RBM5 induces motor neuron apoptosis in hSOD1G93A-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by inhibiting Rac1/AKT pathways.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder distinguished by gradual depletion of motor neurons. RNA binding motif protein 5 (RBM5), an abundantly expressed RNA-binding protein, plays a critical role in the process of cellular death. However, little is known about the role of RBM5 in the pathogenesis of ALS. Here, we found that RBM5 was upregulated in ALS hSOD1G93A-NSC34 cell models and hSOD1G93A mice due to a reduction of miR-141-5p. The upregulation of RBM5 increased the apoptosis of motor neurons by inhibiting Rac1-mediated neuroprotection. In contrast, genetic knockdown of RBM5 rescued motor neurons from hSOD1G93A-induced degeneration by activating Rac1 signaling. The neuroprotective effect of RBM5-knockdown was significantly inhibited by the Rac1 inhibitor, NSC23766. These findings suggest that RBM5 could potentially serve as a therapeutic target in ALS by activating the Rac1 signalling.

External validation of a novel nomogram for diagnosis of Protein Energy Wasting in adult hemodialysis patients.

Background: Protein Energy Wasting (PEW) has high incidence in adult hemodialysis patients and refers to a state of decreased protein and energy substance. It has been demonstrated that PEW highly affects the quality of survival and increases the risk of death. Nevertheless, its diagnostic criteria are complex in clinic. To simplify the diagnosis method of PEW in adult hemodialysis patients, we previously established a novel clinical prediction model that was well-validated internally using bootstrapping. In this multicenter cross-sectional study, we aimed to externally validate this nomogram in a new cohort of adult hemodialysis patients. Methods: The novel prediction model was built by combining four independent variables with part of the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) diagnostic criteria including albumin, total cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI). We evaluated the performance of the new model using discrimination (Concordance Index), calibration plots, and Clinical Impact Curve to assess its predictive utility. Results: From September 1st, 2022 to August 31st, 2023, 1,158 patients were screened in five medical centers in Shanghai. 622 (53.7%) hemodialysis patients were included for analysis. The PEW predictive model was acceptable discrimination with the area under the curve of 0.777 (95% CI 0.741-0.814). Additionally, the model revealed well-fitted calibration curves. The McNemar test showed the novel model had similar diagnostic efficacy with the gold standard diagnostic method (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our results from this cross-sectional external validation study further demonstrate that the novel model is a valid tool to identify PEW in adult hemodialysis patients effectively.

Variations in the LINGO2 and GLIS3 Genes and Gene-Environment Interactions Increase Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Risk in Chinese Women.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been found to be a common complication in pregnant women, known to escalate the risk of negative obstetric outcomes. In our study, we genotyped 1,566 Chinese pregnant women for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LINGO2 gene and one SNP in the GLIS3 gene, utilizing targeted next-generation sequencing. The impact of two interacting genes, and the interaction of genes with the environment─including exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and variations in prepregnancy body mass index (BMI)─on the incidence of GDM were analyzed using logistic regression. Our findings identify the variants LINGO2 rs10968576 (P = 0.022, OR = 1.224) and rs1412239 (P = 0.018, OR = 1.231), as well as GLIS3 rs10814916 (P = 0.028, OR = 1.172), as risk mutations significantly linked to increased susceptibility to GDM. Further analysis underscores the crucial role of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in the development of GDM among Chinese women (P < 0.05). Particularly, the individuals carrying the rs10968576 G-rs1412239 G-rs10814916 C haplotype exhibit increased susceptibility to GDM during the prepregnancy period when interacting with PM2.5, O3, and BMI (P = 8.004 × 10-7, OR = 1.206; P = 6.3264 × 10-11, OR = 1.280; P = 9.928 × 10-7, OR = 1.334, respectively). In conclusion, our research emphasizes the importance of the interaction between specific gene variations─LINGO2 and GLIS3─and environmental factors in influencing GDM risk. Notably, we found significant associations between these gene variations and GDM risk across various environmental exposure periods.

FLNA overexpression promotes papillary thyroid cancer aggression via the FAK/AKT signaling pathway.

Background: Filamin A (FLNA) is a member of the filamin family and has been found to be critical for the progression of several cancers. However, its biological function in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains largely unexplored. Methods: Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were utilized to analyze the FLNA expression level and its influence on the clinical implications of patients with PTC. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression levels of FLNA in PTC. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of FLNA in PTC. Transwell assays and wound healing were performed to examine the biological function of FLNA knockdown in PTC cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Western blotting were conducted to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the role of FLNA in PTC progression. In addition, the relationship between FLNA expression and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) in PTC was explored. Results: FLNA was significantly upregulated in PTC tissues. High expression levels of FLNA was correlated with advanced TNM stage, T stage, and N stage, as well as poor disease-free interval (DFI) and progression-free interval (PFI) time in PTC patients. Moreover, we found that FLNA knockdown inhibited the migration and invasion of PTC cells. Mechanistically, FLNA knockdown inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PTC and affected the activation of the FAK/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, FLNA expression was associated with TME in PTC. Conclusion: FLNA may be regarded as a new therapeutic target for PTC patients.

Discovery and validation of molecular patterns and immune characteristics in the peripheral blood of ischemic stroke patients.

Background: Stroke is a disease with high morbidity, disability, and mortality. Immune factors play a crucial role in the occurrence of ischemic stroke (IS), but their exact mechanism is not clear. This study aims to identify possible immunological mechanisms by recognizing immune-related biomarkers and evaluating the infiltration pattern of immune cells. Methods: We downloaded datasets of IS patients from GEO, applied R language to discover differentially expressed genes, and elucidated their biological functions using GO, KEGG analysis, and GSEA analysis. The hub genes were then obtained using two machine learning algorithms (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE)) and the immune cell infiltration pattern was revealed by CIBERSORT. Gene-drug target networks and mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory networks were constructed using Cytoscape. Finally, we used RT-qPCR to validate the hub genes and applied logistic regression methods to build diagnostic models validated with ROC curves. Results: We screened 188 differentially expressed genes whose functional analysis was enriched to multiple immune-related pathways. Six hub genes (ANTXR2, BAZ2B, C5AR1, PDK4, PPIH, and STK3) were identified using LASSO and SVM-RFE. ANTXR2, BAZ2B, C5AR1, PDK4, and STK3 were positively correlated with neutrophils and gamma delta T cells, and negatively correlated with T follicular helper cells and CD8, while PPIH showed the exact opposite trend. Immune infiltration indicated increased activity of monocytes, macrophages M0, neutrophils, and mast cells, and decreased infiltration of T follicular helper cells and CD8 in the IS group. The ceRNA network consisted of 306 miRNA-mRNA interacting pairs and 285 miRNA-lncRNA interacting pairs. RT-qPCR results indicated that the expression levels of BAZ2B, C5AR1, PDK4, and STK3 were significantly increased in patients with IS. Finally, we developed a diagnostic model based on these four genes. The AUC value of the model was verified to be 0.999 in the training set and 0.940 in the validation set. Conclusion: Our research explored the immune-related gene expression modules and provided a specific basis for further study of immunomodulatory therapy of IS.

Sodium-alginate-based indicator film containing a hydrophobic nanosilica layer for monitoring fish freshness.

In this study, hydrophobic sodium alginate/anthocyanin/cellulose nanocrystal indicator films were fabricated by incorporating nanosilica (NS) as a waterproofing layer. The concentrations and formation methods (spraying (S), coating (C), and impregnation (I)) of the NS layer (denoted as NSS, NSC, NSI, respectively) were optimized. The results indicated that the optimum concentration of the NS layer was 5 % at a water contact angle (WCA) 110.5°. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the presence of SiOSi and SiCH3 groups in the NSS, NSC, and NSI films, and X-ray diffraction spectra indicated that original structures of these films were disordered. Moreover, the surface morphology, mechanical properties, and light transmission were affected by the NS layer, and the optimal layer was found to be NSI. After 10 days of storage at 100 % humidity, the NSI film exhibited low water vapor adsorption (37.22 g) and permeability (0.1484 g/m·s·Pa·10-11) and a high WCA (110.2°). In addition, the NSI film exhibited a visible color shift with an increasing pH of the buffer solution. A monitoring test of fish freshness showed that the NSI film displayed a distinctive color change corresponding to fish spoilage during 14 days of storage. This indicates that NSI has high potential in indicator film applications.

Roflupram alleviates autophagy defects and reduces mutant hSOD1-induced motor neuron damage in cell and mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and incurable disease involving motor neuron (MN) degeneration and is characterized by ongoing myasthenia and amyotrophia in adults. Most ALS patients die of respiratory muscle paralysis after an average of 3-5 years. Defective autophagy in MNs is considered an important trigger of ALS pathogenesis. Roflupram (ROF) was demonstrated to activate autophagy in microglial cells and exert protective effects against Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, our research aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of ROF in treating ALS both in vivo and in vitro. We found that ROF could delay disease onset and prolong the survival of hSOD1-G93A transgenic mice. Moreover, ROF protected MNs in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, activated the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway, increased autophagic flow, and reduced SOD1 aggregation. In an NSC34 cell line stably transfected with hSOD1-G93A, ROF protected against cellular damage caused by hSOD1-G93A. Moreover, we have demonstrated that ROF inhibited gliosis in ALS model mice. Collectively, our study suggested that ROF is neuroprotective in ALS models and the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target in ALS, which increases autophagic flow and reduces SOD1 aggregation.

Loss of STARD13 contributes to aggressive phenotype transformation and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

PURPOSE: StAR Related Lipid Transfer Domain Containing 13 (STARD13) serves as a tumor suppressor and has been characterized in several types of malignancies. However, the role and the molecular mechanism of STARD13 in regulating the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remain underexplored. METHODS: The gene expression and clinical information of thyroid cancer were downloaded using "TCGAbiolinks" R package. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining were conducted to detect the expression of STARD13 in clinical tumor and adjacent non-tumor samples. Wound-healing assay, Transwell assay and 3D spheroid invasion assay were performed to evaluate the migratory and invasive capacities of PTC cells. Cell proliferation ability was determined by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay. The alterations of indicated proteins were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: In the present study, we found that STARD13 was significantly underexpressed in PTC, which was correlated with poor prognosis. Downregulation of STARD13 might be due to methylation of promoter region. Loss-and gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that STARD13 impeded migratory and invasive capacities of PTC cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that STARD13 regulated the morphology of PTC cells and inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that STARD13 acts as a metastasis suppressor and might be a potential therapeutic target in PTC.

Chlorogenic acid inhibits porcine deltacoronavirus release by targeting apoptosis.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), belonging to family Coronaviridae, genus Deltacoronavirus, can cause acute diarrhea in piglets, and also possesses cross-species transmission potential, leading to severe economic losses and threatening public health. However, no approved drug against PDCoV infection is available. Here, we investigated the antiviral effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA), the main active component of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, against PDCoV infection. The results showed that CGA inhibited the replication of PDCoV significantly both in LLC-PK1 and ST cells, with a selectivity index greater than 80. CGA decreased the synthesis of PDCoV viral RNA and protein, and viral titers in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the time-of-addition assay indicated that CGA mainly affected the early stage of virus replication and viral release. Moreover, CGA significantly reduced apoptosis caused by PDCoV infection, and the application of apoptosis agonist and inhibitor revealed that apoptosis could promote progeny virus release. Further study demonstrated that CGA can inhibit virus release by directly targeting apoptosis caused by PDCoV infection. In conclusion, CGA is an effective agent against PDCoV, which provides a foundation for drug development for the treatment of PDCoV and other coronavirus infections.

Researches of calcium-activated chloride channel ANO1 intervening amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression by activating EGFR and CaMKII signaling.

BACKGROUND: ANO1 is closely correlated with the activation of EGFR and CaMKII, while EGFR and CaMKII show low activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) models. Therefore, we designed experiments to verify that ANO1 may play a protective role on motor neurons in ALS by activating EGFR and CaMKII. METHODS: The expression changes of ANO1, EGFR, CaMKII, pEGFR, and pCaMKII, cell survival status, and apoptosis were studied by western blot, real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, CCK-8, and flow cytometry. The role of ANO1 in the ALS model by activating EGFR and CaMKII was studied by applying corresponding activators, inhibitors, gene silencing, and overexpression. RESULTS: In hSOD1G93A transgenic animals and cell lines, low expression of ANO1 and low activation of EGFR and CaMKII were identified. ANO1 expression decreased gradually with the progression of ALS. Overexpression of ANO1 in the hSOD1G93A cell line and primary neurons of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice increased cell viability and decreased cell apoptosis. After the application of ANO1 inhibitor CaCC-inhA01 in hSOD1G93A cell line and primary neurons of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice, EGFR activator EGF and CaMKII activator Carbachol, increased cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis. After ANO1 was overexpressed in the hSOD1G93A cell line and primary neurons of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice, EGFR inhibitor AEE788 and CaMKII inhibitor KN93 decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that ANO1 plays an important role in the survival of ALS motor neurons. ANO1 can increase cell activity and reduce apoptosis by activating EGFR and CaMKII signals.

Do metabolic factors increase the risk of thyroid cancer? a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Epidemiological studies emphasize the link between metabolic factors and thyroid cancer. Using Mendelian randomization (MR), we assessed the possible causal impact of metabolic factors on thyroid cancer for the first time. Methods: Summary statistics for metabolic factors and thyroid cancer were obtained from published Genome-wide association studies. The causal relationships were assessed using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary method through a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis. To account for the potential existence of horizontal pleiotropy, four additional methods were employed, including Mendelian Randomization-Egger (MR-Egger), weighted median method (WM), simple mode, and weighted mode method. Given the presence of interactions between metabolic factors, a multivariable MR analysis was subsequently conducted. Results: The results showed there was a genetic link between HDL level and protection effect of thyroid cancer using IVW (OR= 0.75, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 0.60-0.93, p=0.01) and MR-Egger method (OR= 0.70, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 0.50- 0.97, p=0.03). The results remained robust in multivariable MR analysis for the genetic link between HDL level and protection effect of thyroid cancer (OR= 0.74, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 0.55-0.99, p=0.04). Conclusions: This study suggests a protection role for HDL on thyroid cancer. The study findings provide evidence for the public health suggestion for thyroid cancer prevention. HDL's potential as a pharmacological target needs further validation.

Formation of advanced glycation end products of chicken breast meat induced by freeze-thaw cycles and subsequent cooking.

The impacts of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles and cooking on the basic composition, protein and lipid oxidation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) of chicken breasts were studied. During F-T cycles, the moisture and protein contents of raw and cooked chicken breasts decreased, and protein and lipid oxidation occurred, increasing carbonyl and TBARS contents. Meanwhile, the contents of methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and hydroxymethylfurfural in raw meat increased by 2.27, 2.27, and 5 times, respectively, whereas glyoxal and hydroxymethylfurfural contents increased by 2.73 and 3 times, respectively, after cooking as F-T cycles increased. The formation of carboxymethyl lysine, pentosidine, and fluorescent AGEs in cooked samples was confirmed using an ELISA kit and fluorescent intensity. The study also revealed that AGEs contents of chicken meat were negatively correlated with moisture contents and positively correlated with carbonyl and TBARS levels. Therefore, F-T cycles and subsequent cooking promoted AGEs formation in cooked meat.

Value of retrograde pulmonary vein perfusion combined with pulmonary artery thrombectomy in acute pulmonary embolism: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Acute pulmonary embolism is a serious cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Surgery is an important therapeutic means. The traditional surgical method is pulmonary artery embolectomy with cardiopulmonary bypass, but there is a certain recurrence rate after surgery. Some scholars use retrograde pulmonary vein perfusion as an adjunct to conventional pulmonary artery embolectomy. However, whether this method can be used safely for acute pulmonary embolism and its long-term effects remains unclear. Therefore, we plan to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether retrograde pulmonary vein perfusion combined with pulmonary artery thrombectomy can be safely used in acute pulmonary embolism. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will search key databases (Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China Science and Technology Journals and Wanfang) for studies on acute pulmonary embolism treated with retrograde pulmonary vein perfusion from January 2002 to December 2022. The useful information will be consolidated into a piloting spreadsheet. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool will be used to assess the bias. Data will be synthesised and heterogeneity will be evaluated. The dichotomous variables will be determined by using risk ratio with 95% CI, and weighted mean differences (with 95% CI) or standardised mean differences (95% CI) will be used for continuous variables. Χ2 test and I2 test will be used to assess the statistical heterogeneity. Meta-analysis will be conducted when strong homogeneous data are accessible. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Approval of the ethics committee is not needed for this review. While results will be disseminated electronically, effective dissemination will be done through presentations and peer-reviewed publication. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022345812; pre-results.

Steroidogenic factor 1 protects mice from obesity-induced glucose intolerance via improving glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by beta cells.

As a potential druggable nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) regulates obesity and insulin resistance in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Herein, we sought to demonstrate its expression and functions in islets in the development of obesity-induced diabetes. SF1 was barely detected in the beta cells of lean mice but highly expressed in those of non-diabetic obese mice, while decreased in diabetic ones. Conditional deletion of SF1 in beta cells predisposed diet-induced obese (DIO) mice to glucose intolerance by perturbing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Consistently, forced expression of SF1 restored favorable glucose homeostasis in DIO and db/db mice by improving GSIS. In isolated islets and MIN6, overexpression of SF1 also potentiated GSIS, mediated by improvement of mitochondrial ATP production. The underlying mechanisms may involve oxidative phosphorylation and lipid metabolism. Collectively, SF1 in beta cell preserves GSIS to promote beta-cell adaptation to obesity and hence is a potential therapeutic target for obesity-induced diabetes.

Inhibiting microRNA-142-5p improves learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease rats via targeted regulation of the PTPN1-mediated Akt pathway.

OBJECTIVE: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as possible biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). MiR-142-5p has been reported to be abnormally expressed in brain tissues. However, the role of miR-142-5p in AD pathogenesis keeps unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of miR-142-5p on the learning and memory of AD rats via regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 1 (PTPN1)-mediated protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. METHODS: The AD model was established by injection of Aß1-42 oligomer once into the lateral ventricle of rats, and the spatial learning and memory ability of rats was measured. AD rats were injected with miR-142-5p or PTPN1 vectors to explore their functions in inflammation, Aß, p-tau protein, apoptosis in brain tissues, and the effects on Akt pathway. The targeting relationship between miR-142-5p and PTPN1 was detected. RESULTS: Overexpressed miR-142-5p, down-regulated PTPN1 and inactivated Akt pathway were exhibited in AD. MiR-142-5p targeted PTPN1 to mediate Akt pathway. Reduced miR-142-5p and elevated PTPN1 improved the behavior of AD rats. MiR-142-5p targeted PTPN1 to effectively inhibit Aß formation and abnormal phosphorylation of p-tau protein, suppress the inflammation in the brain tissues of AD rat, and improve the survival rate of brain tissue cells. MiR-142-5p regulated PTPN1 to activate the Akt pathway, further inhibiting the apoptosis of brain neurons in AD rats. CONCLUSION: Down-regulating miR-142-5p targets PTPN1 to activate Akt pathway, thus improving the learning and memory of AD rats and playing an anti-AD role.

SPY1 inhibits neuronal ferroptosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by reducing lipid peroxidation through regulation of GCH1 and TFR1.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death with the accumulation of lipid peroxidation and dysfunction of antioxidant systems. As the critical regulator, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) has been demonstrated to be down-regulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the mechanism of ferroptosis in ALS remains unclear. In this research, bioinformatics analysis revealed a high correlation between ALS, ferroptosis, and Speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member A (SPY1). Lipid peroxidation of ferroptosis in hSOD1G93A cells and mice was generated by TFR1-imported excess free iron, decreased GSH, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, upregulated ALOX15, and inactivation of GCH1, GPX4. SPY1 is a "cyclin-like" protein that has been proved to enhance the viability of hSOD1G93A cells by inhibiting DNA damage. In our study, the decreased expression of SPY1 in ALS was resulted from unprecedented ubiquitination degradation mediated by MDM2 (a nuclear-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase). Further, SPY1 was identified as a novel ferroptosis suppressor via alleviating lipid peroxidation produced by dysregulated GCH1/BH4 axis (a resistance axis of ferroptosis) and transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFR1)-induced iron. Additionally, neuron-specific overexpression of SPY1 significantly delayed the occurrence and prolonged the survival in ALS transgenic mice through the above two pathways. These results suggest that SPY1 is a novel target for both ferroptosis and ALS.

MCM8-mediated mitophagy protects vascular health in response to nitric oxide signaling in a mouse model of Kawasaki disease.

Mitophagy is a major quality control pathway that removes unwanted or dysfunctional mitochondria and plays an essential role in vascular health. Here we show that MCM8 expression is significantly decreased in children with Kawasaki disease (KD) who developed coronary artery aneurysms. Mechanistically, we discovered that nitric oxide signaling promotes TRIM21-mediated MCM8 ubiquitination, which disrupts its interaction with MCM9 and promotes its cytosolic export. In the cytosol, MCM8 relocates to the mitochondria pore-forming proteins and promotes their ubiquitination by TRIM21. In addition, MCM8 directly recruits LC3 via its LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif and initiates mitophagy. This suppresses mitochondrial DNA-mediated activation of type I interferon via cGAS and STING. Mice that are deficient in Mcm8, Trim21 and Nos2 or reconstituted with the East-Asian-specific MCM8-P276 variant develop more severe coronary artery vasculopathy in the Lactobacillus casei extract-induced KD model. Collectively, the data suggest that MCM8 protects vascular health in the KD setting.