Influence of non-commercial fuel supply systems on small engine SI exhaust emissions in relation to European approval regulations.

The development and operation of road infrastructure require machines and equipment driven by low-powered internal combustion engines. In this study, we conducted emission tests on five small spark-ignition engines. We used the most popular commercial design on the market, the Lifan GX 390, with a carburettor power system, and another commercial power unit, the Honda iGX 390, with an innovative power system characterised by an electronically controlled carburettor flap. The remaining three tested constructions were proprietary solutions modernising the design of the Lifan GX 390 engine: one had an electronic injection and ignition system powered by gasoline, whereas the other two had systems powered by alternative fuels. Emission tests were conducted under identical operating conditions on an engine dynamometer complying with European Union guidelines (Regulation 2016/1628/EU). The results of the tests showed that the innovative solutions in most cases reduced CO, CO2 and hydrocarbon emissions but increased NOx compounds.

The Impact of the Vanadium Oxide Addition on the Physicochemical Performance Stability and Intercalation of Lithium Ions of the TiO2-rGO-electrode in Lithium Ion Batteries.

This work determines the effect of the addition of various amounts of vanadium oxide on the work of a cell built from a hybrid VxOy-TiO2-rGO system in a lithium-ion cell. Moreover, a new method based on solvothermal chemistry is proposed for the creation of a new type of composite material combining reduced graphene, vanadium oxide and crystalline anatase. The satisfactory electrochemical properties of VxOy-TiO2-rGO hybrids can be attributed to the perfect matching of the morphology and structure of VxOy-TiO2 and rGO. In addition, it is also responsible for the partial transfer of electrons from rGO to VxOy-TiO2, which increases the synergistic interaction of the VxOy-TiO2-rGO hybrid to the reversible storage of lithium. In addition a full cell was created LiFePO4/VxOy-TiO2-rGO. The cell showed good cyclability while providing a capacity of 120 mAh g-1.

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Thermal Degradation of Different Starches and Estimation the OH Group and H2O Content on the Surface by TG/DTG-DTA.

The main aim of this study is to estimate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of thermal decomposition of starches by the Coats-Redfern method. This procedure is a commonly used thermogravimetric analysis/difference thermal gravimetry/differental thermal analysis (TG/DTG-DTA) kinetic method for single rate form. The study also shows a proposed method for reactive hydroxyl groups content on the starch surface determination, and values were in range of 960.21-1078.76 mg OH per 1 g of starch. Thermal processing revealed the thermophysical properties of biomass for the kinetics of decomposition estimation. Activation energies reached the values in range of approximately 66.5-167 kJ·mol-1. This research also enables the determination of the temperature conditions required for becoming the desired form of material. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve the requested compact porous structure in an activation process, because in the native state, the polymer exhibits limited applications as a result of thermal decomposition, low shear stress, retrogradation, and syneresis, hence the low solubility in organic solvents. Thermodynamic parameters and reactive hydroxyl groups in this article review are innovative and have not yet been found in the literature.