Optimal modalities and doses of mind-body exercise for depressive symptoms in adults: A systematic review of paired analyses, network analyses and dose-response meta-analyses.

The relative efficacy of various mind-body exercises in the treatment of depressive symptoms remains uncertain. We examined the optimal modalities (Tai Chi, qigong, yoga) and dose of mind-body exercise to improve depressive symptoms in adults. A systematic search of six electronic databases for randomized controlled trials on the relationship between exercise and depression was carried out, encompassing data from their inception up to November 2023. Pairwise analyses, network analyses and dose-response meta-analyses using random-effects models were performed to analyse the effect of exercise on depression. Forty studies were included. Results showed that Yoga [standardised mean difference (SMD) = -0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): (-0.76, -0.35)] was the most effective form of exercise for improving depressive symptoms, followed by Qigong (SMD = -0.52; 95%CI: -0.92, -0.11) and Tai Chi exercise (SMD = -0.42; 95%CI: -0.71, -0.13). In addition, a non-linear dose-response relationship was found between overall mind-body exercise dose and depression levels and a significant response was observed after 260 METs-min. Our study examined the effectiveness of different types of mind-body exercise in improving depression and found that yoga may be the most effective adjunctive intervention. There was a non-linear dose-response relationship between total exercise and depression levels. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting and applying these results.

Psychotherapies for prolonged grief disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a condition characterized by severe, persistent, and disabling grief, is newly included in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Psychotherapies are among the most recommended treatments for PGD, but which should be considered as first-line treatment needs to be clarified. The purpose of this systematic review and network meta-analysis was to synthesize the available evidence to compare five outcomes of different psychotherapies on PGD in adults and identify the optimal psychotherapy modality to inform clinical decision-making for the treatment of PGD. METHOD: A comprehensive search was conducted in 7 databases from inception until March 20th, 2023. In the frequentist framework, pairwise and network meta-analyses using random-effects models were performed for outcomes with 95 % confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: There were 2962 records found and 55 studies (1,0330 participants) assessing 11 different psychological interventions were included. Compared with the waiting list, behavioral therapy (SMD=-1.05; 95 %CI=-1.71, -0.38), third-wave cognitive behavior therapy (SMD=-1.00; 95 %CI =-1.41, -0.58), family therapy (SMD=-0.87; 95 %CI=-1.59, -0.16), psychodynamic therapy (SMD=-0.88; 95 %CI=-1.67, -0.10) and cognitive therapy (SMD=-0.84; 95 %CI=-1.57, -0.12) were statistically effective in reducing grief symptom. Only cognitive behavior therapy (OR =0.48; 95 %CI = 0.27, 0.85) was more acceptable than waiting list. In terms of secondary outcome, third-wave CBT can statistically significantly reduce depression (SMD= -0.60; 95 %CI =- 0.84, -0.36), PTSD (SMD=-0.99; 95 %CI =- 1.62, -0.36) and anxiety (SMD= -1.44; 95 %CI =-2.63, -0.25) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Most psychological interventions are effective, but only cognitive behavior therapy has the highest acceptability. Third-wave CBT with higher efficacy rates may be more beneficial for reducing secondary outcomes. To provide more robust evidence, high-quality trials should be conducted in the future.

Optimal exercise modality and dose to improve depressive symptoms in adults with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and Bayesian model-based network meta-analysis of RCTs.

Depression is a growing public health concern, and exercise is an adjunctive treatment modality to improve depression, but the optimal form of exercise and the optimal dose are still unclear. This systematic review examined the efficacy of four major types of exercise (aerobic, resistance, mixed, and mind-body) on depression, as well as the dose-response relationship between total and specific exercise and depressive symptoms. We included randomized controlled trials that included participants aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder or a depressive symptom score above a threshold as determined by a validated screening measure, implemented one or more exercise therapy groups, and assessed depressive symptoms at baseline and follow-up. Forty-six studies (3164 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Aerobic (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -0.93; 95% CI: -1.25 to -0.62) and mind-body exercise (SMD) = -0.81; 95% CI: -1.19 to -0.42) improved depressive symptoms better compared to controls, followed by mixed (SMD = -0.77; 95% CI: -1.20 to -0.34) and resistance exercise (SMD = -0.76; 95% CI: -1.24 to -0.28). This dose-response meta-analysis showed a U-shaped curve between exercise dose and depressive symptoms. The minimum effective dose was estimated to be 320 metabolic equivalent (METs) -min per week and the optimal response was 860 METs-min per week. These findings lead us to advocate that clinicians carefully select the appropriate dose of exercise based on the patient's individual characteristics and needs, in conjunction with psychological care interventions.

Effects of exercise therapy in axial spondyloarthritis: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of exercise therapy for Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients. DATA SOURCES: From the database inception to March 2024, we searched PubMed (via Medline), Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus for all relevant publications without any language restriction. STUDY SELECTION: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for axSpA patients in which at least one group received exercise therapy. DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the literature using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. The outcomes were ankylosing spondylitis (AS) disease activity score (ASDAS), Bath AS disease activity index (BASDAI), Bath AS functional index (BASFI), Bath AS metrology index (BASMI), 6-minute walk distance (6MWT), Chest expansion capacity, Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), pain, fatigue, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Eythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 20 RCTs, including 1,670 patients, were included in this study. Compared with the control group, exercise therapy improved BASFI (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.65 to -0.32, I2= 3.4%, P=0.414), BASMI (WMD: -0.49, 95% CI: -0.87 to -0.11, I2= 71.9%, P=0.679), BASDAI (WMD: -0.78, 95% CI: -1.08, -0.47, I2=55.9%, P=0.021), ASDAS (WMD: -0.44, 95% CI: -0.64 to -0.24, I2 =0.0%, P=0.424), VO2peak (WMD: 3.16, 95% CI: 1.37 to 4.94, I2=0.0%, P=0.873), 6MWT (WMD: 27.64, 95% CI: 12.04 to 43.24, I2= 0.0%, P=0.922), Pain (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.47, 95% CI: -0.74 to -0.21, I2= 66.0%, P=0.046) and Fatigue (SMD: -0.49, 95% CI: -0.71 to -0.27, I2= 0.0%, P=0.446). However, no significant benefit was found in Chest expansion, CRP, and ESR outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise therapy is an effective strategy for improving disease control and symptom relief in axSpA.

The Best Exercise Modality and Dose to Reduce Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review with Pairwise, Network, and Dose-Response Meta-Analyses.

BACKGROUND: Persistently elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is associated with a higher risk of long-term vascular complications. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of different exercise modalities and doses on HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A systematic search for randomized controlled trials involving exercise interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes was conducted across seven electronic databases, encompassing data from their inception up to October 2023. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the literature. Pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses using the random-effects model were conducted to analyze the effect of exercise on HbA1c levels. RESULTS: A total of 85 randomized controlled trials with 5535 participants were included. The network meta-analysis showed that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has the highest ranked (MD = - 0.78% [- 8.50 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 1.04, - 0.51), followed by combined aerobic and resistance exercise (CE) (MD = - 0.54% [- 5.90 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.69, - 0.40), yoga (MD = - 0.45% [- 4.92 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.77, - 0.13), and continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) (MD = - 0.42% [- 4.58 mmol/mol]; 95% CrI: - 0.54, - 0.30). In addition, a significant improvement in HbA1c levels can be observed when the total exercise dose reaches 840 metabolic equivalent of tasks-min/week. CONCLUSIONS: There was low-quality evidence that HIIT, CE, yoga, and CAE may be effective treatment modalities for improving HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes, and there was no significant difference in efficacy. Moreover, a non-linear dose-response relationship was found for total exercise and HbA1c levels. Future research should further investigate the specific effects of different exercise doses on HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and provide a more personalized exercise prescription.

The association between childhood adverse experiences and internet addiction: A meta-analysis.

Many studies have explored the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and Internet addiction (IA), yet the research findings on the association between them are inconclusive. We conducted a systematic search on 7 databases to identify the relevant studies published until January 2023, and analyzed the findings from 37 studies across 12 countries involving 45,364 participants aged 8 to 67 years (51 % women). Results indicated a positive correlation (r = 0.21) was found between ACE and IA around the world, which differed among continents. It was found that all ACE subtypes were significantly associated with IA (range r = 0.16 to 0.25). Meta-regression showed a stronger association among younger individuals without moderating effects of gender or publication year. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the significant association between ACEs and IA, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and preventive measures. Future research could delve into specific interventions aimed at mitigating the impact of ACEs on IA, such as cognitive-behavioral therapies or metacognitive therapy interventions. Additionally, investigating cultural factors that may influence this association could provide valuable insights into tailored approaches for different populations. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective strategies to address IA and its underlying factors.

The Best Exercise Modality and Dose for Reducing Pain in Adults With Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review With Model-Based Bayesian Network Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the dose-response relationship between overall and specific exercise modalities and pain, in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (LBP). DESIGN: Systematic review with Bayesian network meta-analysis. LITERATURE SEARCH: We searched the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases from inception to June 2023. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions in adults with nonspecific chronic LBP and at least 1 pain outcome reported at the main trial end point. DATA SYNTHESIS: A random-effects network meta-analysis was conducted. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0, and used the GRADE approach to judge the certainty of evidence for each outcome. RESULTS: Eighty-two trials were included (n = 5033 participants). We found a nonlinear dose-response relationship between total exercise and pain in patients with nonspecific chronic LBP. The maximum significant response was observed at 920 MET minutes (standardized mean difference = -1.74; 95% credible intervals: -2.43, -1.04). The minimal clinically important difference for achieving meaningful pain improvement was 520 MET minutes per week. The dose to achieve minimal clinically important difference varied by type of exercise; Pilates was the most effective. The certainty of the evidence was very low to moderate for all outcomes. CONCLUSION: The dose-response relationship of different exercise modalities to improve pain in patients with nonspecific chronic LBP had a U-shaped trajectory and low- to moderate-certainty evidence. The clinical effect was most pronounced with Pilates exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024;54(5):1-13. Epub 8 March 2024. doi:10.2519/jospt.2024.12153.

Exercise preconditioning inhibits doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via YAP/STAT3 signaling.

Doxorubicin (DOX) possesses strong anti-tumor effects but is limited by its irreversible cardiac toxicity. The relationship between exercise, a known enhancer of cardiovascular health, and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity has been a focus of recent research. Exercise has been suggested to mitigate DOX's cardiac harm by modulating the Yes-associated protein (YAP) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways, which are crucial in regulating cardiac cell functions and responses to damage. This study aimed to assess the protective role of exercise preconditioning against DOX-induced cardiac injury. We used Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into five groups (control, DOX, exercise preconditioning (EP), EP-DOX, and verteporfin + EP + DOX), to investigate the potential mechanisms. Our findings, including echocardiography, histological staining, Western blot, and q-PCR analysis, demonstrated that exercise preconditioning could alleviate DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction and structural damage. Notably, exercise preconditioning enhanced the nuclear localization and co-localization of YAP and STAT3. Our study suggests that exercise preconditioning may counteract DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by activating the YAP/STAT3 pathway, highlighting a potential therapeutic approach for reducing DOX's cardiac side effects.

An updated review of YAP: A promising therapeutic target against cardiac aging?

The transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein (YAP) functions as a downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway and plays a crucial role in cardiomyocyte survival. In its non-phosphorylated activated state, YAP binds to transcription factors, activating the transcription of downstream target genes. It also regulates cell proliferation and survival by selectively binding to enhancers and activating target genes. However, the upregulation of the Hippo pathway in human heart failure inhibits cardiac regeneration and disrupts astrogenesis, thus preventing the nuclear translocation of YAP. Existing literature indicates that the Hippo/YAP axis contributes to inflammation and fibrosis, potentially playing a role in the development of cardiac, vascular and renal injuries. Moreover, it is a key mediator of myofibroblast differentiation and fibrosis in the infarcted heart. Given these insights, can we harness YAP's regenerative potential in a targeted manner? In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the Hippo signaling pathway and consolidate concepts for the development and intervention of cardiac anti-aging drugs to leverage YAP signaling as a pivotal target.

Physical activity on executive function in sedentary individuals: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Physical activity has been demonstrated to promote cognitive performance. However, the relationship between physical activity and executive function (EF) in sedentary individuals is not fully understood. This meta-analysis examined the impact of physical activity on EF in sedentary individuals and evaluated potential moderators of the relationship between physical activity and EF. In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched. Included studies had to report sedentary individuals randomized to either a physical activity group or a control group. Subgroup analyses of EF sub-domains, exercise prescription and age were conducted alongside the overall meta-analysis. Thirteen RCT studies were included, with a total of 752 participants. Results showed a small to moderate beneficial effect of physical activity on EF (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.40). In subgroup analysis by EF sub-domains, physical activity enhanced inhibitory control (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.63) and working memory (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.49), but not cognitive flexibility (SMD = 0.11, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.41). Interventions with an intervention length > 12 weeks improved overall EF (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.46), but intervention length ≤ 12 weeks did not (SMD = 0.20, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.47). Interventions with session time ≥ 45 minutes improved overall EF (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.77), but session time < 45 minutes did not (0.17, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.44). Physical activity improves EF for older adults (age ≥ 60 years) (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.42), but not for younger individuals (age < 60 years) (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.59). Overall, physical activity has a beneficial effect on EF in sedentary individuals, although the influence may be domain specific and influenced by exercise prescription and age. These findings have practical implications for those seeking to improve EF in sedentary individuals through physical activity.

The effect of balance and gait training on specific balance abilities of survivors with stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Background: Stroke, which is a common clinical cerebrovascular disease, causes approximately 83% of survivors to suffer from balance impairments. Balance and gait training (BGT) is widely used to restore balance in patients with stroke. However, its wide variety presents clinicians with a dilemma when selecting interventions. This study aimed to compare and rank BGT interventions by quantifying information based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) of non-gait-trained controls and head-to-head RCTs and compared the effects of 12 BGT interventions. A total of nine literature databases, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, ClinicalTrials.gov, CNKI, and Chinese biomedical literature databases, were searched from their database inception to August 2023. Two authors independently selected studies and extracted data. The difference in outcomes, which were expressed as standardized mean differences and confidence intervals (CIs) of 95%, were explored in this meta-analysis. Results: A total of 66 studies with 1,933 participants were included. Effect size estimates showed that not all BGT interventions were more effective than controls, with treadmill training as the least effective for balance test batteries (SMD = -0.41, 95% CI [-1.09, 0.27]) and proactive balance (SMD = -0.50, 95% CI [-1.14, 0.14]). Body-weight-supported treadmill training with external stimulation was most effective for proactive balance and dynamic steady-state balance (SMD = 1.57, 95% CI [-0.03, 3.16]); SMD = 1.18, 95% CI [0.67, 1.68]. Virtual reality gait training (SMD = 1.37, 95% CI [0.62, 2.11]) had the best effect on improving balance test batteries, while dual-task BGT (SMD = 1.64, 95% CI [0.50, 2.78]) had the best effect on static steady-state balance. After analyses for possible impact covariates, the findings through the outcomes did not change substantially. Confidence in the evidence was generally low or very low. Conclusion: This NMA suggested that virtual reality gait training was the most effective BGT modality for improving balance test batteries. Body-weight support treadmill training with external stimulation was the most effective for improving active and dynamic balance. In addition, dual-task BGT was the best choice for improving static balance. However, balance is a multidimensional concept, and patients' different needs should be considered when selecting BGT. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022316057, ID: CRD42022316057.

Comparative efficacy of four exercise types on obesity-related outcomes in breast cancer survivors: A Bayesian network meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Exercise training is associated with improving the prognosis of breast cancer survivors, but no studies have evaluated the optimal exercise intervention. We aimed to investigate the most effective exercise intervention to improve obesity-related outcomes in breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A comprehensive search strategy was conducted in Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Chinese biomedical literature databases from the time of library construction to April 2, 2023. We included randomized controlled trials reporting the effects of four types of exercise interventions (aerobic exercise; aerobic combined with resitance exercise, resitstance exercise and mind-body exercise ) on obesity-related outcomes in breast cancer survivors. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was used to analyze and rank the effectiveness of four exercise types. RESULTS: A total of 76 randomized controlled trials that contained 5610 breast cancer survivors were included. The treatment effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise (mean difference = -0.59; 95% credible interval: 1.15, -0.08) was significantly better than that of the control groups in terms of body mass index. For percentage of body fat, combined aerobic and resistance exercise (mean difference = -1.74; 95% credible interval: 0.87, -0.90) and aerobic exercise (mean difference = -1.16; 95% credible interval: 2.15, -0.16) were significantly better than controls. Subgroup analysis suggested that combined aerobic and resistance exercise significantly affected body mass index at an intervention duration >12 weeks or weekly time on exercise >150 min. CONCLUSION: Our network meta-analysis found combined aerobic and resistance exercise may be the most effective intervention to improve obesity-related outcomes in breast cancer survivors. In addition, intervention duration and participant adherence are important factors that influence the effectiveness of exercise interventions.

Association between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease-related outcomes in adults-A meta-analysis and systematic review.

Background: Sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, previous research on the effects of PA and SB on CVD has been relatively homogeneous. Our study investigated the association between PA, SB, and CVD-related outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was conducted in the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from their inception to September 2022. We identified eligible studies according to PICOS: the populations comprised healthy adults, the interventions or exposures were PA or SB, the outcomes were CVD-related outcomes, and the study designs were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal studies (LS). Outcomes were pooled using fixed or random effects models, and the quality of individual studies was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Instrument and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results: A total of 148 RCTs and 36 LS were included, comprising a total of 75,075 participants. The study quality was rated as low to moderate. We found an increased hazard ratio (HR) for CVD in the population with SB (HR = 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26 to 1.43; I2 = 52.3%; Pheterogeneity < 0.001, random model) and a decreased HR for CVD in those who performed long-term PA (HR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.77; I2 = 78.0%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001, random model). Long-term PA improved the lipid profiles in healthy adults; participants in this group exhibited increased high-density lipoprotein (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.00 to 3.76; I2 = 84.7%; Pheterogeneity < 0.001, random model), decreased triglycerides (WMD = -7.27; 95% CI: -9.68 to -4.87; I2 = 0%, Pheterogeneity = 0.670, fixed model), and lower total-cholesterol (WMD = -6.84; 95% CI: -9.15 to -4.52; I2 = 38.4%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001, random model). Conclusions: Long-term SB increases the risk of CVD in healthy adults, whereas PA reduces the risk of CVD and improves indicators associated with CVD. However, the ability of PA to improve blood lipids appeared to be limited. The detailed association of SB and PA on CVD needs to be further investigated in the future.

[Exercise preconditioning reduces exercise-induced risks of cardiovascular events in obese population].

Obesity is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity induces the production of inflammatory factors and changes in cardiac hemodynamics, remodeling and function, leading to myocardial damage and heart diseases. The positive effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system has been widely confirmed, while the acute cardiovascular stress caused by exercise cannot be ignored. Compared with the general population, obese people were more prone to arrhythmia and have a higher risk of cardiovascular events during exercise, due to their abnormal cardiac function, myocardial pathological remodeling and low tolerance to corresponding stress. Studies have shown that the intervention of exercise preconditioning (EP) can effectively reduce such risks. EP increases myocardial oxygen consumption through short-term exercise, resulting in relative or absolute myocardial ischemia, inducing the intrinsic myocardial protective effect and reducing the continuous ischemia caused by subsequent long-term exercise. This article reviews the obesity-induced abnormal changes of cardiac function and structure, possible exercise- induced risks of cardiovascular events in obese people and the role of EP in reducing exercise-induced risks of cardiovascular events. We summarize the progress on EP models in obese people, EP prevention against adverse cardiovascular events in obese people, with the aim to provide a theoretical basis for the application of EP in obese people.