Visible light driven photoredox/nickel-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of Z- or E-vinyl thioethers from thiosilane and terminal alkynes.

A new method for the synthesis of anti-Markovnikov Z- or E-vinyl thioethers from thiosilane and terminal alkynes under visible-light-induced photoredox/nickel dual catalysis conditions is described. With a judicious choice of a simple nickel catalyst and a ligand, this strategy enables efficient and divergent access to both Z- or E-vinyl thioethers from the same set of simple starting materials. Notably, the approach is free of odorous thiol and has excellent compatibility with functional groups and substrate scope.

Construction of bupivacaine-loaded gelatin-based hydrogel delivery system for sciatic nerve block in mice.

Peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) is a common treatment to relieve postoperative pain. However, local anesthetics alone have a short duration of action and severe side effects during postoperative analgesia. In order to overcome these limitations, the present study reported an injectable hydrogel with a drug slow-release profile for regional nerve blockade. The injectable hydrogel was prepared by crosslinking with gelatin and NHS-PEG-NHS, which was degradable in the physiological environment and displayed sustainable release of anesthetics locally, thus improving the disadvantage of the high toxicity of local anesthetics. In this regard, we conducted a series of in vitro characterizations and proved that the hydrogel has a porous three-dimensional mesh structure with high drug loading capability, and sustainable drug release profile. And cytotoxicity experiments confirmed the good biocompatibility of the hydrogel. It was shown that using the animal sciatic nerve block model, the analgesic effect was greatly improved in vivo, and there was no obvious evidence of permanent inflammation or nerve damage in the block site's sections. This locally slow-release platform, combined with local anesthetics, is therefore a promising contender for long-acting analgesia.

The Effects of Processing Parameters during the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of 308L Stainless Steel on the Formation of a Thin-Walled Structure.

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) excels in producing medium to large components with a high deposition rate. Process optimization is crucial for uniform, defect-free components. This research employs orthogonal experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) to control TIG WAAM-ed 308L stainless steel components. Varied parameters, including tungsten electrode angle, welding current, and speed, target weld bead attributes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) evaluates multi-processing parameter influence on weld bead formation. Comparison with experimental results confirms accurate modeling of the relationship between parameters and bead attributes. The study optimizes process parameters and swing to enhance dimensional accuracy in single-layer and multi-layer components, improving precision, quality, and accuracy in thin-walled structures.

Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide in Blast Furnace Gas Using Alkali Metal-Modified γ-Al2O3 Catalysts with High Sulfur Resistance.

A carbonyl sulfide (COS) hydrolysis catalyst can play an efficient role in blast furnace gas (BFG), but the life of the catalyst is greatly shortened due to the presence of O2 and H2S in the atmosphere, so improving the sulfur resistance of the catalyst is the key to application. In this work, alkali metals Na and K modified γ-Al2O3 catalysts to improve COS hydrolysis efficiency and sulfur resistance by adding an alkaline center. Compared with γ-Al2O3 catalysts, the COS hydrolysis efficiency of the modified catalysts in the experiment was improved by 12% in the presence of H2S and O2. The main cause of catalyst sulfur poisoning is the presence of O2, which intensifies both the total amount of sulfur deposition and the proportion of sulfate. It is found that the NaOH/Al2O3 catalyst shows better sulfur resistance than the KOH/Al2O3 catalyst for two reasons: first, the support of Na can significantly improve the medium-strong alkaline site, which is the adsorption site of H2S. This is equivalent to increasing the "sulfur capacity" of H2S adsorption and reducing the impact of sulfur deposition on the main reaction. Second, the elemental sulfur is more easily produced on the NaOH/Al2O3 catalyst, but the sulfur is further oxidized to sulfate and sulfite on the KOH/Al2O3 catalyst. The molecular diameter of elemental sulfur is smaller than that of sulfate. Therefore, the NaOH/Al2O3 catalyst has better sulfur resistance.

TACC3 is an independent prognostic marker, and knockdown of TACC3 enhances the efficacy of CDK1 inhibitor RO3306 in liver cancer cells.

The drug resistance of single-target therapy has gradually become an intractable clinical problem. Combination therapy may be an effective treatment to overcome or postpone drug resistance in cancer. Herein, we discussed the synergistic effect of transforming acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3 (TACC3) suppression and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The Cancer Genome Atlas database and bioinformatics methods were implemented to analyze the expression of CDK1 and TACC3, and predict the biological function of TACC3-related genes in HCC. In addition, in vitro experiments, including cell counting kit 8, transwell and flow cytometry were utilized to evaluate cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HCC cells. Our results demonstrated that TACC3 is an unfavorable and independent prognostic factor to predict poor overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. Genetic inhibition of TACC3 exhibited a remarkable antineoplastic activity of HCC cell lines. Bioinformatic prediction proposed that CDK1 may be the main regulator of TACC3-related genes in HCC. In vitro experimental measurements suggested that a combination of si-TACC3 and CDK1 inhibitor synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and migration, and induced G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HepG2 or MHCC97H cells. In conclusion, our results revealed a prospective dual-target, TACC3 and CDK1, therapeutic strategy to improve the treatment of HCC.

The Way to Spend a Workday Matters in School Principals' Somatic and Psychological Discomfort.

BACKGROUND: School principals usually have to sacrifice health and family obligations to obtain sufficient work time. This study investigates school principals' somatic and psychological discomfort related to their time allocation to diverse work contexts and life domains, so as to test the optimal allocation of time to each context and domain. METHODS: This study is based on survey data of 347 school principals, from the preexisting 2021 Survey of School Teachers' Living Conditions in Shanghai. Generalized linear regression modeling was adopted to analyze the data according to the research purpose. RESULTS: This study finds that school principals' daily time spent on work at home, sleep, breakfast, exercise, and family obligations significantly predict their somatic or psychological discomfort. However, their time spent on work at school, daytime napping, lunch, and dinner are not of significance. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals several unhealthy ways of working and lifestyle habits among school principals from a perspective of time allocation, such as extended periods working at home, sleep deficits, hurried breakfast, lack exercise, and failure to meet familial obligations.

Effect of oval foramen restriction and premature contraction of the arterial catheter on right heart function of fetuses and infants.

Objective: The effect of fetal oval foramen restriction and premature contraction of the arterial catheter for the right heart function of fetuses and infants was studied by evaluating the right and left ventricular (RV/LV) ratios, the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) value, and the Tei index of right heart function parameters. Methods: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University (K20190116). We collected 257 fetuses between March 2020 and December 2021. Among these, 98 fetuses that did not have any heart abnormalities were assigned to group A, 91 fetuses with restriction of the left and right atrial channels were assigned to group B, and 68 fetuses with premature contraction of the arterial catheter were assigned to group C. The ventricular transverse diameter, the right heart TAPSE value and the Tei index of fetuses in late pregnancy and 90 days after birth were measured in the three groups, and the diagnostic value of each index for the right heart function injury was evaluated. P < 0.05 indicates significant. Results: The P-value of the TAPSE value and Tei index of infants in BC and AC groups and postnatal infants were less than 0.05, which was significant. In the BC group, the RV/LV ratio of fetuses was compared when P > 0.05, which was not significant; however, P < 0.05 after birth was considered significant. For fetuses and postnatal infants in the BC group, the RV/LV ratio was negatively associated with the TAPSE value. However, it was positively associated with the Tei index; Diagnostic test results. To predict impaired right heart function after birth, TAPSE had low diagnostic value, RV/LV and Tei index had high diagnostic value. Conclusions: Oval foramen restriction and premature contraction of the arterial catheter may affect the right heart function after birth and be related to the degree of the right heart enlargement. Although TAPSE prediction of the fetal and postnatal right heart function is limited, the RV/LV ratio and the Tei index can be used to predict impaired right heart function after birth.

Therapeutic Efficacy of a Staged Hybrid Technique vs. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Grafting in The Treatment of Multi-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) integrates the advantages of coronary artery bypass surgery grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and provides another effective treatment for multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to investigate the short- and intermediate-term efficacies of a staged hybrid technique vs. CABG in treating older patients with multi-vessel CAD. METHODS: Patients, who received elective revascularization for multi-vessel CAD between May 2016 and May 2018, were recruited. They were divided into the CABG group (N = 38) and HCR group (N = 38). The major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), including myocardial infarction and stroke, were recorded. The results of death and second revascularization also were recorded. RESULTS: In this study, 90.1% of patients received follow up for a median time of 24 months. At 60 days after surgery, the cumulative mortality in the CABG group was significantly higher than in the HCR group, but the incidence of second revascularization in the CABG group was markedly lower than in the HCR group. The incidence of MACCE was comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In older patients with multi-vessel CAD, the mortality after CABG is higher than after HCR, but the incidence of second revascularization after CABG is lower than after HCR.

Isolation and oral immunogenicity assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus NH-TA2020 strain: One of the predominant strains circulating in China from 2017 to 2021.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the most devastating diseases in the global pig industry due to its high mortality rate in piglets. Maternal vaccines can effectively enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge. From 2017 to 2021, we collected 882 diarrhea samples from 303 farms in China to investigate the epidemiology of PEDV. The result showed that about 52.15% (158/303) of the farms were positive for PEDV with an overall detection rate of 63.95% (564/882) of the samples. The S1 fragments of S gene from 104 strains were sequenced for the phylogenetic analysis. A total of 71 PEDV strains (68.27%) sequenced in this study were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup, while the newly-defined G2d strains (9.62%) were identified in three provinces of China. The NH-TA2020 strain of G2c subgroup was isolated and cultured, and its infection to piglets caused watery diarrhea within 24 â€‹h, indicating its strong pathogenicity. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 strain to pregnant gilts stimulated high levels of IgA antibody in colostrum. The piglets fed by the gilts above were challenged with NH-TA2020 strain or CH-HeB-RY-2020 strain from G2d subgroup, and the clinical symptoms and virus shedding were significantly reduced compared to the mock group. Our findings suggest that G2c subgroup is the predominant branch circulating in China from 2017 to 2021. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 enhances maternal IgA and lactogenic immune responses, which confer protection against the homologous and emerging G2d PEDV strains challenges in neonates.

Clinical value of combined detection of thrombus precursor protein and P-selectin in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome / Valor clínico de la detección combinada de proteína precursora de trombo y selectina P en el diagnóstico del síndrome coronario agudo

Abstract Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina (UA), is the most threatening and lethal form of coronary heart disease. ACS has an abrupt onset and rapid development, which may lead to fatal conditions at any time. Thus, it is never too early to detect and diagnose patients with ACS. The objective of this work was to explore the significance of the combined detection of plasma thrombus precursor protein (TpP) and serum P-selectin (Ps), in the detection and diagnosis of patients with early ACS. A total of 126 subjects were included in the study, 64 ACS patients, 30 individuals with stable angina (SA) and 32 healthy persons who were selected as the control groups. There were no differences in gender, age, ethnicity, or blood glucolipid levels among the groups. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) was used to quantitatively determine the plasma levels of TpP and Ps. The levels of the two biomarkers in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control groups. Among the ACS patients, the levels of TpP and Ps were higher in AMI patients than in the UA patients. In addition, there was no significant differences in the levels of Ps between SA patients and healthy persons. In conclusion, plasma TpP and serum Ps are remarkably increased in patients with ACS. Therefore, TpP and Ps may serve as ACS indicators, and their measurement may provide a support for an early clinical identification of ACS.

Resumen El síndrome coronario agudo (SCA), que incluye el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y la angina inestable (AI), es la forma más amenazante y letal de enfermedad coronaria. El SCA tiene un inicio abrupto y un desarrollo rápido, lo que puede conducir a condiciones fatales en cualquier momento. Por lo tanto, nunca es demasiado pronto para detectar y diagnosticar pacientes con SCA. El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar la importancia de la detección combinada de la proteína precursora de trombos plasmáticos (TpP) y la selectina P sérica (Ps), en la detección y diagnóstico de pacientes con SCA precoz. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 126 sujetos, 64 pacientes con SCA, 30 individuos con angina estable (AE) y 32 personas sanas que fueron seleccionadas como grupos de control. No hubo diferencias en el género, la edad, el origen étnico o los niveles de glucolípidos en sangre entre los grupos. Se usó el ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (Elisa) para determinar cuantitativamente los niveles plasmáticos de TpP y Ps. Los niveles de los dos biomarcadores en el grupo de casos (SCA) fueron significativamente más altos que los de los grupos de control. Entre los pacientes con SCA, los niveles de TpP y Ps fueron más altos en los pacientes con IAM que en los pacientes con AI. Además, no hubo diferencias significativas en los niveles de Ps entre pacientes con SA y personas sanas. En conclusión, la TpP plasmática y la Ps sérica están notablemente aumentadas en pacientes con SCA. Por lo tanto, TpP y Ps pueden servir como indicadores de SCA y su medición puede proporcionar un apoyo para una identificación clínica temprana de SCA.

microRNA-145-5p attenuates acute lung injury via targeting ETS2.

The protective effect of microRNA (miR)-145-5p in acute lung injury (ALI) has been discovered previously. Thus, in this study, we attempted to further investigate the mechanism of miR-145-5p in ALI through the downstream E26 transformation-specific proto-oncogene 2 (ETS2)/transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1)/Smad pathway. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI rat model was established. The expression of miR-145-5p in ALI rat lung tissues was up-regulated. Afterward, pathological damage in the lung tissue, the wet/dry (W/D) ratio, apoptosis, and serum inflammatory factor contents were observed. miR-145-5p, ETS2, TGF-ß1, Smad2/3, and phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels were measured in rats. miR-145-5p expression was down-regulated, ETS2 expression was up-regulated, and the TGF-ß1/Smad pathway was activated in LPS-exposed rats. Overexpression of miR-145-5p inactivated the TGF-ß1/Smad pathway and attenuated ALI, as reflected by relieved pathological damage, a decreased W/D ratio, reduced apoptosis, and suppressed inflammatory response. In contrast, loss of miR-145-5p or elevated ETS2 levels worsened ALI and activated the TGF-ß1/Smad pathway. Moreover, elevation of ETS2 diminished miR-145-5p-mediated protection against ALI. Evidently, miR-145-5p negatively regulates ETS2 expression and inactivates the TGF-ß1/Smad pathway to ameliorate ALI in rats.

Working Conditions Influencing Junior School Principalship as a Satisfying Profession: A Cross-Country Comparative Study.

Although prior studies have extensively investigated the effect of working conditions upon professional satisfaction, the cross-national variance in the effect remains largely understudied due to technical or financial restrictions. The Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) provides an opportunity to investigate the cross-country differences in the impact of working conditions upon principals' professional satisfaction. The current study attempts to investigate the overall and specific effects of principals' workplace environment satisfaction, rewards satisfaction, and workload stress on their professional satisfaction in 47 countries included in the TALIS 2018. The results indicate that workplace environment, rather than the typically regarded effort-reward issues, is the most powerful contributor to individual principals' professional satisfaction across 47 countries, while, in countries with low overall professional satisfaction, rewards satisfaction and workload stress are more powerful predictors for principals' professional satisfaction on the country level. This study may inform policymakers in school principal stimulation and retention that effective practice to stimulate and/or retain school principals may vary across countries and research findings derived from data on the individual level may not be applicable to practice on the country level.

Exploring the impact of under-reported cases on the COVID-19 spatiotemporal distributions using healthcare workers infection data.

A timely understanding of the spatiotemporal pattern and development trend of COVID-19 is critical for timely prevention and control. However, the under-reporting of casesis widespread in fields associated with public health. It is also possible to draw biased inferences and formulate inappropriate prevention and control policies if the phenomenon of under-reporting is not taken into account. Therefore, in this paper, a novel framework was proposed to explore the impact of under-reporting on COVID-19 spatiotemporal distributions, and empirical analysis was carried out using infection data of healthcare workers in Wuhan and Hubei (excluding Wuhan). The results show that (1) the lognormal distribution was the most suitable to describe the evolution of epidemic with time; (2) the estimated peak infection time of the reported cases lagged the peak infection time of the healthcare worker cases, and the estimated infection time interval of the reported cases was smaller than that of the healthcare worker cases. (3) The impact of under-reporting cases on the early stages of the pandemic was greater than that on its later stages, and the impact on the early onset area was greater than that on the late onset area. (4) Although the number of reported cases was lower than the actual number of cases, a high spatial correlation existed between the cumulatively reported cases and healthcare worker cases. The proposed framework of this study is highly extensible, and relevant researchers can use data sources from other counties to carry out similar research.

Electrochemical Regioselective Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Indoles with Xanthenes.

An electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling of indoles with xanthenes has been established at room temperature. This coupling reaction could proceed in the absence of any catalyst or external oxidant, and generate the indole derivatives in moderate yields. Mechanistic experiments support that a radical pathway maybe involved in this reaction system.

ALKBH5 Is Lowly Expressed in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Inhibits the Malignant Proliferation and Invasion of Tumor Cells.

BACKGROUND: Modification of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and RNA m6A regulatory factors is required in cancer advancement. The contribution of m6A and its alteration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still unclear. RESULTS: ALKBH5 was lowly expressed in ESCC tissues, which the total m6A level was increased in ESCC tissue than the presentation in normal healthy tissue. The pcDNA3.1-ALKBH5 recombinant plasmid was transfected into KYSE-150 and Eca-109 cells. The overexpression of ALKBH5 is responsible for a significant reduction of the total m6A levels in Eca-109 and KYSE150 cells, inhibiting the proliferation capability, migration, and cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS: ALKBH5 as a demethylase was lowly expressed in cancer progression of ESCC and acts as a crucial component in ESCC progression.

Responses of leaf carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry of Carex muliensis to water table drawdown in an alpine marsh on the Ruoergai Plateau, China.

Based on a field water table drawdown manipulation platform of Naleqiao marsh on the Rueorgai Plateau, we lifted in situ soil block of 1 m×1 m by 20 cm for simulating water table decline, and analyzed the response of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry in the wetland species Carex muliensis from June to September 2020. The results showed that there was no significant difference in leaf C content during the whole growing season, while N and P content gra-dually decreased along the growing season. After the drawdown of water table, the C content in leaves during the growing season was not consistent. Water table drawdown increased leaf C content in the early and middle growth stages, but changed little in the peak growth stage. Water table drawdown significantly increased leaf N content, while significantly decreased leaf P content. C:N, C:P, and N:P for leaves all increased along the whole growing period. The relative growth rate of C. muliensis was positively correlated with leaf C:N, but negatively correlated with leaf C:P and N:P. Water table drawdown significantly decreased leaf C:N, while significantly increased leaf C:P and N:P, which significantly reduced the relative growth rate of C. muliensis. The decrease of foliar P content induced by water table drawdown was the main regulating factor for the decrease of single leaf weight and specific leaf weight.

Analysis of the value of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and other parameters related to right heart function in detecting acute radiation-induced right heart injury.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of parameters related to right heart function combined with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in acute radiation-induced right heart injury. METHODS: Seventy patients who received chest radiotherapy (RT) in the RT department of our hospital between September 2015 and March 2019 were included in the study. RESULTS: Of the included 70 patients, 19, 32, 4, and 15 had thoracic esophageal cancer, central lung cancer, thymoma, and left breast cancer, respectively. The Tei index, tricuspid annular displacement, right ventricular ejection fraction, and NT-proBNP of the 70 patients were measured 1 week before RT, at weeks 2 and 4 during RT, and 4 weeks after RT. Differences in the Tei index, the tricuspid annular displacement, and NT-proBNP were significant (P<0.01, P<0.05, and P<0.05, respectively). The Tei index significantly increased in the second week of RT. Tricuspid annular displacement decreased significantly 4 weeks after RT. NT-proBNP reached its peak value in the fourth week of RT. However, there was no significant difference in right ventricular ejection fraction (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The Tei index of the right ventricle can be used as a sensitive indicator for the early detection of right heart injury after RT for thoracic tumors. Additionally, tricuspid annular displacement can be used as an index for the early detection of right ventricular damage after RT for thoracic tumors. However, right ventricular ejection fraction showed no significant change in the early stage of right heart damage after RT. Finally, it is important to consider NT-proBNP for the detection of acute radiation-induced heart injury. In acute radiation-induced right heart injury, the combined application of right ventricular Tei index, tricuspid annular displacement, and NT-proBNP is clinically relevant.

Study on the safety and effectiveness of drug-coated balloons in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Drug-coated balloon (DCB) is a new technology that has emerged in recent years and has been proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of in-stent restenosis. The purpose of this article is to observe the safety and effectiveness of drug-coated balloons in patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHOD: We selected 80 patients admitted to the hospital for STEMI from January 2018 to December 2019. The subjects were randomly divided into a Yinyi (Liaoning) Biotech Bingo Drug Coated Balloon treatment group (balloon group, n = 38) and a drug-eluting stent (DES) treatment group (stent group, n = 42). Patients were followed up to understand the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Coronary angiography was rechecked 1 year after surgery to understand the late lumen loss (LLL) in the two groups. RESULT: During the one-year follow-up, the LLL of the target lesion in the balloon group was -0.12±0.46 mm, while the target lesion in the stent group was 0.14±0.37 mm ( P <0.05). Within 1 year, the incidence of MACE in the balloon group was 11%, while the incidence of MACE in the stent group was 12%. There was no significant difference between the two groups. IN CONCLUSION: When PCI is used for STEMI, only DCB therapy is safe and effective, and has shown good clinical effects during a one-year follow-up period.

Safety evaluation and ibuprofen removal via an Alternanthera philoxeroides-based biochar.

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are a representative class of emerging contaminants. This study aimed to investigate the PPCP removal performance and application safety of a biochar fabricated using the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (APBC). According to scanning electron microscopy and pore size analyses, APBC exhibited a porous structure with a specific surface area of 857.5 m2/g. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of surface functional groups, including phosphorus-containing groups, C=O, C=C, and -OH. The adsorption experiment showed that the maximum removal efficiency of ibuprofen was 97% at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L and APBC dosage of 0.8 g/L. The adsorption kinetics were fitted by the pseudo-second-order model with the highest correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9999). The adsorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9896), which indicates a dominant multilayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of APBC was 172 mg/g. A toxicity evaluation, based on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and human epidermal BEAS-2B cells, was carried out using a spectrum analysis, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay, and flow cytometry. The results of the above showed the low cytotoxicity of APBC and demonstrated its low toxicity in potential environmental applications.