RESUMEN
We experimentally and numerically investigate amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the presence of radiation reabsorption by using an end-pumped ruby laser. From the fluorescence time decay in the axial direction, we find that the average path length of ASE is much larger than the reabsorption length and exhibits sharp variation near the semi-concentric cavity configuration; however, the side lifetime is independent of cavity configuration. In addition, an axial power bump corresponding to a side power valley and the enhanced fluorescence R-line spectrum are observed and explained.
RESUMEN
Panonychus ulmi Koch is one of the important pest insects of apple production in China. To clarify the spatiotemporal dynamics of P. ulmi on the apple tree crowns in an apple orchard of Liaoning, Northeast China, an investigation with random sampling was conducted on the pest mite number at each direction and each layer of the crowns in the whole growth season from May to November 2007. The spatial distribution pattern and time series dynamics of P. ulmi were analyzed by calculating the indices of aggregation and using the parameters of Iwao model. In the early and mid growth periods of apple tree, P. ulmi within whole crown fitted negative binomial distribution, presented an aggregated pattern, and its fundamental component was the group composed of several individuals that attracted each other. The aggregation intensity showed a negative fluctuation with population density, namely, high population density but low patchiness density, and low population density but high patchiness density, and there existed definite differences at different crown directions and layers, i. e., the patchiness density was the highest in south direction and the lowest in west direction, and was higher in mid and lower layers than in upper layer, and in inner layer than in outer layer.
