"Copy number alteration" as the sole molecular finding of a Thyroseq test is more commonly seen in Hurthle cell neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: To better understand the molecular alterations associated with Hurthle cell lesions of the thyroid, we retrospectively reviewed the association of clonal DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) with fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytomorphology and surgical follow-up. METHODS: Hurthle cell type (HCT) and non-Hurthle cell type (NHCT) thyroid FNAs that were classified according to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) as atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) and suspicious for a follicular neoplasm (SFN) with corresponding molecular testing performed by ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier were compared to surgical follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 54 thyroid FNA cases were identified, distributed among the following categories: AUS-HCT (n = 15, 27.8%), SFN-HCT (n = 11, 20.4%), AUS-NHCT (n = 19, 35.2%), and SFN-NHCT (n = 9, 16.6%). The lesions classified as AUS-HCT and SFN-HCT showed a higher prevalence of CNAs (n = 10/26; 38.5%) compared to their NHCT counterparts (n = 3/28; 10.7%) (p < .03). Of the 42 patients (77.8%) with surgical follow-up, CNAs were more often seen in benign (n = 10/26, 38.5%) than malignant conditions (n = 1/16, 6.3%) (p < .03). CNAs were encountered in more lesions with Hurthle cell features on histologic examination (n = 8/14, 57.1%) than those without (n = 3/28, 10.7%) (p < .002). The presence of CNAs alone was seen only in benign adenomas and more commonly with Hurthle cell features (n = 5/7, 71.4%). CONCLUSION: In this study, CNAs were associated with Hurthle cell morphology on thyroid FNA and benign adenomas upon surgical follow-up. Therefore, if the only finding of a positive ThyroSeq v3 GC result is a CNA, conservative management can be considered if clinically indicated.

Abdominal wall mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor lesion.

Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor is a rare entity that is histologically characterized by spindle-shaped histiocytes with acid-fast bacilli. It is primarily reported in immunocompromised patient in various body sites. We present a case of mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor in an abdominal wall mass from an immunosuppressed patient and discuss the characteristic findings.

Potentiation of mitomycin C tumoricidal activity for transitional cell carcinoma by histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro.

PURPOSE: Histone deacetylase inhibitors represent promising cancer treatments since they offer improved access to target DNA/protein complexes by cytotoxic agents. We hypothesized that histone deacetylase inhibitors would be most effective when combined with DNA damaging agents such as mitomycin C. Valproic acid is a safe, affordable histone deacetylase inhibitor. We examined the effect of the combination of valproic acid and mitomycin C on human bladder cancer cells in vitro and compared this to the effect of valproic acid or mitomycin C alone on the cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used HTB5 and HTB9 cells derived from low and high grade bladder tumors, respectively. HTB5 and HTB9 cells were grown in modified Eagle's and RPMI medium, respectively. Cell growth and proliferation were measured by standard methods. Apoptosis was evaluated microscopically after dual staining of cells with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide. The change in protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: Treatment of HTB5 and HTB9 bladder cancer cells for 24 to 72 hours with valproic acid and mitomycin C resulted in concentration and time dependent decreases in viability and proliferation. HTB9 cells showed marked sensitivity to mitomycin C with a 48-hour 50% median inhibitory concentration of 1 µg. Cells were less sensitive to valproic acid alone with a 48-hour 50% median inhibitory concentration of 2.5 mM. The chromatin structure relaxation induced by valproic acid pretreatment sensitized the bladder cancer cell lines, augmenting the cytotoxic action of mitomycin C. Valproic acid potentiated the induction of cell death by mitomycin C in each cell line in synergistic fashion. The effect of combining the 2 drugs was greater than the sum effect of each drug alone. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that the valproic acid and mitomycin C combination is effective, likely due to synergistic mechanisms. Animal model validation is needed but early results suggest promising intravesical treatments for superficial bladder cancer.

Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes.

Hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) get their name from their laterally expanded, dorsal-ventrally compressed head, a structure referred to as the cephalofoil. Species within the family vary for head size and shape and for body size in ways that are functionally significant. Here we infer the phylogeny for all species within the family based on analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes amounting to 6292 base pairs. Mixed model Bayesian analysis of the concatenated data and Bayesian estimation of the species tree (BEST) converged on the same topology of the relationships. Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests revealed that all previously proposed hypotheses could be refuted by the data. The new hypothesis for the group suggests that the ancestor of all extant sharks was large (>200 cms) and that small body size probably evolved twice at different times and places. Moreover, the results suggest that once the cephalofoil evolved, it underwent divergent evolution in different lineages presumably in response to unique selective regimes.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 August 2009-30 September 2009.

This article documents the addition of 238 microsatellite marker loci and 72 pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Adelges tsugae, Artemisia tridentata, Astroides calycularis, Azorella selago, Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides violaceus, Cardiocrinum cordatum var. glehnii, Campylopterus curvipennis, Colocasia esculenta, Cynomys ludovicianus, Cynomys leucurus, Cynomys gunnisoni, Epinephelus coioides, Eunicella singularis, Gammarus pulex, Homoeosoma nebulella, Hyla squirella, Lateolabrax japonicus, Mastomys erythroleucus, Pararge aegeria, Pardosa sierra, Phoenicopterus ruber ruber and Silene latifolia. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Adelges abietis, Adelges cooleyi, Adelges piceae, Pineus pini, Pineus strobi, Tubastrea micrantha, three other Tubastrea species, Botrylloides fuscus, Botrylloides simodensis, Campylopterus hemileucurus, Campylopterus rufus, Campylopterus largipennis, Campylopterus villaviscensio, Phaethornis longuemareus, Florisuga mellivora, Lampornis amethystinus, Amazilia cyanocephala, Archilochus colubris, Epinephelus lanceolatus, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Symbiodinium temperate-A clade, Gammarus fossarum, Gammarus roeselii, Dikerogammarus villosus and Limnomysis benedeni. This article also documents the addition of 72 sequencing primer pairs and 52 allele specific primers for Neophocaena phocaenoides.