RESUMEN
The present study demonstrates the production of biodiesel from used cooking oil containing high free fatty acid by a two-step heterogeneously catalyzed process. The free fatty acids were first esterified with methanol using a 25 wt.% TPA/Nb(2)O(5) catalyst followed by transesterification of the oil with methanol over ZnO/Na-Y zeolite catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, BET surface area and CO(2)-TPD. In the case of transesterification the effect of reaction parameters, such as catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio and reaction temperature, on the yield of ester were investigated. The catalyst with 20 wt.% ZnO loading on Na-Y exhibited the highest activity among the others. Both the solid acid and base catalysts were found to be reusable for several times indicating their efficacy in the two-step process.
Asunto(s)
Biocombustibles , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/química , Metanol/química , Aceites/química , Zeolitas/química , Catálisis , Culinaria , EsterificaciónRESUMEN
Biodiesel synthesis from rice bran fatty acids (RBFA) was carried out using cesium exchanged 12-tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) catalysts. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts were derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of NH(3) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterization techniques revealed that the Keggin structure of TPA remained intact as Cs replaced protons. The partial exchange of Cs for protons resulted in an increase in acidity and the catalysts with one Cs(+) (Cs(1)H(2)PW(12)O(40)) showed highest acidity. Under optimized conditions about 92% conversion of RBFA was obtained. The catalyst was reused for five times and retained of its original activity. Pseudo-first order model was applied to correlate the experimental kinetic data. Modified tungstophosphoric acids are efficient solid acid catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from the oils containing high FFA.
Asunto(s)
Biocombustibles/análisis , Biotecnología/métodos , Cesio/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Oryza/química , Ácidos Fosfóricos/metabolismo , Compuestos de Tungsteno/metabolismo , Residuos/análisis , Catálisis , Esterificación , Cinética , Reciclaje , Propiedades de Superficie , Temperatura , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Hydroamination of alkynes with both aromatic and aliphatic amines proceeds efficiently in the presence of silver-exchanged tungstophosphoric acid (AgTPA) catalyst under solvent-free conditions to afford ketimines in excellent yields.