RESUMEN
The 1.6 Mbp deletion on chromosome 3q29 is associated with a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, microcephaly, and intellectual disability. Despite its importance towards neurodevelopment, the role of individual genes, genetic interactions, and disrupted biological mechanisms underlying the deletion have not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we used quantitative methods to assay Drosophila melanogaster and Xenopus laevis models with tissue-specific individual and pairwise knockdown of 14 homologs of genes within the 3q29 region. We identified developmental, cellular, and neuronal phenotypes for multiple homologs of 3q29 genes, potentially due to altered apoptosis and cell cycle mechanisms during development. Using the fly eye, we screened for 314 pairwise knockdowns of homologs of 3q29 genes and identified 44 interactions between pairs of homologs and 34 interactions with other neurodevelopmental genes. Interestingly, NCBP2 homologs in Drosophila (Cbp20) and X. laevis (ncbp2) enhanced the phenotypes of homologs of the other 3q29 genes, leading to significant increases in apoptosis that disrupted cellular organization and brain morphology. These cellular and neuronal defects were rescued with overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitors Diap1 and xiap in both models, suggesting that apoptosis is one of several potential biological mechanisms disrupted by the deletion. NCBP2 was also highly connected to other 3q29 genes in a human brain-specific interaction network, providing support for the relevance of our results towards the human deletion. Overall, our study suggests that NCBP2-mediated genetic interactions within the 3q29 region disrupt apoptosis and cell cycle mechanisms during development.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/embriología , Cromosomas Humanos Par 3/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Desarrollo Embrionario/genética , Discapacidad Intelectual/genética , Complejo Proteico Nuclear de Unión a la Caperuza/genética , Proteínas de Xenopus/genética , Animales , Apoptosis/genética , Encéfalo/patología , Ciclo Celular/genética , Deleción Cromosómica , Discapacidades del Desarrollo/genética , Discapacidades del Desarrollo/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster , Embrión no Mamífero , Femenino , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Discapacidad Intelectual/patología , Complejo Proteico Nuclear de Unión a la Caperuza/metabolismo , Proteínas de Xenopus/metabolismo , Xenopus laevisRESUMEN
To investigate the artificial vaginal microecological features in patients who underwent laparoscopic peritoneal vaginoplasty. 54 cases of patients with artificial vagina after laparoscopic peritoneal vaginoplasty were included in this study. Microecosystem evaluation was performed. Artificial vaginal functional tests and biopsy from vaginal walls were performed. After laparoscopic peritoneal vaginoplasty, the artificial vaginal flora intensity was level IIâ¼III (88.9%); the vaginal flora diversity was level IIâ¼III (72.2%); the predominant vaginal bacteria were gram-positive macrobacillus (27.8%); approximately 57.4% of the patients had vaginal pH ≤ 4.5; there was no pathogenic bateria or other pathogens; dysbiosis accounted for 53.7% of the patients (64.5% of the patients who had the vaginoplasty operation less than 2 years ago exhibited dysbiosis; 39.1% of the patients who had the operation at least 2 years ago exhibited dysbiosis). Vaginal dysbiosis is common after laparoscopic peritoneal vaginoplasty. However, as time goes by, the artificial vaginal microecological condition gradually becomes normal. Evaluation of vaginal microenvironment after laparoscopic peritoneal vaginoplasty might play an important role in reproductive tract infection prevention and neovagina health care.
