A new 3,4-dinorsteroid from the marine sponge Cliona sp.

A new steroid, 2a-oxa-2-oxo-5ß-hydroxy-3,4-dinor-24-methylcholesta-22E-ene (1), together with 10 known ones (2-11), was isolated from the marine sponge Cliona sp. The structures of these compounds were determined by the spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, MS, and NMR) and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 was the third example of 3,4-dinorsteroid with a hemiketal at C-5 that was isolated from the natural source. In addition, the antibacterial activities of these compounds were also evaluated. However, none of them exhibited significant inhibition effects.

Polymeric Fibers with High Strength and High Toughness at Extreme Temperatures.

Developing strong and simultaneously tough polymeric materials with excellent thermal stability and mechanical performance even under extreme temperatures is truly a challenge. In a disruptive progress, continuous polymeric yarns are developed with a combination of high tensile strength of (1145 ± 44) MPa and ultrahigh toughness of (350 ± 24) J g-1 and high thermomechanical properties from -196 to 200 °C. The comprehensive thermomechanical performance of this yarn surpasses that of previously developed polymeric materials and dragline spider silks. The results demonstrate that the molecular structure of polyimide (PI) with the incorporation of flexible-rigid macromolecular, hierarchically spiral-oriented fibers, and high glass transition temperature (248 °C) are keys for the yarn's notable comprehensive performance in thermomechanical properties. The materials are ideal for technical components exposed to high thermomechanical loadings, such as those encountered in spacecraft or automotive engineering for safety-critical applications.

Electrochemically Direct Fluorination Functionalization of Styrenes with Different Fluorine Source: Access to Fluoroalkyl Derivatives.

A mild protocol for electrochemically oxidative fluorodifunctionalization of styrenes has been demonstrated. The reaction proceeds under metal, external oxidant, and catalyst free conditions, allowing tunable access to a wide variety of synthetically useful fluoroalkyl derivatives, such as ß-fluorosulfone/fluoromethyl, fluorothiocyanation, and vinylsulfonyl derivatives. Moreover, CsF was shown to be the proper fluorine source for this electrochemical fluorodifunctionalization transformation.

Two new diketopiperazines from the marine sponge Dysidea sp.

A chemical investigation on the marine sponge Dysidea sp. resulted in the isolation of a series of diketopiperazines, including two new compounds, dysidines A (1) and B (2) as well as six known ones (3-8). Their structures with absolute configurations were determined on the basis of UV, IR, HRMS, NMR and calculated ECD method. Additionally, the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral activities of 1-8 were also tested. However, none of them exhibited significant bioactivities.

Defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid by heterogeneous catalytic system of Fe-Al2O3/O3: Synergistic oxidation effects and defluorination mechanism.

In this study, catalytic ozonation by Fe-Al2O3 was used to investigate the defluorination of PFOA and PFOS, assessing the effects of different experimental conditions on the defluorination efficiency of the system. The oxidation mechanism of the Fe-Al2O3/O3 system and the specific degradation and defluorination mechanisms for PFOA and PFOS were determined. Results showed that compared to the single O3 system, the defluorination rates of PFOA and PFOS increased by 2.32- and 5.92-fold using the Fe-Al2O3/O3 system under optimal experimental conditions. Mechanistic analysis indicated that in Fe-Al2O3, the variable valence iron (Fe) and functional groups containing C and O served as important reaction sites during the catalytic process. The co-existence of 1O2, OH, O2- and high-valence Fe(IV) constituted a synergistic oxidation system consisting of free radicals and non-radicals, promoting the degradation and defluorination of PFOA and PFOS. DFT theoretical calculations and the analysis of intermediate degradation products suggested that the degradation pathways of PFOA and PFOS involved Kolbe decarboxylation, desulfonation, alcoholization and intramolecular cyclization reactions. The degradation and defluorination pathways of PFOA and PFOS consisted of the stepwise removal of -CF2-, with PFOS exhibiting a higher defluorination rate than PFOA due to its susceptibility to electrophilic attack. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation systems for PFOA and PFOS treatment.

A highly efficient process to enhance the bioleaching of spent lithium-ion batteries by bifunctional pyrite combined with elemental sulfur.

Bioleaching technologies have been shown to be an environmentally friendly and economically beneficial tool for extracting metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, conventional bioleaching methods have exhibited low efficiency in recovering metals from spent LIBs. Therefore, relied on the sustainability principle of using waste to treat waste, this study employed pyrite (FeS2) as an energy substance with reducing properties and investigated its effects in combination with elemental sulfur (S0) or FeSO4 on metals bioleaching from spent LIBs. Results demonstrated that the bioleaching efficiency was significantly higher in the leaching system constructed with FeS2 + S0, than in the FeS2 + FeSO4 or FeS2 system. When the pulp densities of FeS2, S0 and spent LIBs were 10 g L-1, 5 g L-1 and 10 g L-1, respectively, the leaching efficiency of Li, Ni, Co and Mn all reached 100%. Mechanistic analysis reveals that in the FeS2 + S0 system, the activity and acid-producing capabilities of iron-sulfur oxidizing bacteria were enhanced, promoting the generation of Fe (Ⅱ) and reducible sulfur compounds. Simultaneously, bio-acids were shown to disrupt the structure of the LIBs, thereby increasing the contact area between Fe (Ⅱ) and sulfur compounds containing high-valence metals. This effectively promoted the reduction of high-valence metals, thereby enhancing their leaching efficiency. Overall, the FeS2 + S0 bioleaching process constructed in this study, improved the leaching efficiency of LIBs while also effectively utilizing waste, providing technical support for the comprehensive and sustainable management of solid waste.

(+)- and (-)-Tedanine, a pair of new enantiomeric indolone alkaloids from the marine sponge Tedania sp.

(+)- and (-)-Tedanine [(+)-1 and (-)-1], a pair of new enantiomeric indolone alkaloids, along with nine compounds (2-10) were isolated from the marine sponge Tedania sp. The structures of (+)-1 and (-)-1 including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculation. Compounds (+)-1 and (-)-1 were the first examples of indolone alkaloids isolated from this genus. In addition, the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of these compounds were also evaluated.

Feasibility of low-intensity ultrasound treatment with hydroxylamine to accelerate the initiation of partial nitrification and allow operation under intermittent aeration.

Partial nitrification is a key aspect of efficient nitrogen removal, although practically it suffers from long start-up cycles and unstable long-term operational performance. To address these drawbacks, this study investigated the effect of low intensity ultrasound treatment combined with hydroxylamine (NH2OH) on the performance of partial nitrification. Results show that compared with the control group, low-intensity ultrasound treatment (0.10 W/mL, 15 min) combined with NH2OH (5 mg/L) reduced the time required for partial nitrification initiation by 6 days, increasing the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) and ammonia nitrogen removal rate (NRR) by 20.4% and 6.7%, respectively, achieving 96.48% NRR. Mechanistic analysis showed that NH2OH enhanced ammonia oxidation, inhibited nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity and shortened the time required for partial nitrification initiation. Furthermore, ultrasonication combined with NH2OH dosing stimulated EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) secretion, increased carbonyl, hydroxyl and amine functional group abundances and enhanced mass transfer. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that ultrasonication-sensitive Nitrospira disappeared from the ultrasound + NH2OH system, while Nitrosomonas gradually became the dominant group. Collectively, the results of this study provide valuable insight into the enhancement of partial nitrification start-up during the process of wastewater nitrogen removal.

Integrated FRET Polymers Spatially Reveal Micro- to Nanostructure and Irregularities in Electrospun Microfibers.

A spatial view of macroscopic polymer material properties, in terms of nanostructure and irregularities, can help to better understand engineering processes such as when materials may fail. However, bridging the gap between the molecular-scale arrangement of polymer chains and the spatially resolved macroscopic properties of a material poses numerous difficulties. Herein, an integrated messenger material that can report on the material micro- to nanostructure and its processes is introduced. It is based on polymer chains labeled with fluorescent dyes that feature Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) dependent on chain conformation and concentration within a host polymer material. These FRET materials are integrated within electrospun polystyrene microfibers, and the FRET is analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Importantly, the use of CLSM allows a spatial view of material nanostructure and irregularities within the microfibers, where changes in FRET are significant when differences in fiber geometries and regularities exist. Furthermore, changes in FRET observed in damaged regions of the fibers indicate changes in polymer conformation and/or concentration as the material changes during compression. The system promises high utility for applications where nano-to-macro communication is needed for a better understanding of material processes.

Isolation and total synthesis of dysidone A: a new piperidone alkaloid from the marine sponge Dysidea sp.

A new piperidone alkaloid, dysidone A (1), was isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea sp. The structure of 1 was elucidated by the method of spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 represented the first example of piperidone alkaloid isolated from the sponge of the genus Dysidea with the exocyclic double bond. Furthermore, the total synthesis of 1 was also carried out, which was started with piperidine proceeding a PIDA/I2-mediated α and ß-C (sp3) -H bond dual oxygenation to achieve a 5-steps synthesis in a total yield of 10.6%. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activities of 1 and its derivative dysidone B (1d) were evaluated, which suggested that 1 showed weak anti-inflammatory activity.

Two New Pairs of Enantiomeric Butenolides from the Marine Sponge Suberties sp.

Two new pairs of enantiomeric butenolides, (+)- and (-)-suberiteslide A, (+)- and (-)-subertieslide B had been obtained from the marine sponge Suberties sp. The structures with absolute configurations of these compounds were unequivocally determined by spectroscopic analyses and ECD (Electronic Circular Dichroism) method. It was the first separation of butenolides from the marine sponges of genus Suberites. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated. The result indicated that only (-)-subertieslide B showed weak anti-inflammatory activity with the IC50 value of 40.8 µM.

Spongimides A and B, two new alkaloids from the marine sponge Spongia sp.

Two new alkaloids, spongimides A (1) and B (2), along with five known ones (3-7), were isolated from the marine sponge Spongia sp. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by the spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, MS, and NMR) and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 were the first examples of 2,4-imidazolidinediones isolated from this genus. In addition, the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of compounds 1 and 2 were also evaluated.

Extremely low thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity of sustainable carbon-ceramic electrospun nonwoven materials.

Materials with an extremely low thermal and high electrical conductivity that are easy to process, foldable, and nonflammable are required for sustainable applications, notably in energy converters, miniaturized electronics, and high-temperature fuel cells. Given the inherent correlation between high thermal and high electrical conductivity, innovative design concepts that decouple phonon and electron transport are necessary. We achieved this unique combination of thermal conductivity 19.8 ± 7.8 mW/m/K (cross-plane) and 31.8 ± 11.8 mW/m/K (in-plane); electrical conductivity 4.2 S/cm in-plane in electrospun nonwovens comprising carbon as the matrix and silicon-based ceramics as nano-sized inclusions with a sea-island nanostructure. The carbon phase modulates electronic transport for high electrical conductivity, and the ceramic phase induces phonon scattering for low thermal conductivity by excessive boundary scattering. Our strategy can be used to fabricate the unique nonwoven materials for real-world applications and will inspire the design of materials made from carbon and ceramic.

Comprehensive insights into the gallic acid assisted bioleaching process for spent LIBs: Relationships among bacterial functional genes, Co(III) reduction and metal dissolution behavior.

Despite the growing demand for resource recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by bioleaching, low Co leaching efficiency has hindered the development and application of this technology. Therefore, a novel process was designed, combining gallic acid (GA) and mixed culture bioleaching (MCB), to enhance the removal of metals from spent LIBs. Results indicated that the GA + MCB process achieved 98.03% Co and 98.02% Li leaching from spent LIBs, simultaneously reducing the biotoxicity, phytotoxicity and leaching toxicity of spent LIBs under optimal conditions. The results of mechanism analysis demonstrated that functional microorganisms adapted to the leaching system through various strategies, including oxidative stress reduction, DNA damage repair, heavy metal resistance and biofilm formation, maintaining normal physiological activities and the continuous production of biological acid. The biological acid erodes the surface of waste LIBs, causing some Co and a large amount of Li to be released, while also increasing the contact area between GA and Co(III). Therefore, GA is beneficial for reducing insoluble Co(III), forming soluble Co(II). Finally, biological acid can effectively promote Co(II) leaching. Collectively, the results of this study provide valuable insight into the simultaneous enhancement of metal extraction and the mitigation of environmental pollution from spent LIBs.

A new chlorobenzoate derivative from the red alga Solieria sp.

A new chlorobenzoate derivative, solieriate (1), together with six known compounds (2-7), were isolated from the red alga Solieria sp. The structures of 1-7 were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 is the first example of halogenated derivative isolated from this genus. In addition, 1 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity on A. baumannii with MIC value of 64 µg/ml.

A new amide from the marine sponge Haliclona baeri.

A new amide, baeriamide (1), along with nine known diketopiperazines (2-10), was isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona baeri. Their structures were identified by the means of UV, IR, MS and NMR. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by Marfey's method and comparing the specific optical rotation with the known compound HCO-Val-Gly methyl ester. Compound 1 was derived from dehydration of formylated L-valine with γ-amino-butanoic acid methyl ester. Compounds 2-10 were isolated from the genus of Haliclona for the first time. The absolute confirmation of 7 was confirmed first by the means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral and antifouling activities of these compounds were also tested. However, none of them exhibited significant bioactivities.

Two new halogenated metabolites from the red alga Laurencia sp.

Two new halogenated metabolites, laurenhalogens A (1) and B (2), along with four known ones (3-6), were isolated from the red alga Laurencia sp. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by the means of UV, IR, MS, NMR and X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the antibacterial activities of 1-6 were also evaluated.

Caulerspiros A and B, a new pair of α-tocopheroid isomers from the green alga Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata.

Caulerspiros A (1) and B (2), a new pair of α-tocopheroid isomers, with five known compounds (3-7) were isolated from the green alga Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata. Their structures were elucidated by the method of comprehensive spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were established by the methods of ECD calculation and comparing with the previously reported literature. Compounds 1 and 2 represented the rare examples of α-tocopherol derivatives possessing a core unit of 1-oxaspiro[4.4]non 7-en-6-one. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of these seven compounds were also evaluated. However, none of them showed antibacterial activities with MIC values > 128 µg/ml.

High Strength and High Toughness Electrospun Multifibrillar Yarns with Highly Aligned Hierarchy Intended as Anisotropic Extracellular Matrix.

Electrospun nanofibers can be effectively used as a surrogate for extracellular matrices (ECMs). However, in the context of cellular mechanobiology, their mechanical performances can be enhanced by using nanofibrous materials with a high level of structural organization. Herein, this work develops multifibrillar yarns with superior mechanical performance based on biocompatible polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as surrogate ECM. Nearly perfect aligned nanofibers along with the axis of the multifibrillar yarn are prepared. These highly aligned yarns exhibit high strength, high toughness, good stress relaxation behavior, and are robust enough for technical or medical applications. Further, this work analyzes the influence of the highly aligned-hierarchical topological structure of the material on cell proliferation and cell orientation using cells derived from epithelial and connective tissues. Compared to nonoriented electrospun multifibrillar yarns and flat films, the well-ordered topology in the electrospun PAN multifibrillar yarns triggers an improved proliferation of fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Fibroblasts acquire an elongated morphology analogous to their behavior in the natural ECM. Hence, this heterogeneous multifibrillar material can be used to restore or reproduce the ECM for tissue engineering applications, notably in the skeletal muscle and tendon.

Ultralight Heat-Insulating, Electrically Conductive Carbon Fibrous Sponges for Wearable Mechanosensing Devices with Advanced Warming Function.

Ultralight highly porous sponges are attractive for electronic devices due to superelasticity, outstanding resilience, and thermal insulation. However, fabricating an ultralight conductive sponge with low thermal conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and piezoresistivity, as well as adjustable heating behavior, is still a challenge. Here, an ultralight carbon nanofibrous sponge fabricated by pyrolyzing a graphene oxide coated polyimide sponge is reported. The resulting carbon sponge demonstrates a high electrical conductivity of 0.03-4.72 S m-1 and a low thermal conductivity of 0.027-0.038 W m-1 K-1 (20 °C, in ambient air), as well as a low density to ∼6 mg cm-3. Additionally, the sponge exhibits mechanical flexibility, stability, excellent piezoresistivity, and an adjustable heating behavior. Hence, it could be utilized as a sensing device, including thermal management, making them promising for use in smart sportswear, human-machine interfaces, and wearable healthcare devices.