Gender Differences among Healthcare Providers in the Promotion of Patient-, Person- and Family-Centered Care-And Its Implications for Providing Quality Healthcare.

The concept of "patient-centered care" (PCC) emphasizes patients' autonomy and is commonly promoted as a good healthcare practice that all of medicine should strive for. Here, we assessed how six medical specialties-pediatrics, OBGYN, orthopedics, radiology, dermatology, and neurosurgery-have engaged with PCC and its derivative concepts of "person-centered care" (PeCC) and "family-centered care" (FCC) as a function of the number of female physicians in each field. To achieve this, we conducted a scoping review of three databases-PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycInfo-to assess the extent that PCC, PeCC, FCC, and RCC were referenced by different specialties in the medical literature. Reference to PCC and PeCC in the literature correlates significantly with the number of female physicians in each field (all p < 0.00001) except for neurosurgery (p > 0.5). Pediatrics shows the most extensive reference to PCC, followed by OBGYN, with a significant difference between all disciplines (p < 0.001). FCC remains exclusively embraced by pediatrics. Our results align with documented cognitive differences between men and women that recognize gender differences in empathizing (E) versus systemizing (S) with females demonstrating E > S, which supports PCC/PeCC/FCC approaches to healthcare.

Twenty years on - has patient-centered care been equally well integrated among medical specialties?

OBJECTIVE: The concept of 'patient-centered care' was touted as a pillar of good clinical practice and endorsed by the US Institute of Medicine in a seminal 2001 publication. We explore the extent to which differing medical specialties have engaged with the concept over the last 20 years and how and why this attention has varied among a sample of medical specialties since 2001. METHODS: Reference to patient-centered care in the medical literature for selected specialties was used as a proxy for clinical application of patient-centered care in those disciplines. We undertook a statistical analysis and historical review of the medical literature that references the concept of patient-centered care in pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN), orthopedics, radiology, dermatology, and neurosurgery. We analyzed the extent to which the literature referencing patient-centered care has changed for the six disciplines since first mentioned in the Institute of Medicine 2001 publication. We measured changes over time in reference to patient-centered care in the medical literature for the six diverse medical specialties. RESULTS: The six disciplines differed significantly in reference to patient-centered care when comparing publications between the disciplines (p < 0.001). Pediatrics showed the most extensive reference to the concept followed by OB-GYN. In contrast, patient-centered care was hardly mentioned in dermatology and neurosurgery, nor orthopedics or radiology. When correcting for the number of papers published in the different fields, reference to patient-centered care is ~18X more common in pediatrics than in neurosurgery. CONCLUSION: Uptake, attention, and applicability of the principles of patient-centered care have varied over the last 20 years. Differences among specialties appear to reflect true differences in patient centricities in the disciplines, with higher uptake in specialties that are person-oriented rather than technique-oriented. Greater engagement with patient-centered care correlates strongly with the number of female physicians in each field.

Developmental differences in the malleability of implicit racial bias following exposure to counterstereotypical exemplars.

Research suggests that exposure to stories about Black adults who are contributing positively to their community can reduce implicit pro-White/anti-Black racial bias in older children (ages 9-12). The aim of the current research was to replicate and extend this finding by investigating whether a different child-friendly manipulation exposing children to positive Black exemplars and negative White exemplars could decrease implicit pro-White/anti-Black racial bias in children aged 5 to 12 years, both immediately following the intervention and 1 hr later. In addition, a second aim of this research was to examine whether child-friendly positive exemplar exposure would similarly reduce adults' implicit racial bias. In a sample of White and Asian Canadians (N = 478; 182 male, 296 female), recruited from a community science center (children) and a public university in Vancouver (adults), 9- to 12-year-old children's racial bias was reduced up to 1 hr after this new intervention, while the effectiveness of the intervention on 5- to 8-year-old children's bias was less clear. Interestingly, this intervention did not reduce adult levels of bias. The results of a follow-up study (N = 96; 23 male, 72 female, 1 nonbinary) indicate that exposure to child exemplars can reduce bias in adults, but only when additional instructions are provided to internalize the presented association. Thus, the current study provides evidence that depicting counterstereotypical exemplars can reduce implicit racial bias in children for up to 1 hr after exemplar exposure, but there may be important developmental differences in the conditions required to change this bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).