the development of early postoperative hyponatremia in patients with pituitary adenomas.

NIFK, a Potential Prognostic and Immunological Biomarker in Pan-- Cancer Analysis, Significantly Regulates Proliferation and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: As a binding protein of Ki67, NIFK plays an important role in the mitosis of cells and is closely related to the progression of specific types of tumors. However, there is still a lack of systematic analysis of NIFK in pan-cancer and insufficient research to explore its role in human tumors. METHODS: We systematically evaluated the pan-cancer expression and mutation of NIFK in human cancers using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) through large-scale bioinformatics analysis. In addition, we explored the pan-cancer immunological characteristics of NIFK, especially in colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD). Furthermore, we used single-cell sequencing to analyze the expression of NIFK in different cells of COAD tissues and performed GO, KEGG, and gene set enrichment analysis of NIFK in COAD. Lastly, we evaluated the effects of NIFK knockdown on the colorectal cancer cell lines in in vitro experiment. RESULTS: We found that NIFK was overexpressed in almost all types of tumors and showed significant prognostic efficacy. Additionally, correlations between NIFK and specific immune features, such as immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, TMB, and MSI, suggest that NIFK may be used to guide immunotherapy. Subsequently, it was found that the expression of NIFK was significantly upregulated in tumor cells through single-cell sequencing analysis, and the NIFK gene was closely associated with tumor progression and immune therapy response. Finally, we further elucidated the role of NIFK in colorectal cancer and found that downregulation of NIFK expression could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of colorectal cancer cells. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that NIFK, as a member of the pan-cancer genes, will serve as a biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for a range of cancer types, providing new insight into precision medicine.

Systems genetics of influenza A virus-infected mice identifies TRIM21 as a critical regulator of pulmonary innate immune response.

Tripartite motif 21 (TRIM21) is a cytosolic Fc receptor that targets antibody-bound, internalized pathogens for destruction. Apart from this intrinsic defense role, TRIM21 is implicated in autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and autophagy. Whether TRIM21 participates in host interactions with influenza A virus (IAV), however, is unknown. By computational modeling of body weight and lung transcriptome data from the BXD parents (C57BL/6 J (B6) and DBA/2 J (D2)) and 41 BXD mouse strains challenged by IAV, we reveal that a Trim21-associated gene network modulates the early host responses to IAV infection. Trim21 transcripts were significantly upregulated in infected mice of both B6 and D2 backgrounds. Its expression was significantly higher in infected D2 than in infected B6 early after infection and significantly correlated with body weight loss. We identified significant trans-eQTL on chromosome 14 that regulates Trim21 expression. Nr1d2 and Il3ra were among the strongest candidate genes. Pathway analysis found Trim21 to be involved in inflammation and immunity related pathways, such as inflammation signaling pathways (TNF, IL-17, and NF-κB), viral detection signaling pathways (NOD-like and RIG-I-like), influenza, and other respiratory viral infections. Knockdown of TRIM21 in human lung epithelial A549 cells significantly augmented IAV-induced expression of IFNB1, IFNL1, CCL5, CXCL10, and IFN-stimulated genes including DDX58 and IFIH1, among others. Our data suggest that a TRIM21-associated gene network is involved in several aspects of inflammation and viral detection mechanisms during IAV infection. We identify and validate TRIM21 as a critical regulator of innate immune responses to IAV in human lung epithelial cells.

18 F-FDG PET/CT Versus 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT in a Case of Isolated Nodal-Type Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma.

ABSTRACT: Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is a rare low-grade sarcoma originating from mesenchymal dendritic cells. We presented 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT findings in a 32-year-old woman with pathologically confirmed nodal-type follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. In this case, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma demonstrated lower uptake with FAPI than FDG.

177 Lu-DOTATATE in the Treatment of Recurrent Pheochromocytoma With Multiple Metastases.

ABSTRACT: The treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma is challenging. We report a case of a woman with recurrent pheochromocytoma with multiple metastases who achieved excellent response after 4 cycles of 177 Lu-DOTATATE therapy. She did not experience any observable adverse effects. Her disease was still stable 6 months after the fourth cycle of treatment.

Photothermal Ferrotherapy - Induced Immunogenic Cell Death via Iron-Based Ternary Chalcogenide Nanoparticles Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly malignant and prone to recurrence and metastasis. Patients with TNBC have limited therapeutic options, often resulting in poor prognosis. Some new treatments for TNBC have been considered in the past decade, such as immunotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and ferroptosis therapy, that allow the rapid and minimally invasive ablation of cancer. However, a multifunctional nanodrug system with more potent efficacy for TNBC is still needed. The use of iron-based ternary chalcogenide nanoparticles (NPs), namely AgFeS2 , is reported, which synergistically combines photothermal therapy, ferrotherapy, and immunotherapy in one system for the treatment of TNBC. AgFeS2 possesses excellent photothermal conversion performance for tumor near-infrared (NIR) phototherapy. Upon photoirradiation, these NPs generate heat, accelerate the release of iron ions, and effectively catalyze the Fenton reaction, resulting in cell apoptosis and ferroptosis. Additionally, AgFeS2 promotes the release of tumor-specific antigens and triggers an immune response via immunogenic cell death (ICD), thereby providing unique synergistic mechanisms for cancer therapy. The present study demonstrates the great potential of iron-based ternary chalcogenide as a new therapeutic platform for a combination of photothermal therapy, ferrotherapy, and immunotherapy for the suppression of TNBC.

68 Ga-FAPI and 18 F-FDG PET/CT in Intravenous Leiomyomatosis.

ABSTRACT: Intravenous (IV) leiomyomatosis is a rare IV disease. Our case presents 68 Ga-FAPI and 18 F-FDG PET/CT findings of IV leiomyomatosis in a 37-year-old woman. Intravenous leiomyomatosis shows only mild FDG but intense 68 Ga-FAPI activity on PET/CT studies. In this case, 68 Ga-FAPI was superior to 18 F-FDG PET/CT in detecting IV leiomyomatosis.

Comparison of 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT in a Patient With Hepatic Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasm.

ABSTRACT: The prevalence of hepatic perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm (PEComa) is extremely low, and imaging diagnosis is very difficult. We presented 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT findings in a 58-year-old woman with pathologically confirmed hepatic PEComa. The tumor showed intense 68 Ga-FAPI uptake but only mild 18 F-FDG activity on PET/CT studies. This case suggested that 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT might be a useful tool for evaluation of hepatic PEComa with remarkable tumor-to-liver ratios.

Sequencing and analysis of micro RNAs in camel milk exosomes.

In order to study the species and functions of micro (mi)RNAs in the exosomes of camel milk, non-coding small (s)RNAs were sequenced and identified by Illumina sequencing technology, and the miRNA fraction was analysed by bioinformatics. After quality control, the average length of sRNA of camel milk exosomes was 18-24 nucleotides. A total of 2,659 miRNAs were identified, including 2,458 known, and 201 new miRNAs. Among the known miRNAs, miR-148a and let-7i had the highest expression levels. The results of gene ontology enrichment analysis indicated that the target genes of camel milk exosome miRNAs were involved in multicellular organismal, catabolic and other biological processes. They play role in the extracellular region, in the cytoskeleton and other cell components, in protein binding, but also have structural molecule activity and other molecular functions. According to the results of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, the target genes of camel milk exosome miRNAs are involved in Alzheimer's disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Staphylococcus aureus infection and other pathological pathways. We speculate that the reported beneficial effect of camel milk in various pathologic conditions may be closely related to the regulatory function of the exosomal miRNAs exerted on target genes of the diseases.

The nucleus accumbens functional connectivity in patients with insomnia using resting-state fMRI.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the functional abnormalities between the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the whole brain in individuals with Insomnia Disorder (ID) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Additionally, the study aimed to explore the underlying neural mechanisms of ID. Methods: We enrolled 18 participants with ID and 16 normal controls (NC). Resting-state functional connectivity (FC) between the NAc and the whole brain voxels was calculated and compared between the two groups to identify differential brain region. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed to assess the ability of differential features to distinguish between groups. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between neurocognitive scores and differential features. Results: The ID group exhibited significantly reduced FC values in several brain regions, including the right supplementary motor area, the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, the bilateral median cingulate and paracingulate gyri and the left precuneus. The area under the curve (AUC) of the classification model based on FC in these brain regions was 83.3%. Additionally, the abnormal functional changes observed in ID patients were positively correlated with the Fatigue Severity Scale (R = 0.650, p = 0.004). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the NAc may play a crucial role in the diagnosis of ID and could serve as a potential imaging biomarker, providing insights into the underlying neural mechanisms of the disorder.

Silk fibroin-gelatin photo-crosslinked 3D-bioprinted hydrogel with MOF-methylene blue nanoparticles for infected wound healing.

Photo-crosslinked hydrogel (PH) is an outstanding candidate for three-dimensional (3D) printing as a wound dressing because of its high efficiency in crosslinking and injectability. In this study, methylene blue (MB)-loaded UiO-66(Ce) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized to prevent drug self-aggregation and achieve the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect for efficient antibacterial action. Then, a composite photocrosslinked silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin hydrogel loaded with MB@UiO-66(Ce) NPs (MB@UiO-66(Ce)/PH) was fabricated. The printability and the improvement of the mechanical properties of the hydrogel by the NPs were clarified. The hydrogel exhibited good biocompatibility and promoted the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts. With the PDT effect of MB@UiO-66(Ce) NPs, the hydrogel showed an excellent antibacterial effect, which became more pronounced as the concentration increased. In vivo study showed that the MB@UiO-66(Ce)/PH could fill the defects without gaps and accelerate the repair rate of full-thickness skin defects in mice. The MB@UiO-66(Ce)/PH with antibacterial properties and tissue healing-promoting ability provides a new strategy involving 3D bioprinting for preparing wound dressings.

Individual Proportion Loss of Functional Connectivity Strength: A Novel Individual Functional Connectivity Biomarker for Subjective Cognitive Decline Populations.

High individual variation in the subjective cognitive decline (SCD) population makes functional connectivity (FC) biomarkers unstable. This study proposed a novel individual FC index, named individual proportion loss of functional connectivity strength (IPLFCS), and explored potential biomarkers for SCD using this new index. We proposed an IPLFCS analysis framework and compared it with traditional FC in Chinese and Western cohorts. Post hoc tests were used to determine biomarkers. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between neuropsychological scores or cortical amyloid deposits and IPLFCS biomarkers. Receiver operating characteristic curves were utilized to evaluate the ability of potential biomarkers to distinguish between groups. IPLFCS of the left middle temporal gyrus (LMTG) was identified as a potential biomarker. The IPLFC was correlated with the traditional FC (r = 0.956, p < 0.001; r = 0.946, p < 0.001) and cortical amyloid deposition (r = -0.245, p = 0.029; r = -0.185, p = 0.048) in both cohorts. Furthermore, the IPLFCS decreased across the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Its diagnostic efficiency was superior to that of existing fMRI biomarkers. These findings suggest that IPLFCS of the LMTG could be a potential biomarker of SCD.

Accuracy of Gallium-68 Pentixafor Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography for Subtyping Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism.

Importance: Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the recommended procedure for subtyping primary aldosteronism (PA) as unilateral PA (UPA) or bilateral PA (BPA), with different treatment needed for each: adrenalectomy for UPA and medication for BPA. However, AVS is invasive and technically difficult, and how to subtype PA noninvasively is currently a great challenge. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of gallium-68 pentixafor positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) in subtyping PA using AVS as a reference standard. Design, Setting, and Participants: This diagnostic study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in China among patients diagnosed with PA. Enrollment was started in November 2021, with follow-up ending in May 2022. Exposures: : Patients were recruited to undergo gallium-68 pentixafor PET-CT and AVS. Main Outcomes and Measures: Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of each adrenal gland during PET-CT was measured to calculate the lateralization index of SUVmax. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), specificity, and sensitivity were used to analyze the accuracy of the lateralization index based on SUVmax for subtyping PA. Results: Among 100 patients with PA who completed the study (47 female [47.0%] and 53 male [53.0%]; median [IQR] age, 49 [38-56] years), 43 individuals had UPA and 57 individuals had BPA. Aldosterone-cortisol ratio (Spearman ρ = 0.26; P < .001) in adrenal veins was positively correlated with SUVmax of adrenal glands at 10 minutes during PET-CT. Using lateralization index based on SUVmax at 10 minutes to identify UPA, the AUROC was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.97). A cutoff value for lateralization index based on SUVmax at 10 minutes set at 1.65 conferred a specificity of 1.00 (95% CI, 0.94-1.00) and sensitivity of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.61-0.88). The diagnostic concordance rate of PET-CT and AVS was 90 patients (90.0%) compared with 54 patients (54.0%) between traditional CT and AVS. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found good diagnostic accuracy of gallium-68 pentixafor PET-CT in differentiating UPA from BPA. These findings suggest that gallium-68 pentixafor PET-CT may be used to avoid invasive AVS in some patients with PA.

Increased 68 Ga-FAPI Activity in Benign Pulmonary Nodules.

ABSTRACT: A 68-year-old man who had recently been diagnosed with pulmonary nodules underwent both 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Both studies showed increased uptake in pulmonary nodules, which are suspected to be malignant. However, based on the histopathological findings after surgery, this is ultimately diagnosed as a benign pulmonary nodule. Our case suggests that pulmonary nodules with intense 68 Ga-FAPI uptake may be benign as well.

Identification of subjective cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease using multimodal MRI combining with machine learning.

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a preclinical asymptomatic stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accurate diagnosis of SCD represents the greatest challenge for current clinical practice. The multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of 7 brain networks and 90 regions of interests from Chinese and ANDI cohorts were calculated. Machine learning (ML) methods based on support vector machine (SVM) were used to classify SCD plus and normal control. To assure the robustness of ML model, above analyses were repeated in amyloid ß (Aß) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 subgroups. We found that the accuracy of the proposed multimodal SVM method achieved 79.49% and 83.13%, respectively, in Chinese and ANDI cohorts for the diagnosis of the SCD plus individuals. Furthermore, adding Aß pathology and ApoE ɛ4 genotype information can further improve the accuracy to 85.36% and 82.52%. More importantly, the classification model exhibited the robustness in the crossracial cohorts and different subgroups, which outperforms any single and 2 modalities. The study indicates that multimodal MRI imaging combining with ML classification method yields excellent and powerful performances at categorizing SCD due to AD, suggesting potential for clinical utility.

In Vivo Tau Burden Is Associated with Abnormal Brain Functional Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease: A 18F-Florzolotau Study.

PURPOSE: 18F-Florzolotau is a novel second-generation tau radiotracer that shows higher binding affinity and selectivity and no off-target binding. The proportion loss of functional connectivity strength (PLFCS) is a new indicator for representing brain functional connectivity (FC) alteration. This study aims to estimate the relationship between the regional tau accumulation and brain FC abnormality in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients based on Florzolotau PET and fMRI. METHODS: 22 NC (normal control), 31 MCI and 42 AD patients who have already been scanned with 18F-Florzolotau PET were recruited in this study. (We calculated the PLFCS and standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) of each node based on the Brainnetome atlas (BNA) template. The SUVR of 246 brain regions was calculated with the cerebellum as the reference region. Further functional connection strength (FCs), PLFCS and SUVR of each brain region were obtained in three groups for comparison.) For each patient, PLFCS and standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) were calculated based on the Brainnetome atlas (BNA) template. These results, as well as functional connection strength (FCs), were then compared between different groups. Multiple permutation tests were used to determine the target nodes between NC and cognitive impairment (CI) groups (MCI and AD). The relationship between PLFCS and neuropsychological scores or cortical tau deposit was investigated via Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: Higher PLFCS and FCs in AD and MCI groups were found compared to the NC group. The PLFCS of 129 brain regions were found to be different between NC and CI groups, and 8 of them were correlated with tau SUVR, including superior parietal lobule (MCI: r = 0.4360, p = 0.0260, AD: r = -0.3663, p = 0.0280), middle frontal gyrus (AD: MFG_R_7_2: r = 0.4106, p = 0.0129; MFG_R_7_5: r = 0.4239, p = 0.0100), inferior frontal gyrus (AD: IFG_R_6_2: r = 0.3589, p = 0.0316), precentral gyrus (AD: PrG_R_6_6: r = 0.3493, p = 0.0368), insular gyrus (AD: INS_R_6_3: r = 0.3496, p = 0.0366) and lateral occipital cortex (AD: LOcC _L_4_3: r = -0.3433, p = 0.0404). Noteworthily, the opposing relationship was found in the superior parietal lobule in the MCI and AD groups. CONCLUSIONS: Brain functional connectivity abnormality is correlated with tau pathology in AD and MCI.

Using Deep Learning Radiomics to Distinguish Cognitively Normal Adults at Risk of Alzheimer's Disease From Normal Control: An Exploratory Study Based on Structural MRI.

Objectives: We proposed a novel deep learning radiomics (DLR) method to distinguish cognitively normal adults at risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from normal control based on T1-weighted structural MRI images. Methods: In this study, we selected MRI data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Database (ADNI), which included 417 cognitively normal adults. These subjects were divided into 181 individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease (preAD group) and 236 normal control individuals (NC group) according to standard uptake ratio >1.18 calculated by amyloid Positron Emission Tomography (PET). We further divided the preaAD group into APOE+ and APOE- subgroups according to whether APOE ε4 was positive or not. All data sets were divided into one training/validation group and one independent test group. The proposed DLR method included three steps: (1) the pre-training of basic deep learning (DL) models, (2) the extraction, selection and fusion of DLR features, and (3) classification. The support vector machine (SVM) was used as the classifier. In the comparative experiments, we compared our proposed DLR method with three existing models: hippocampal model, clinical model, and traditional radiomics model. Ten-fold cross-validation was performed with 100 time repetitions. Results: The DLR method achieved the best classification performance between preAD and NC than other models with an accuracy of 89.85% ± 1.12%. In comparison, the accuracies of the other three models were 72.44% ± 1.37%, 82.00% ± 4.09% and 79.65% ± 2.21%. In addition, the DLR model also showed the best classification performance (85.45% ± 9.04% and 92.80% ± 2.61%) in the subgroup experiment. Conclusion: The results showed that the DLR method provided a potentially clinical value to distinguish preAD from NC.

5-Methylcytosine-Related Long Noncoding RNAs Are Potential Biomarkers to Predict Overall Survival and Regulate Tumor-Immune Environment in Patients with Bladder Cancer.

The role of 5-methylcytosine-related long noncoding RNAs (m5C-lncRNAs) in bladder cancer (BLCA) remains unclear. Here, we aim to study the prognostic value, gene expression characteristics, and correlation between the m5C-lncRNA risk model and the tumor microenvironment, immune infiltration, and tumor mutations in BLCA. After collecting BLCA patient RNA sequence transcriptome data, clinical information and mutation data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, 17 m5C-related lncRNAs independently correlated with OS were obtained by Lasso and multivariate Cox regression analysis, and a risk model was constructed. Univariate Cox, multivariate Cox regression analysis, and the C-index curve proved that the risk model was a significant independent prognostic indicator for patients with BLCA. ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT indicated that the higher the number of immune cells and stromal cells in TME, the higher the prognostic risk. We found that in the low-risk group, the expression levels of immune cells that predicted a good prognosis were higher, including plasma cells, regulatory T cells, and CD 8 T cells. There is a negative correlation between TMB and risk score. The TMB of the low-risk group is significantly higher than that of the high-risk group. In conclusion, the m5C-related risk model is crucial to predict the prognosis of patients with BLCA.