Medical research progresses on sodium dichloroacetate / 药学实践杂志

Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) is a small molecule drug usually administered orally. It has therapeutic effects against several diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and several solid tumors. In this review, the research progresses of DCA in mechanism of action, pharmacological action and toxicological studies were summarized from the recent literatures on the pharmacological actions of DCA.

Medical-electrical cross-case teaching and its teaching practice under the background of medical-industrial integration / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This paper introduces the teaching method of medical-electrical cross-integration and the teaching practice experience in the past three years by taking the integration of medicine and electrical engineering as an example. Starting from the analysis of the characteristics of learning situation, the teaching introduction process, the case discussion and analysis, and the after-class tracking and improvement, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the medical-electrical cross-teaching and proposes the corresponding teaching methods and supporting cases. Preliminary exploration attempts show that this teaching method can improve students' comprehensive ability, especially multidisciplinary thinking ability, and has a certain positive effect.

Carbonic anhydrase IX-based tumor imaging and therapy: a review / 生物工程学报

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane protein that is specifically overexpressed on the surface of hypoxic tumor cells. With the function of regulating the acidity of tumor cells both inside and outside, CAIX is closely related to tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, CAIX is a promising target for tumor imaging and therapy. Herein, we summarized recent advances in CAIX-based tumor imaging, therapy and theranostics, and prospected future applications of using CAIX as an anti-tumor target.

Health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes based on the European 5-Dimensional Health Scale / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To evaluate the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Weifang City, Shandong Province and to explore its influencing factors. Methods A multistage stratified random sampling method was used to investigate patients in endocrine outpatient clinics in four medical institutions in Weifang from July to September 2022. The survey included general information, multi-dimensional evaluation of quality of life with the EQ-5D-5L scale, calculation of health utility values, and analysis of influencing factors using Tobit regression models. Results A total of 397 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in the present investigation, with health utility value of 0.82±0.21 points and visual analogue scale (VAS) score of 79.47±12.81 points. Pain or discomfort, anxiety or depression were more prominent in the study population. Age, diabetic complications, BMI, daily need for care, social support, and daily level of glycemic control were factors influencing health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion In the actual treatment of type 2 diabetes patients, an emphasis should be placed on protecting elderly type 2 diabetic patients, preventing and controlling the occurrence and development of diabetic complications, and improving daily blood glucose control to further improve the health-related quality of life of the population.

Polymeric photothermal nanoplatform with the inhibition of aquaporin 3 for anti-metastasis therapy of breast cancer.

Metastasis, as one of major challenges in the cancer treatment, is responsible for the high mortality of breast cancer. It has been reported that breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis are related to aquaporin 3 (AQP3), which is the transmembrane transport channel for H2O2 molecules. Moreover, there is agreement that preventing the metastasis of breast tumor cells in combination with inhibiting the tumor growth is a promising strategy for cancer chemotherapy. Herein, we constructed a flexible photothermal crosslinked polymeric nanovehicle for the delivery of the AQP3 inhibitor, [AuCl2(phen)]+Cl- (Auphen). The polymeric nanovehicle (pOMPC-Dex) is comprised of three modules: 1) pOEGMA-co-pMEO2MA serves as the temperature-responsive segment; 2) pCyanineMA acts as the near-infrared (NIR) optical absorbing motif for photothermal therapy and is conjugated with pOEGMA-co-pMEO2MA to obtain NIR light stimuli-responsive drug release; and 3) pPBAMA-Dex functions as an acidic tumor microenvironment-responsive unit. Auphen was encapsulated into a nanovehicle (Auphen@pOMPC-Dex) through electrostatic interactions. The designed nanoplatform showed a pH- and NIR light stimuli-responsive drug release profile and exhibited the strong inhibition of intracellular H2O2 uptake by breast cancer cells, which led to the inhibition of breast cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. In a breast cancer mouse model, Auphen@pOMPC-Dex markedly reduced the number of lung metastases in tumor-bearing mice due to the combined suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. Consequently, the fabricated Auphen@pOMPC-Dex may provide a new strategy for the development of comprehensive oncotherapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: High mortality due to metastasis-induced breast cancer has been a key issue that needs to be addressed. It has been reported that aquaporin 3 (AQP3), a transmembrane transport channel for H2O2 molecules was found to have an accelerated effect on breast cancer cell migration. Hence, a flexible crosslinked polymeric nanoplatform with the inhibition of AQP3 was designed to inhibit metastasis of breast cancer cells. At the same time, we combined suppression of tumor growth with photothermal therapy to enhance the anticancer therapy effect.

miR-129-5p targets FEZ1/SCOC/ULK1/NBR1 complex to restore neuronal function in mice with post-stroke depression.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) seriously affects the normal life of patients. Based on the previous sequencing results, this study selected miR-129-5p as the research object, which was significantly reduced in the PSD model by screening. To clarify the regulatory role of miR-129-5p, this study overexpressed and interfered with miR-129-5p in neuronal cells cultured in vitro, tested its effect on neuronal cell autophagy, and determined expressions of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1), short coiled-coil protein (SCOC), unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) and autophagy cargo receptor (NBR1) autophagy-related proteins. The dual-luciferase reporter system and immunoprecipitation were applied to detect the molecular regulatory mechanism of miR-129-5 and FEZ1, SCOC, ULK1 and NBR1. Findings of the present study revealed that the autophagy of neuronal cells was markedly decreased by overexpressing miR-129-5p (p < 0.05), and expressions of FEZ1, SCOC, ULK1 and NBR1 were substantially reduced (p < 0.05). The dual-luciferase reporter system results indicated that FEZ1, SCOC, ULK1 and NBR1 were all miR-129-5p target genes. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation assay revealed that SCOC, ULK1 and NBR1 could directly bind to the FEZ1 protein. The experiments at an animal level demonstrated that miR-129-5p could effectively alleviate the behavioral indicators of PSD model mice. Taken together, this study testified that SCOC/ULK1/NBR1 proteins could directly bind to FEZ1 to form protein complex, and all of the four proteins FEZ1/SCOC/ULK1/NBR1 were miR-129-5p target genes. miR-129-5p overexpression could effectively restore the behavioral characteristics of model mice, and reduce the autophagy-related proteins FEZ1/SCOC/ULK1/NBR1.

Differential expression analysis of microRNAs and mRNAs in the mouse hippocampus of post-stroke depression (PSD) based on transcriptome sequencing.

To clarify the differential expressions of microRNAs and mRNAs in a PSD model, this study employed PSD mice for model construction by injecting vasoconstrictor ET-1 (angioendothelin-1) into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice. The animals underwent elevated plus maze test, open field test, tail suspension test, and forced swimming test subsequently. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze the differentially expressed mRNAs and microRNAs. The results showed that open arm entries and time of PSD mice were markedly decreased. Times of the entry to center for mice in the model group were apparently decreased. The climbing time of mice in the model group was greatly decreased. The behavior of PSD mice indicated a marked change, and several indicators of the behavioral tests were significantly lower than those of the control group. Transcriptome sequencing analysis demonstrated that expressions of 1 206 genes and 21 microRNAs were markedly upregulated in model group, whereas expressions of 2 113 genes and 32 microRNAs were markedly downregulated. GO analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in regulatory pathways of single-multicellular organism process, developmental process, cell periphery, plasma membrane, and neuron projection. Meanwhile, KEGG analysis results indicated that the differentially expressed genes mostly participated in signaling pathways of neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. In conclusion, differentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs were screened, which offers a theoretical foundation for further investigation of molecular mechanisms and novel insight for the early identification, prevention, and treatment of PSD.

Risk factor analysis of patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.Methods:The clinical data of 558 radical prostatectomy patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2010 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The average age was 67.9 (40-87) years old, and the average body mass index was 24.56 (15.12-35.94) kg/m 2. The average PSA was 41.07 ng/ml, including 48 cases<10 ng/ml, 98 cases 10-20 ng/ml, and 412 cases>20 ng/ml. There were 123, 214, 118, 89, and 14 cases with biopsy Gleason 6-10 score, respectively. The clinical stage : 90 cases in ≤T 2b, 273 cases in T 2c, and 195 cases in ≥T 3 . 558 cases underwent radical prostatectomy, including 528 robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery, 25 laparoscopic surgery, and 5 open-surgery. The risk factors for postoperative biochemical recurrence were analyzed by Cox regression. Results:A total of 63 patients had postoperative pathological stage pT 2a, 32 patients had pT 2b, 241 patients had pT 2c, and 222 patients had ≥pT 3. A total of 210 cases developed biochemical recurrence after surgery, and the mean time to biochemical recurrence was 33.3 (3-127) months after the radical prostatectomy. The biochemical recurrence rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 9.7% (54/558), 21.5% (120/558), and 31.7% (177/558), respectively. Among pT 2a and pT 2b patients, 7 (11.1%) and 4 (12.5%) cases developed biochemical recurrence, respectively. Among pT 2c stage patients, 145 (60.17%) cases had positive cut margins, treated with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) after surgery. 68 (28.21%) cases of pT 2c stage patients had biochemical recurrence at mean 36.1 (3-106)months after the radical prostatectomy. Among ≥pT 3 patients, 147 patients with positive margins, perineural invasion, seminal vesicle invasion and positive pelvic lymph nodes were treated with postoperative androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) + radiotherapy. 98 of 147 patients (66.67%) had biochemical recurrence, and the average time to biochemical recurrence was 30.6 (24-98) months.75 patients of ≥pT 3 without positive margins, perineural invasion, seminal vesicle invasion or positive pelvic lymph nodes, were treated with postoperative ADT. 33 of them (44%) had biochemical recurrence, and the average time to biochemical recurrence was 32.5 (21-106) months. 5-and 10-year survival rates of 210 patients with biochemical recurrence were 89.05% (187/210) and 78.09% (164/210) respectively, 5- and 10-year tumor-specific survival rates were 92.57% and 87.69%, respectively. 46 of 210 cases died, of which 31 (67.39%) died from prostate cancer, and 15 cases (32.61%) died from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Multifactorial Cox regression analysis showed that patient's age ≥70 years, initial PSA > 20ng/ml, ≥pT 3 and Gleason score ≥7 were independent risk factors for biochemical recurrence. Conclusions:After radical prostatectomy, patients were treated according to their pathological stage and surgical margins. Patients with positive margins have a higher risk of biochemical recurrence. The independent risk factors for biochemical recurrence included age ≥70 years, initial PSA > 20ng/ml, ≥pT 3 and Gleason score ≥7.

Thinking on PBL teaching for health inspection and quarantine undergraduate / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This paper discusses from two aspects of case writing and PBL implementation experience. PBL cases should be based on professional requirements and reflect professional characteristics. Health inspection and quarantine cases targeted at application-oriented talent cultivation can be integrated into relevant experimental skills items. At the same time, the forms of case writing are expanded according to the differences of theme forms, which are designed as parallel cases and serial cases, so as to be applicable to the curriculum integration in different areas. In the implementation of PBL teaching, students' learning status is the key to the efficiency of classroom discussion, which determines whether the implementation of PBL is completely autonomous learning or embedded instruction. Teachers should establish cooperative learning atmosphere to improve the efficiency of classroom discussion

Comparison and enlightenment of the undergraduate course setting of midwifery / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This study compared and analyzed the differences, similarities and advantages of midwifery courses for undergraduate education between North Sichuan Medical College and Fooyin University. Obvious differences have been found in educational system, core curriculum and practical teaching of these two universities. Fooyin University has more theoretical and practical hours of the two professional core courses of Midwifery and Midwife Technique than those of North Sichuan Medical College. However, the number of courses set and the internship hours in clinical departments related to midwifery are less than those in North Sichuan Medical College. It is hoped that through the analysis and summary, it will provide reference for further training of midwifery professionals in our country.

miR-9 on the proliferation of breast cancer cells by targeting hexokinase 2 / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To study the regulatory effect of miR-9 on the proliferation of breast cancer cells by targeting hexokinase 2 (HK2) .Methods:Breast cancer tissues and paracancer tissues were collected and the expression levels of miR-9 and HK2 were detected. MCF-7 cells were cultured and divided into blank control group, NC group, miR-9 group, NC-siRNA group and HK2-siRNA group. The cell viability, expression levels of HK2 and cleaved caspase-3 were detected, the targeted binding of miR-9 to HK2 was verifed.Results:the expression level of miR-9 in breast cancer was lower than that in paracancer tissue (0.52±0.08 vs 1.05±0.25, t=16.685, P<0.000) , and the expression level of HK2 was higher than that in paracancer tissue (0.73±0.14 vs 0.34±0.08, t=17.587, P<0.000) , and the expression level of miR-9 was negatively correlated with HK2; the OD490 level, the expression level of HK2 and the fluorescence activity of double luciferase reporter gene containing HK2 mRNA 3 'UTR in miR-9 group were lower than those in NC group (0.58±0.09 vs 1.04±0.21, 0.51±0.08 vs 1.18±0.24, 41.11±9.28 vs 148.28±29.59, t/P=4.027/0.007, 5.297/0.002, 6.912/0.001) , and the expression level of cleaved caspase-3 was higher than that in NC group (1.08±0.26 vs 0.42±0.09, t/P=4.797/0.003) . The OD490 level and the expression level of HK in HK-siRNA group were higher than that in NC-siRNA group, and the expression level of cleaved caspase-3 was higher than that of NC-siRNA group. Conclusion:miR-9 can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells, and its mechanism may be related to the targeted inhibition of HK2 expression and the increase of downstream cleaved caspase-3 expression.

The regulatory effects of microRNA-200b on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in neonatal immature rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective To study the regulatory effects of microRNA-200b (miR-200b) on hypoxia-inducible factors-1α (HIF-1α） in neonatal immature rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD).Method A total of 240 three-day-old neonatal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into six groups with 40 rats in each group:the hypoxic-ischemic group (HI group),intraventricular injection of miR-200b agomir,intraventricular injection of miR-200b antagomir,intraventricular injection of agomir negative control group,intraventricular injection of antagomir negative control group and the normal control group.The HIBD models of immature neonatal rats were established except for the normal control group.The relative expressions of HIF-1 α in brain tissues of each group were detected using quantitative real-time-PCR at 12 h,1 d,3 d and 7 d after ventricular injection,and the changes of HIF-1α expression in each group were compared.Result (1) Compared with the control group,the expression of HIF-1oα of the HI group began to increase 12 h after the injection of normal saline into the lateral ventricle (P＜0.05),and reached the peak at 1d,with statistically significant difference (P＜0.05),and then gradually decreased to the normal control group level at 7 d.(2) No significant differences of HIF-1α existed among the HI group and the HI+ agomir negative control group and the HI + antagomir negative control group (P＞0.05),and the miR-200b carrier had no significant effects on the expression of HIF-1α.(3)HIF-1α continued to be highly expressed after the injection of antagomir into the lateral ventricle of HI,and was significantly higher than the HI group at 12 h (P＜0.05).No significant differences existed between the HI+antagomir group and the H1 group at 1 d,3 d and 7 d after antagomir injection (P＞0.05).The expression of HIF-1α was constantly lower than the HI group after the injection of agomir,and significantly lower than the HI group at 1d after injection (P＜0.05).Conclusion MiR-200b overexpression inhibits the expression of HIF-1α,and the low expression of miR-200b can increase the level of HIF-1oα in a limited time window.Therefore,miR-200b may participate in the regulation of brain injury in neonatal rats after HIBD by regulating the expression of HIF-1α.

Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of 1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine.

1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) has a molecular formula of C3 H4 N4 O6 and the characteristics of low melting point, low impact sensitivity and good thermal stability. It is suitable for melt casting and pressed charges, and it has broad prospects for applications in low-sensitivity ammunition. In this study, the thermal decomposition of TNAZ crystals at high temperature was calculated by molecular dynamics simulation with the ReaxFF/lg reactive force field. The change in the potential energy of TNAZ, the formation of small-molecule products and clusters, and the initial reaction path of TNAZ were analysed. The kinetic parameters of different reaction stages in TNAZ thermal decomposition were obtained. The primary thermal decomposition reaction of TNAZ was found to be as follows: N-NO2 and C-NO2 bonds broke; a H atom on the quaternary ring was transferred to the nitro group; and the C-HNO2 and N-HNO2 bonds broke. The main decomposition products of TNAZ were thus NO2 , NO, N2 , H2 O, CO2 and HNO2 , as well as macromolecular clusters. The size of the cluster structure was related to the reaction temperature, and the higher the temperature was, the smaller the cluster size was.

New mutation of ACADVL-related very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective According to the clinical and gene mutation characteristics of ACADVL-related very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency(VLCADD),the types that contribute to the gene mutation of ACADVL were summarized.Methods By analyzing clinical,laboratory and genetic data of 1 case with ACADVL-related very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency diagnosed from Department of Pediatrics,the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University in August 2016,based on the agreement signed by both the litde patient's parents and the hospital,plus the high-throughput sequencing analysis and PCR sequencing test for the 2 generation genes,some presented mutation sites were analyzed and concluded,in addition to taking "ACADVL" as key words to search the databases from CNKI,Wanfang(updated in 2016) as well as PubMed and related documents from On-line Mendal Inheritant databases of Man (OMIM) and HGMD.Results Through physical examination,VLCADD was diagnosed.After being given Levocamitine and the diet likemedium-chain fatty acid food for a week,the metabolism returned to normal.Tracking him for 3 months,his hepatitis obviously rebounded,within the reach of 3 cm under the right rib and 1 cm under the xiphoid.The exome sequencing study (trios) was identified the novel heterozygous mutation according to the statistics below A CAD VL (N M_000018.3) Exon7:c.608 C ＞ T;p.(Pro203 Leu) (heterozygous) and A CAD VL (NM _000018.3) Exon18:c.1748C ＞ T;p.(Ser583Leu) (heterozygous) in ACADVL.Relevant literature reported suggest these two mutations from both the parents are pathogenic genes,which can account for the reason why the boy got ill.However,these two mutations had not been reported in ACADVL-related VLCADD so far.Up to now,73 types of mutations from documents index were related to the VLCADD,but the clinical case included 75 kinds of gene mutations.Conclusions The apparent symptoms of the boy with the gene mutation were reflected in abnormal heart rates,hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia.VLCADD was diagnosed through genetic testing,and systematic treatment can partly control the development of the disease.In conclusion,the findings (exon 7 and 18) show that according to the genetic tests,disease-causing genes from both parents are new mutations of ACADVL and they are pathogenic.

Comparative study of clinical effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureteroscope lithotripsy in the treatment of renal calculus ≤2 cm / 中国综合临床

Objective To compare the effect, postoperative inflammatory response, stress response differences of percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( PCNL) and flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy ( FURL) in the treatment of renal calculus with a diameter ≤2 cm. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight patients with renal calculus ≤2 cm m in Beijing Pinggu Hospital were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into PCNL group( 64 cases ) and FURL group ( 64 cases ) . The treatment of PCNL and FURL was carried out respectively. The stone clearance rate,operation time,hospitalization time,the number of painkillers used after surgery,inflammatory index ( hs-CRP,IL-6),oxidative stress index ( MDA,SOD) were compared. Results There was no significant difference in the stone clearance rate between PCNL group and FURL group ( χ2= 0. 208,P>0. 05). The operation time of PCNL group was (55. 32±5. 80) min,which was shorter than that of FURL group ((65. 21± 4. 24) min), the difference was statistically significant ( t = 16. 322,P< 0. 01) . The hospitalization time of FURL group was (4. 50±1. 20) d,which was shorter than that of FURL group ((7. 40 ±1. 80)),the difference was statistically significant (t= 9. 441,P<0. 01). The number of painkillers used after surgery in the FURL group was (0. 35±0. 14) times,which was less than that in FURL group ((0. 85±0. 24) times),the difference was statistically significant ( t = 8. 625,P < 0. 01) . The postoperative hs-CRP of FURL group (10. 62±1. 26) mg was significantly lower than that in PCNL group (19. 42±1. 35) mg/ L,The difference was statistically significant (t= 12. 734,P<0. 01) . The postoperative IL-6 of FURL group was(31. 50±6. 57) ng/ L,significantly lower than the PCNL group(38. 72±6. 25) ng/ L,the difference was statistically significant (t= 5. 839,P<0. 01). The postoperative MDA of FURL group (0. 63±0. 17) mmol/ L was significantly lower than that of the PCNL group (0. 80±0. 20) mmol/ L,The difference was statistically significant (t= 4. 288,P<0. 01) . The postoperative SOD of FURL group (80. 40± 5. 80) U/ L was significantly higher than the PCNL group (74. 30± 7. 40) U/ L, the difference was statistically significant ( t = 4. 691, P <0. 01). The incidence of postoperative complications in PCNL group was 10. 94% ( 7/ 64), FURL group was 2. 17% ( 1/ 64), the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 4. 800,P<0. 01). Conclusion FURL has the characteristics of less intraoperative blood loss,less trauma,less postoperative pain and fewer complications in the treatment of renal calculus ≤ 2 cm, which has less smaller inflammation, oxidative stress, and conducive to the patients' postoperative recovery.

Observation on Xi-Jiao Di-Huang Decoction on Episcleritis Treatment Effect / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to observe the clinical efficacy of Xi-Jiao Di-Huang (XJDH) decoction in the treatment of episcleritis and to provide references for its clinical treatment.A total of 48 episcleritis cases from January to December 2015 were randomly divided into two groups,with 26 cases in the observation group and 22 cases in the control group.The same conventional drug therapy was given to both groups.XJDH decoction was also given to the observation group.Clinical efficacy and recurrence rate of both groups were compared.The results showed that the total effective rate of the observation group was 92.30％,which was obviously better than 72.72％ in the control group,with statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).The recurrence rate of the observation group was 26.90％,which was obviously better than 40.90％ in the control group,with statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).It was concluded that XJDH decoction combined with modern medicine treatment in the treatment of episcleritis achieved better clinical curative effect with lower recurrence rate.It provided positive guidance in the clinical treatment of episcleritis.

Computed tomographic analysis of anatomic structure related to the infralabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To provide computed tomographic reference for the infralabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal.METHODS Temporal bone CT images of forty patients(80 sides) were randomly selected without ear lesions,and some relative structures were observed and measured.RESULTS The mean distance from the inferior edge of the posterior semicircular canal to the superior edge of the jugular bulb was (4.69±2.91)mm left and (3.10±3.01)mm right,the mean thickness of the bone inferior to the posterior semicircular canal was (0.92 ± 0.37)mm left and (0.69 ± 0.37)mm right,the mean distance from the vertical portion of the facial nerve to the anterior edge of the sigmoid sinus was (8.66±2.71)mm left and (7.74± 1.99)mm right,the mean distance from the superior edge of the jugular bulb to the internal auditory canal was (6.32 ± 2.88)mm left and (5.39 ± 2.61) mm right,the mean distance from the superior edge of the jugular bulb to the single foramen was (6.82 ± 3.02)mm left and (5.84 ± 2.82)mm right,the mean distance from the external aperture of vestibular aqueduct tothe posterior edge of internal acoustic porus was (14.38 ± 2.56)mm left and (14.12±2.76)mm right,the mean distance from the external aperture of vestibular aqueduct tothe midpoint of internal auditory canal was (12.02 ± 2.46)mm left and (11.91 ± 2.53)mm right.There were statistical differences in distances of different sides among the anterior three groups,no statistical differences were seen in distances of different sides among the posterior four groups.CONCLUSION The temporal bone CT images are helpful to the infralabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal.

An anatomic study of modified infralabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To study the modified infralabyrinthine approach in order to open the internal auditory canal,and to provide anatomic reference.METHODS In this study,the modified infralabyrinthine approach was performed on 10 adult cadaver heads(20 sides temporal bones),and some relative structures were observed and measured.RESULTS The posterior wall of internal auditory canal was opened successfully in 16/20 sides temporal bones via the modified infralabyrinthine approach,the average exposure length was (72.44 ± 14.19)％ of the whole length of the internal auditory canal.The mean distance from the inferior edge of the posterior semicircular canal to the superior edge of the jugular bulb was (4.60 ± 3.47) mm,the mean distance from the vertical portion of the facial nerve to the anterior edge of the sigmoid sinus in the infralabyrinthine area was (8.40 ± 2.74) mm,the mean distance from the superior edge of the jugular bulb to the internal auditory canal was (5.88±2.88) mm,the mean distance from the superior edge of endolymphatic sac to the internal auditory canal was (13.24±3.41) mm.CONCLUSION The modified infralabyrinthine approach had the advantages of tiny trauma and the disadvantages of more difficulty,if we selected suitable cases and prepared sufficiently,the surgery could be achieved safely and effectively.

The ultrastructure of utricular maculae of mouse / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#Using scanning electron microscope to observe the ultrastructure of utricular maculae of mouse.@*Methods@#Ten young (6 to 8 weeks) and ten old (>12 months) mice were executed, and their utricles were harvested and the specimens were processed, using scanning electron microscope to observe the structures of the utricles from the surface of otoconia layer to the roots of hair cell cilia.@*Results@#Under the scanning electron microscope, several ultrastructures were observed, including otoconia layer, unstructured gelatinous extracellular matrix layer, honeycomb-like gelatinous extracellular matrix layer, inter-cilia otoconia and hair cell cilia associated with these structures. When compared with young mouse, the otoconia surface of aged mouse was smoother, the gelatinous extracellular matrix between the adjacent otoconias was thinner.@*Conclusions@#Using SEM, ultrastructures can be clearly observed from surface otoconia layer to the roots of hair cell cilia. By the analysis of the ultrastructure of utricular maculae, it is helpful for investigation of the pathological mechanisms of vestibular diseases, such as otolith diseases.

Gene diagnostic method for primary immunodeficiency disease based on targeted panel sequencing / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective · To design and build a high-throughput sequencing approach based on targeted panel sequencing (TPS) using for the primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) diagnosis. Methods · By reviewing the literature and querying the relevant databases to determine the known diseasecausing genes of PID, capture probes using for the TPS were designed and customized for all exons and flanking sequences of these genes. A child suspected with PID was diagnosed by the customized TPS. Results · The PID sequencing panel contains a total of 100 known pathogenic genes. The sequencing data of the patient has 16414298 reads. The average coverage depth is 157 X, 98.35% of the target region sequencing depth is greater than 20 X, and 99.97% of the target region sequencing depth is greater than 1 X. Finally, a heterozygous nonsense mutation was found in the exon 2 of the CXCR4 gene (c.1000C>T, p.Arg334*) in the child. The results of Sanger sequencing confirmed the variation in the child and showed that his parents were wildtype at the corresponding sites, indicating the mutation is de novo. Conclusion · This study established a high-throughput sequencing diagnostic approach for PID, with which a case of WHIM syndrome was successfully diagnosed.