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Based on phylogenetic analysis, Candolleomyces (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales) was established with Psathyrella candolleana as the type species. The basidiomes range from small to large and are typically terrestrial, lignicolous, and rarely fimicolous. We analysed the Candolleomyces species collected during five years in China, and based on morphological and molecular data (nrITS, nrLSU, and tef-1α), we propose seven new Candolleomyces species viz. C. brevisporus, C. gyirongicus, C. lignicola, C. luridus, C. shennongdingicus, C. shennongjianus, and C. sichuanicus. Full descriptions, colour photographs, illustrations, phylogenetic analyses results, and comparisons with related Candolleomyces species of the new taxa are provided. This study enriches the species diversity of Candolleomyces in China.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Despite several decades of research, the development of effective treatments and responses for Alzheimer's disease remains elusive. The utilization of polysaccharides for Alzheimer's disease became more popular due to their beneficial characteristics, notably their multi-target activity and low toxicity. This review mainly focuses on the researches of recent 5 years in the regulation of AD by naturally derived polysaccharides, systematically lists the possible intervention pathways of polysaccharides from different mechanisms, and explores the structure-activity relationship between polysaccharide structural activities, so as to provide references for the intervention and treatment of AD by polysaccharides.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Humanos , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
AIM: To predict best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) by machine learning in patients with ocular trauma who were treated for at least 6mo. METHODS: The internal dataset consisted of 850 patients with 1589 eyes and an average age of 44.29y. The initial visual acuity was 0.99 logMAR. The test dataset consisted of 60 patients with 100 eyes collected while the model was optimized. Four different machine-learning algorithms (Extreme Gradient Boosting, support vector regression, Bayesian ridge, and random forest regressor) were used to predict BCVA, and four algorithms (Extreme Gradient Boosting, support vector machine, logistic regression, and random forest classifier) were used to classify BCVA in patients with ocular trauma after treatment for 6mo or longer. Clinical features were obtained from outpatient records, and ocular parameters were extracted from optical coherence tomography images and fundus photographs. These features were put into different machine-learning models, and the obtained predicted values were compared with the actual BCVA values. The best-performing model and the best variable selected were further evaluated in the test dataset. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between the predicted and actual values [all Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC)>0.6]. Considering only the data from the traumatic group (group A) into account, the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.30 and 0.40 logMAR, respectively. In the traumatic and healthy groups (group B), the lowest MAE and RMSE were 0.20 and 0.33 logMAR, respectively. The sensitivity was always higher than the specificity in group A, in contrast to the results in group B. The classification accuracy and precision were above 0.80 in both groups. The MAE, RMSE, and PCC of the test dataset were 0.20, 0.29, and 0.96, respectively. The sensitivity, precision, specificity, and accuracy of the test dataset were 0.83, 0.92, 0.95, and 0.90, respectively. CONCLUSION: Predicting BCVA using machine-learning models in patients with treated ocular trauma is accurate and helpful in the identification of visual dysfunction.
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The rapid, sensitive and reliable food safety control is urgently needed due to the harmful effects of the food contaminants on human health. Colorimetric approach has exhibited promising potential for the detection of food contaminants due to their easy preparation, rapid detection, high sensitivity, and naked-eye sensing. In recent years, AuNPs-based colorimetric probes have been extensively explored for food analysis. The present article reviews the development of AuNPs-based colorimetric probes for colorimetric sensing and their applications in food analysis. It generally summarizes the properties of AuNPs and introduces the preparation and functionalization methods of AuNPs. An overview of the colorimetric sensing mechanisms of AuNPs-based probes and their applications in analysis of food contaminants are also provided. Although AuNPs-based colorimetric probes show many advantages in detection of food contaminants, challenges remain in terms of complexity of food matrices, multiple analytes detection in a single go, and testing conditions interference.
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Oro , Nanopartículas del Metal , Humanos , Colorimetría/métodos , Inocuidad de los AlimentosRESUMEN
Microcapsules could improve the protection of probiotics in the lyophilization and gastrointestinal digestion process. The purpose of this study was to prepare Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DMDL 9010 (LP9010) microcapsules by cross-linking chitosan with genipin and to determine the encapsulation efficiency, morphological characterization, storage stability and the application of the microcapsules in fermentation. The results showed that the LP9010 microcapsules embedded in 1.00 wt% genipin cross-linked chitosan were in a uniform spherical shape with a smooth surface and satisfying agglomeration. The LP9010 microcapsules demonstrated the reasonable thermal stability and persistence of biological activity in the range of -20 °C to 25 °C. Additionally, yogurt obtained from the ST + LB + ELP9010 strain formulation with the addition of microencapsulated LP9010 had smaller particles, better taste, and better stability compared with the yogurt obtained from other strain formulations. As detected by GC-MS, the yogurt formulated with ST + LB + ELP9010 as a strain retained more flavor substances and the content of flavor substances was greater than that of the yogurt obtained from other strain formulations. Therefore, genipin cross-link chitosan could be a suitable microencapsulated material for producing yogurt fermentation strains.
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Quitosano , Yogur , Cápsulas , FermentaciónRESUMEN
Agaricus sinodeliciosus is a rare wild edible mushroom from northwest China, and grows naturally in mild saline-alkali soil, which is also unusual in mushrooms. A. sinodeliciosus represents a potential model organism for explaining saline-alkali tolerance mechanisms and revealing related physiological processes in mushrooms. Here, we provide a high-quality genome of A. sinodeliciosus. Comparative genomic analyses reveal A. sinodeliciosus has numerous changes to its genome organization after a solitary evolutionary history under saline-alkali environments, such as gene family contraction, retrotransposon expansion and rapid evolution of adaptative genes. Our saline and alkali tolerance tests show that mycelium growth and fruit body formation of this species are effected by mild alkalinity. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that genes involved in carbon and nitrogen utilization, cell stability and fruit body formation of A. sinodeliciosus could be activated under mildly alkaline conditions. In particular, the 'starch and sucrose metabolism', 'biosynthesis of amino acids' and 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis' pathways are important for mildly alkaline tolerance of A. sinodeliciosus. Like plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in the rot fungus A. sinodeliciosus, the biosynthesis of intracellular small molecules could be enhanced to counter osmotic and oxidative stresses caused by mild alkalinity, and the biosynthesis of monolignol could be suppressed to increase cell wall infiltrates under mildly alkaline conditions. This research provides an understanding of the genomic evolution and mechanisms of A. sinodeliciosus in tolerance to saline-alkali environments. The A. sinodeliciosus genome constitutes a valuable resource for evolutionary and ecological studies of Agaricus.
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Agaricus , Agaricus/genética , Agaricus/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Álcalis/metabolismo , Genómica , Evolución MolecularRESUMEN
Background: Studies show that Tai Chi, a traditional Chinese mind-body exercise, has the potential to improve cognitive and physical function among the elderly. However, debates continue about its effectiveness among persons with dementia (PWD). Primary study objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of Tai Chi in improving cognitive, physical, and emotional function among PWDs. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of research on online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Pubmed, and Cochrane Library) published up to April 2021. Relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were reviewed and analyzed. A random-effect model was used to evaluate the pooled mean difference values. Intervention: The individuals in the intervention group practiced Tai Chi exercises in addition to their regular care, while the individuals in the control group continued their usual care. Primary Outcome Measures: We focus on three outcome measures: the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores. Results: Seven studies (N = 616) were included in the meta-analysis. Our results show that Tai Chi can improve cognitive function in PWDs (P = .007, SMD = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.47). However, Tai Chi might not improve the TUG (P = .25, SMD = -0.64; 95% CI, -1.74 to 0.46) and GDS (P = .61; SMD = -0.36; 95% CI -2.00 to 1.17) functions. Conclusions: The results suggest that Tai Chi can help improve cognitive function among PWDs, but it has no physical and emotional benefits as assessed using the TUG and GDS scales, respectively.
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Demencia , Taichi Chuan , Humanos , Anciano , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Taichi Chuan/métodos , Ejercicio Físico , Cognición , Demencia/terapiaRESUMEN
This study investigated the structural, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities of acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS-LP2) isolated from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DMDL 9010. EPS-LP2 is composed of fucose (Fuc), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), mannose (Man), and D-fructose (Fru) with a molar ratio of 0.13: 0.69: 8.32: 27.57: 62.07: 0.58: 0.46, respectively. Structural analysis of EPS-LP2 exhibited a smooth irregular lamellar surface, rod-like structure with swollen ends and slippery surfaces, and good thermal stability. Based on the methylation and NMR analysis, sugar residues including t-Manp, t-Glcp, 2-Manp, 6-Galp, 6-Glcp, and 4-Glcp were found to exist in EPS-LP2. In the 50â¼400 µg/ml range, EPS-LP2 showed negligible neurotoxicity to RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, EPS-LP2 could protect RAW264.7 cells from oxidative injury by lowering the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the secretion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In contrast, an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) were observed. Immunoreactivity assays showed that EPS-LP2 could suppress the expression of NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and inhibit the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-κB-gene binding (NF-κB) cell pathway. Conclusively, EPS-LP2 could be a potential natural antioxidant and immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicines.
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Polymyxin A1 was a rarely investigated member in the polymyxins family produced by Bacillus aerosporus. As a cyclic non-ribosomal lipopeptide, it was purified from Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus for the first time. The producing strain SY20 was screened from Chinese natural fermented bamboo shoots and identified as P. thiaminolyticus SY20 using 16S rRNA homology along with whole genome sequencing. The optimum incubation time was 32 h by the growth kinetics of antimicrobial agent production. The proteinaceous nature of antimicrobial agents was characterized according to the physicochemical properties of the cell-free supernatant. Subsequently, the active antimicrobial agent was purified from the supernatant using ammonium sulfate-graded precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and C18-H chromatography. The active agent was identified as polymyxin A1 with a molecular weight 1156.7 Da and antimicrobial activity mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. The molecular structure, a cyclic heptapeptide and a tripeptide side chain acylated by a fatty acid at the amino terminus, was elucidated using the combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), amino acid analysis, and whole genome mining tool. Meanwhile, the biosynthetic gene cluster of polymyxin A1 including five open reading frames (ORFs) was demonstrated in the genome. The compound should be further explored for its efficacy and toxicity in vivo to develop its application.
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BACKGROUND: Dementia is a severe neurological and psychological disease that occurs in older adults worldwide. The knowledge and attitude of medical-vocational college students play an important role in supporting primary healthcare systems. AIM: To investigate the level of knowledge, contact experience, and attitudes toward dementia among medical-vocational college students in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, and 3-year medical and medical-related students from eight vocational colleges in Anhui province were recruited. The contact experience, attitudes, and knowledge level of students toward dementia were assessed using a questionnaire designed according to the Chinese version of the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS). RESULTS: A total of 2444 medical and medical-related students completed the survey, of whom 86.7% of respondents had interests and concerns regarding Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 29.2% of respondents had experiences of contact with dementia patients. Overall attitudes toward dementia were negative. Only 35.4% of students were interested in participating in the caregiving of dementia patients. The mean score of students' knowledge about AD as assessed by the ADKS was 21.16 (standard deviation, 3.43) out of 30. CONCLUSION: Dementia-related knowledge of medical-vocational college students was at a medium level, and their overall attitudes toward dementia were negative.
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Wetland plant diversity reveals key aspects of the environmental and ecological status of wetlands and plays an important role in the maintenance of ecosystem functions and services. The present study surveyed the plant species diversity of 22 wetlands in Beijing and, combining field data and remote sensing data, evaluated ecological qualities of the wetlands based on indicators of habitat status, plant species diversity, typical wetland plant community, and status of alien plant invasion. A total of 338 species (including varieties and subspecies) belonging to 220 genera of 74 families of wetland plants were recorded in Beijing. The wetlands could be divided into four types according to plant species composition, which showed a spatial gradient pattern from urban core to ecological conservation areas. Wetlands located in ecological conservation areas were of better ecological quality than those located in urban core and suburban plain areas. The value of ecological quality index (EQI) for Baihe River, Huaishahe-Huaijiuhe River, Jinniu Lake, Hanshiqiao Wetland, and Yongdinghe River (Mentougou Section) were in the top five, whereas the value of EQI for river-type wetlands located in suburban plain areas were relatively lower. The results of the canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the most critical factors affecting wetland plant species composition were the distance to the nearest road, water total nitrogen, and area percentage of ecological green land. Furthermore, the results of the canonical correlation analysis indicated that the most critical factors affecting wetland plant species diversity were the area percentage of construction land and water total organic carbon. Human activity intensity and water quality have a strong impact on the plant diversity and ecological quality of wetlands in Beijing. It is suggested that efforts should be made to strengthen the ecological protection and restoration of the river-type wetlands located in suburban plain areas.
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Ecosistema , Humedales , Beijing , China , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Humanos , Plantas , RíosRESUMEN
Previous studies have found that probiotic supplements can ameliorate mental behavioral disorders. This study investigated the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DMDL 9010 (LP9010) intake on the depression-like behavior induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and its possible mechanism. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed with DSS to establish the model of ulcerative colitis. LP9010 intake reduced the DSS-induced inflammatory response, and repaired intestinal barrier damage, as well as lightened depression-like behavior. LP9010 supplementation also inhibited neuroinflammation by up-regulating the levels of neurotransmitters, especially 5-HT, NE, DA, and 5-HIAA. Moreover, the intake of LP9010 reorganized the gut microbiome by increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and decreasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Furthermore, treatment with LP9010 increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid and propionic acid. In conclusion, LP9010 intake was a promising probiotic intervention strategy for the prevention of colitis-induced behavioral disorders through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Eje Cerebro-Intestino/efectos de los fármacos , Colitis/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Lactobacillaceae , Probióticos/farmacología , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Sulfato de Dextran/efectos adversos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on proliferation and apoptosis of human lung epithelial cells BEAS-2B and its molecular mechanisms. METHODS: BEAS-2B cells were treated with ZnO NPs at concentrations of 3, 6 and 12 µg/ml for 12 h and 24 h, the control group was not treated with ZnO NPs, each with 3 replicate wells. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 method, and the half lethal concentration (IC50) was analyzed. Then, the BEAS-2B cells were treated with ZnO NPs at selected concentrations of 3 and 6 µg/ml for 24 h respectively,each group was set with 3 replicate. Cell morphology was observed under inverted microscope. The morphology of cell nuclei was observed by Hochest33342 staining. The morphology of apoptosis was observed by AO staining and scanning electron microscopy. Cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis rate and the level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax protein. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the cell viability of cells treated with ZnO NPs were decreased significantly(Pï¼0.01), and the IC50 was 6.13 µg/ml at 24 h of drug treatment. After the cells were treated with ZnO NPs for 24 h, the levels of ROS were increased significantly(Pï¼0.05, Pï¼0.01)in 3 µg/ml, 6 µg/ml groups. The cell cycle was arrested at G2/M phase, chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies were induced, apoptosis rate was increased significantly(Pï¼0.01) in 6 µg/ml group. The expression of Bcl-2 was decreased(Pï¼0.05), and the expression of Bax was increased (Pï¼0.05) in cells treated with 6 µg/ml ZnO NPs for 24 h. CONCLUSION: ZnO NPs induced ROS accumulation, blocked progress of cell cycle and induced cell apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells.
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Óxido de Zinc , Humanos , Óxido de Zinc/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Apoptosis , Células Epiteliales , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2 , Pulmón/metabolismo , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) is a master regulator that controls energy metabolism and cell fate. PPARγ2, a PPARγ isoform, is highly expressed in the normal prostate but expressed at lower levels in prostate cancer tissues. In the present study, PC3 and LNCaP cells were used to examine the benefits of restoring PPARγ2 activity. PPARγ2 was overexpressed in PC3 and LNCaP cells, and cell proliferation and migration were detected. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect pathological changes. The genes regulated by PPARγ2 overexpression were detected by microarray analysis. The restoration of PPARγ2 in PC3 and LNCaP cells inhibited cell proliferation and migration. PC3-PPARγ2 tissue recombinants showed necrosis in cancerous regions and leukocyte infiltration in the surrounding stroma by H&E staining. We found higher mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and lower microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) expression in cancer tissues compared to controls by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Microarray analysis showed that PPARγ2 gain of function in PC3 cells resulted in the reprogramming of lipid- and energy metabolism-associated signaling pathways. These data indicate that PPARγ2 exerts a crucial tumor-suppressive effect by triggering necrosis and an inflammatory reaction in human prostate cancer.
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PPAR gamma , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Células PC-3 , PPAR gamma/genética , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genética , Transducción de Señal , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Fibrodontia is a genus of wood-inhabiting fungi consisting of four species so far, including F. gossypina as generic type. Two new species, Fibrodontia austrosinensis and F. subalba, are described and illustrated from China. Fibrodontia austrosinensis from southwestern China is characterized by a grandinioid to odontioid hymenophore with numerous small aculei, a dimitic hyphal system with scattered, smooth skeletal hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.2-5.2 × 3.5-4.5 µm. Fibrodontia subalba from the West Tianshan Mountain in northwestern China is distinguished by an odontioid to hydnoid hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal system, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.7-4.4 × 2.8-3.4 µm. The phylogenies inferred from the data set of nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and D1-D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and that of ITS, 28S, translation elongation factor (tef1α), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) supported Fibrodontia as a monophyletic genus in the Trechisporales, and F. austrosinensis and F. subalba as separate lineages within Fibrodontia. Multi-rate Poisson Tree Processes, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and genetic distance methods based on ITS sequences of Fibrodontia also supported F. austrosinensis and F. subalba as distinct species. The taxonomic status of F. fimbriata that was recently transferred from Cystidiodendron, is briefly discussed. A key to all six known species of Fibrodontia is provided.
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INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that differences in post-partum levator hiatus (LH) measurements, as well as the area of urethra and bladder (AUB), viewed under ultrasound, correlate with diastasis rectus abdominis (DRA) occurrence. The primary objective of this study is to determine ultrasound parameters available for diagnosing DRA in post-partum women. We compared LH and AUB measurements under ultrasound in primiparous women, with and without DRA, at 24-26 weeks postpartum. METHODS: One hundred ninety-four women underwent routine examination, including a self-made clinical symptoms questionnaire, DRA evaluation, and LH and AUB measurements. Independent samples t- and chi-squared tests were used to compare the differences between women with and without DRA. RESULTS: DRA incidence was significantly higher among those who underwent cesarean section (CS) than for vaginal delivery (VD) (P = 0.038). DRA patients could potentially have urinary urgency, frequency, pain, dysuria, and perineal tears. Additionally, statistically significant differences were found between VD patients, with or without DRA, in the resting LH transverse diameter (TrD) (P = 0.032) and the area of the levator hiatus (ALH) (P = 0.048) as well as AUB at Valsalva (P = 0.049). No differences, however, were found between the DRA and no DRA groups for all those measurements among women who had cesarean deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: DRA was more likely in post-CS women. Furthermore, the results showed a plausible association between DRA occurrence and LH expansion, especially in women with VD under rest and Valsalva. This could be useful for developing therapeutic plans based on these parameters for post-partum rehabilitation of women with DRA to avoid long-term complications.
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Diástasis Muscular , Recto del Abdomen , Cesárea , Femenino , Humanos , Periodo Posparto , Embarazo , Recto del Abdomen/diagnóstico por imagen , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
This study aims to evaluate the effects of probiotic Bacillus coagulans 13,002 (BCS) and prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on mice treated with the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CTX). We found that both BCS and FOS, especially BCS, significantly alleviated CTX-induced injury by modulating intestinal-derived and fecal microbiota. BCS and BCS + FOS increased serum immunoglobulin levels, which were reduced by CTX. In addition, BCS and BCS + FOS upregulated IFN-γ and IL-4, which protect mucosal barriers and the balance of Th1/Th2. BCS promoted the growth of some beneficial bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Oscillospira, and Ruminococcus in mouse gut. In addition, BCS + FOS inhibited the growth of several harmful bacteria, including Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Brachybacterium, Corynebacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Sporosarcina, and Staphylococcus. Furthermore, BCS potentially improved the growth of Anaerotruncus bacteria, which can promote the production of butyrate acids. In summary, according our results suggest that BCS and FOS improved the immunity of mice with immunosuppression induced by CTX through modulating intestinal-derived and fecal microbiota.
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Bacillus coagulans , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Animales , Ciclofosfamida , Terapia de Inmunosupresión , Ratones , Oligosacáridos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Carotenoids are important precursors of a wide range of apocarotenoids with their functions including: hormones, pigments, retinoids, volatiles, and signals, which can be used in the food, flavors, fragrances, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This article focuses on the formation of these multifaceted apocarotenoids and their diverse biological roles in all living systems. Carotenoid degradation pathways include: enzymatic oxidation by specific carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) or nonspecific enzymes such as lipoxygenases and peroxidases and non-enzymatic oxidation by reactive oxygen species. Recent advances in the regulation of carotenoid cleavage genes and the biotechnological production of multiple apocarotenoids are also covered. It is suggested that different developmental stages and environmental stresses can influence both the expression of carotenoid cleavage genes and the formation of apocarotenoids at multiple levels of regulation including: transcriptional, transcription factors, posttranscriptional, posttranslational, and epigenetic modification. Regarding the biotechnological production of apocarotenoids especially: crocins, retinoids, and ionones, enzymatic biocatalysis and metabolically engineered microorganisms have been a promising alternative route. New substrates, carotenoid cleavage enzymes, biosynthetic pathways for apocarotenoids, and new biological functions of apocarotenoids will be discussed with the improvement of our understanding of apocarotenoid biology, biochemistry, function, and formation from different organisms.
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Vías Biosintéticas , Carotenoides , Carotenoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
A facile and novel colorimetric method for screening of α-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) from flavonoids using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a chromogenic probe is proposed. This method is based on the colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid (AA) through the TMB oxidation reaction catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In the TMB/H2O2/HRP system, HRP catalyzes the oxidation of H2O2 to â§OH radical which oxidizes TMB to blue-colored oxidized TMB (oxTMB). In the presence of AA, the production of â§OH radical is suppressed and causes the decrease of oxTMB, resulting in the fading of the blue color and the decrease of absorbance at 652 nm. Based on this, the existence of AA can be facilely identified. In the 2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2 G)/α-glucosidase (α-Glu) system, the produced AA inhibits the oxidation of TMB to blue-colored oxTMB. In the presence of AGIs, the production of AA is inhibited, which inhibits the reduction of oxTMB, resulting in a blue color recovery and an increase of the absorbance at 652 nm. Based on this, the colorimetric method is developed for screening of AGIs from 7 flavonoids.
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Colorimetría , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas , Bencidinas , Flavonoides , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/farmacología , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is the most common side effect of antibiotics and is routinely treated with probiotics in clinical. Streptococcus thermophiles, extensively utilized for producing dairy foods, has recently been regarded as a new promising probiotic candidate. In this study, the efficacy of Streptococcus thermophiles DMST-H2 (DMST-H2) for AAD treatment in mice was investigated. DMST-H2 was isolated from Chinese traditional yogurt, proved to be non-toxic, and presented tolerance against simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro. Additionally, genomic analysis revealed that it possessed genes related to acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, adhesion, oxidative stress and bacteriocin production. The animal experiment results showed that both DMST-H2 treatment and natural recovery could reduce fecal water content. Compared with spontaneous recovery, DMST-H2 accelerated the recovery of the enlarged caecum and intestinal barrier injury from AAD, and further decreased endotoxin (ET), D-lactate (D-LA) and diamine oxidase (DAO) content in serum. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) were reduced, while interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) increased after treating with DMST-H2. Furthermore, DMST-H2 better restored the structure of intestinal flora. At the phylum level, Firmicutes increased and Proteobacteria decreased. These findings indicate that DMST-H2 could promote recovery in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.