Electrochemical Enaminone-Thioamide Annulation and Thioamide Dimeric Annulation for the Tunable Synthesis of Thiazoles and 1,2,4-Thiadiazole.

A green and sustainable electrochemical oxidative cyclization of enaminones with thioamides under metal- and oxidant-free conditions has been developed, providing an efficient approach for thiazole synthesis. Furthermore, 1,2,4-thiadiazoles can be selectively accessed via the electrochemical dimerization of thioamides in the absence of enaminones.

Untangling the interplay of dissolved organic matters variation with microbial symbiotic network in sludge anaerobic fermentation triggered by various pretreatments.

Various pretreatments are commonly adopted to facilitate dissolved organic matter (DOM) release from waste activated sludge (WAS) for high-valued volatile fatty acids (VFAs) promotion, while the interplay impact of DOM dynamics transformation on microbial population and metabolic function traits is poorly understood. This work constructed "DOM-microorganisms-metabolism-VFAs" symbiotic ecologic networks to disclose how DOM dynamics variation intricately interacts with bacterial community networks, assembly processes, and microbial traits during WAS fermentation. The distribution of DOM was altered by different pretreatments, triggering the release of easily biodegradable compounds (O/C ratio > 0.3) and protein-like substance. This alteration greatly improved the substrates biodegradability (higher biological index) and upregulated microbial metabolism capacity (e.g., hydrolysis and fatty acid synthesis). In turn, microbial activity modifications augment substance metabolism level and expedite the conversion of highly reactive compounds (proteins-like DOM) to VFAs, leading to 1.6-4.2 fold rise in VFAs generation. Strong correlations were found between proteins-like DOM and topological properties of DOM-bacteria associations, suggesting that high DOM availability leads to more intricate ecological networks. A change in the way communities assemble, shifting from stronger uniform selection in pH10 and USp reactors to increased randomness in heat reactor, was linked to DOM composition alterations. The ecologic networks further revealed metabolic synergy between hydrolytic-acidogenic bacteria (e.g., Bacteroidota and Firmicutes) and biodegradable DOM (e.g., proteins and amino sugars) leading to higher VFAs generation. This study provides a deeper knowledge of the inherent connections between DOM and microbial traits for efficient VFAs biosynthesis during WAS anaerobic fermentation, offering valuable insights for effective WAS pretreatment strategies.

Graphene/MoS2-assisted alum sludge electrode induces selective oxidation for organophosphorus pesticides degradation: Co-oxidation and detoxification mechanism.

Designing an electrode that can generate abundant free radicals and 1O2, which can effectively degrade and detoxify organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) through a co-oxidation pathway, is important. In this study, we prepared a electrode GO/MoS2@AS by supporting MoS2 on alum sludge (AS) under graphene oxide (GO) nanoconfinement. The results show that the dominant role of 1O2 at the cathode and •OHads at the anode for degradation, in addition to the involvement of 1O2 in the cathodic degradation mechanism, can be attributed to the abundant precursor •O2- and H2O2. Furthermore, calculations using density functional theory and toxicity prediction of products show that the energy (∆E) requirements of •OHfree to break the C-O bond of the pyridine ring and phosphate group are higher than that required for 1O2, and this non-radical oxidation plays a key role in detoxification. In contrast, accelerating ring opening and oxidation processes are attributed to radical oxidation. Above all, the cathodic detoxification is more effective than anodic detoxification. Three prevalent OPPs, chlorpyrifos, glyphosate, and trichlorfon, were degraded in the GO/MoS2@AS system by over 90 %, with mineralization rates of 76.66 %, 85.46 %, and 82.18 %, respectively. This study provides insights into the co-oxidation degradation and detoxification mechanism mediated by 1O2 and •OHfree.

Temporal patterns and clinical characteristics of healthcare-associated infections in surgery patients: A retrospective study in a major Chinese tertiary hospital.

Background: Given the preventable nature of most healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), it is crucial to understand their characteristics and temporal patterns to reduce their occurrence. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical record cover pages from a Chinese hospital information system was conducted for surgery inpatients from 2010 to 2019. Association rules mining (ARM) was employed to explore the association between disease, procedure, and HAIs. Joinpoint models were used to estimate the annual HAI trend. The time series of each type of HAI was decomposed to analyze the temporal patterns of HAIs. Results: The study included data from 623,290 surgery inpatients over 10 years, and a significant decline in the HAI rate was observed. Compared with patients without HAIs, those with HAIs had a longer length of stay (29 days vs. 9 days), higher medical costs (96226.57 CNY vs. 22351.98 CNY), and an increased risk of death (6.42% vs. 0.18%). The most common diseases for each type of HAI differed, although bone marrow and spleen operations were the most frequent procedures for most HAI types. ARM detected that some uncommon diagnoses could strongly associate with HAIs. The time series pattern varied for each type of HAI, with the peak occurring in January for respiratory system infections, and in August and July for surgical site and bloodstream infections, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that HAIs impose a significant burden on surgery patients. The differing time series patterns for each type of HAI highlight the importance of tailored surveillance strategies for specific types of HAI.

Factors influencing length of stay and costs in inpatient cases of human brucellosis as the primary diagnosis over a decade in Beijing, China.

Aims: In the year 2021, human brucellosis ranked fifth in terms of the number of cases among all statutorily notifiable infectious diseases in China, thus remaining a significant concern for public health. This study aims to provide insights into the financial burden of human brucellosis by examining hospital stays and associated costs for affected individuals. Methods: In this retrospective study, we gathered updated data from 467 inpatient cases primarily diagnosed with human brucellosis at eight major tertiary hospitals in Beijing, China, spanning from 2013 to 2023. To comprehensively explore the economic impact on individuals, we not only analyzed the duration of hospital stays and total costs but also examined various charge types, including drug, lab test, medical imaging, medical treatment, surgical procedures, medical supplies and consumables, inpatient bed care, nursing services, and other services costs. Statistical analysis was employed to compare differences among gender, age, ethnicity, type of health insurance, condition at admission, comorbidity index, the performance of surgery, and the site of infection. Results: Both the length of stay and total cost exhibited significant variations among insurance, surgery, and infection site groups. Utilization categories demonstrated significant differences between patients who underwent surgery and those who did not, as well as across different infection sites. Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the condition at admission, Elixhauser comorbidity index, infection site, and surgery influenced both hospital stay and total cost. In addition, age and insurance type were associated with total costs. Conclusion: By delving into various utilization categories, we have addressed a significant gap in the literature. Our findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the allocation and management of health resources based on the influencing factors identified in this study.

Effect of microplastics on oxytetracycline trophic transfer: Immune, gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance gene responses.

Microplastics and antibiotics are prevalent and emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, but their interactions in aquatic food chains remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the impact of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) on oxytetracycline (OTC) trophic transfer from the shrimp (Neocaridina denticulate) to crucian carp (Carassius auratus) by metagenomic sequencing. The carrier effects of PP-MPs promoted OTC bioaccumulation and trophic transfer, which exacerbated enterocyte vacuolation and hepatocyte eosinophilic necrosis. PP-MPs enhanced the inhibitory effect of OTC on intestinal lysozyme activities and complement C3 levels in shrimp and fish, and hepatic immunoglobulin M levels in fish (p < 0.05). Co-exposure of MPs and OTC markedly increased the abundance of Actinobacteria in shrimp and Firmicutes in fish, which caused disturbances in carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Moreover, OTC exacerbated the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic animals, and PP-MPs significantly increased the diversity and abundance of ARGs and facilitated the trophic transfer of teta and tetm. Our findings disclosed the impacts of PP-MPs on the mechanism of antibiotic toxicity in aquatic food chains and emphasized the importance of gut microbiota for ARGs trophic transfer, which contributed to a deeper understanding of potential risks posed by complex pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.

Efficient 3D imaging and pathological analysis of the human lymphoma tumor microenvironment using light-sheet immunofluorescence microscopy.

Rationale: The composition and spatial structure of the lymphoma tumor microenvironment (TME) provide key pathological insights for tumor survival and growth, invasion and metastasis, and resistance to immunotherapy. However, the 3D lymphoma TME has not been well studied owing to the limitations of current imaging techniques. In this work, we take full advantage of a series of new techniques to enable the first 3D TME study in intact lymphoma tissue. Methods: Diverse cell subtypes in lymphoma tissues were tagged using a multiplex immunofluorescence labeling technique. To optically clarify the entire tissue, immunolabeling-enabled three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs (iDISCO+), clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis (CUBIC) and stabilization to harsh conditions via intramolecular epoxide linkages to prevent degradation (SHIELD) were comprehensively compared with the ultimate dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs (uDISCO) approach selected for clearing lymphoma tissues. A Bessel-beam light-sheet fluorescence microscope (B-LSFM) was developed to three-dimensionally image the clarified tissues at high speed and high resolution. A customized MATLAB program was used to quantify the number and colocalization of the cell subtypes based on the acquired multichannel 3D images. By combining these cutting-edge methods, we successfully carried out high-efficiency 3D visualization and high-content cellular analyses of the lymphoma TME. Results: Several antibodies, including CD3, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD163, CD14, CD15, FOXP3 and Ki67, were screened for labeling the TME in lymphoma tumors. The 3D imaging results of the TME from three types of lymphoma, reactive lymphocytic hyperplasia (RLN), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), were quantitatively analyzed, and their cell number, localization, and spatial correlation were comprehensively revealed. Conclusion: We present an advanced imaging-based method for efficient 3D visualization and high-content cellular analysis of the lymphoma TME, rendering it a valuable tool for tumor pathological diagnosis and other clinical research.

Bibliometric Analysis of the Development, Current Status, and Trends in Adult Degenerative Scoliosis Research: A Systematic Review from 1998 to 2023.

Purpose: Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS) research lacks bibliometric analysis, despite numerous studies. This study aimed to systematically analyze the development, current status, hot topics, frontier areas, and trends in ADS research. Patients and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database from January 1998 to June 2023. Information regarding the country, institution, author, journal, and keywords was collected for each article. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer and Citespace software. Results: The final analysis covered 1695 publications, demonstrating a steady increase in ADS research. The United States was the most prolific and influential country with 684 publications, followed by China and Japan. The University of California System was the most productive institution with 113 publications. Shaffrey, CI (47 publications) and Lenke, LG (41 publications) were top authors. The analysis revealed seven main research clusters: "intervertebral disc", "adult spinal deformity", "lumbar fusion", "minimally invasive surgery", "navigation", "postoperative complications", and "mental retardation". Keywords with strong bursts of activity included degeneration, prevalence, imbalance, classification, lumbar spinal stenosis, and kyphosis. Conclusion: In conclusion, in recent years, ADS research has undergone rapid development. This study analyzed its hot topics, advancements, and research directions, making it the latest bibliometric analysis in this field. The findings aim to provide a new perspective and guidance for clinical practitioners and researchers.

Unveiling the existence and ecological hazards of trace organic pollutants in wastewater treatment plant effluents across China.

The presence of trace organic pollutants in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) poses considerable risks to aquatic organisms and human health. A large-scale survey of 302 trace organic pollutants in the effluent of 46 Chinese WWTPs was conducted to gain an improved understanding of their occurrence and ecological risks. The survey data showed that 216 compounds in 11 chemical classes had been detected in effluents. The sum concentrations of the trace contaminants in effluent ranged from 1,392 ng/L to 35,453 ng/L, with the maximum concentration of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) recorded as the highest (30,573 ng/L), which was markedly less than the reported 185,000 ng/L for the 38 American WWTPs. The concentration of bisphenol analogs (BPs) was up to 4,422 ng/L, significantly higher than those reported in France, Germany, Japan, Korea, and the U.S. PFASs and BPs were the major pollutants, accounting for 59% of the total pollution. Additionally, a total of 119 contaminants were found to have ecological risks (RQ > 0.01). Among these, 23 contaminants (RQ > 1.0) warrant higher attention and should be prioritized for removal. This study lists valuable information for controlling contaminants with higher priority in WWTP effluent in China.

Hepatic arterial infusion therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after systemic treatment failure: Multicenter, real-world study.

AIM: The study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and safety profile of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin (HAIC-FOLFOX) as an alternative therapeutic choice for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is refractory to systemic treatment including immune checkpoint blockades or molecular targeting agents. METHODS: Two hundred and forty five consecutive patients with advanced HCC who received HAIC-FOLFOX treatment after systemic treatment failure were retrospectively reviewed in six institutions and their survival, tumor response, and tolerance were assessed. RESULTS: The median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival of the 209 included participants were 10.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1-12.9) and 6.0 months (95% CI, 5.1-6.9), respectively. According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 criteria, the objective response rate was 21.1%, and the disease control rate was 64.6%. Multivariate analysis of risk factors of OS were albumin-bilirubin grade (2 and 3 vs. 1, hazard ratio [HR] 1.57; 95% CI, 1.05-2.34; p = 0.028), tumor number (>3 vs. 1-3, HR 2.18; 95% CI, 1.10-4.34; p = 0.026), extrahepatic spread (present vs. absent, HR 1.61, 95% CI, 1.06-2.45; p = 0.027), synchronous systemic treatment (present vs. absent, HR 0.55, 95% CI, 0.37-0.83; p = 0.004) and treatment response (responder vs. nonresponder, HR 0.30, 95% CI, 0.17-0.53; p < 0.001). Grade 3-4 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 59 (28.2%) HCC patients. All AEs were manageable, and deaths related to hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy treatment were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the effectiveness and safety of HAIC-FOLFOX treatment for patients with advanced HCC who have failed systemic treatment.

Novel calcium oxide activated peroxymonosulfate system for methylene blue removal: Identification of key influencing factors, transformation pathway and toxicity assessment.

The activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has gained significant interest in the removal of organic pollutants. However, traditional methods usually suffer from drawbacks such as secondary contamination and high energy requirements. In this study, we propose a green and cost-effective approach utilizing calcium oxide (CaO) to activate PMS, aiming to construct a simple and reliable PMS based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The proposed CaO/PMS system achieved fast degradation of methylene blue (MB), where the degradation rate of CaO/PMS system (0.24 min-1) was nearly 2.67 times that of PMS alone (0.09 min-1). Under the optimized condition, CaO/PMS system exhibited remarkable durability against pH changes, co-exists ions or organic matters. Furthermore, singlet oxygen (1O2) was identified as the dominant reactive oxygen species by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching tests. Accordingly, the degradation pathways of MB are proposed by combing the results of LC/MS analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and the predicted ecotoxicity of the generated byproducts evaluated by EOCSAR could provide systematic insights into the fates and environmental risks of MB. Overall, the study provides an eco-friendly and effective strategy for treating dyeing wastewater, which should shed light on the application of PMS based AOPs.

Biomechanical differences between two different shapes of oblique lumbar interbody fusion cages on whether to add posterior internal fixation system: a finite element analysis.

BACKGROUND: Oblique lateral lumbar fusion (OLIF) is widely used in spinal degeneration, deformity and other diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical differences between two different shapes of OLIF cages on whether to add posterior internal fixation system, using finite element analysis. METHODS: A complete three-dimensional finite element model is established and verified for L3-L5. Surgical simulation was performed on the verified model, and the L4-L5 was the surgical segment. A total of the stand-alone group (Model A1, Model B1) and the BPSF group (Model A2, Model B2) were constructed. The four OLIF surgical models were: A1. Stand-alone OLIF with a kidney-shaped Cage; B1. Stand-alone OLIF with a straight cage; A2. OLIF with a kidney-shaped cage + BPSF; B2. Stand-alone OLIF with a straight cage + BPSF, respectively. The differences in the range of motion of the surgical segment (ROM), equivalent stress peak of the cage (ESPC), the maximum equivalent stress of the endplate (MESE) and the maximum stress of the internal fixation (MSIF) were compared between different models. RESULTS: All OLIF surgical models showed that ROM declines between 74.87 and 96.77% at L4-L5 operative levels. The decreasing order of ROM was Model A2 > Model B2 > Model A1 > Model A2. In addition, the ESPC and MESE of Model A2 are smaller than those of other OLIF models. Except for the left-bending position, the MSIF of Model B2 increased by 1.51-16.69% compared with Model A2 in each position. The maximum value of MESE was 124.4 Mpa for Model B1 in the backward extension position, and the minimum value was 7.91 Mpa for Model A2 in the right rotation. Stand-alone group showed significantly higher ROMs and ESPCs than the BPSF group, with maximum values of 66.66% and 70.59%. For MESE, the BPSF group model can be reduced by 89.88% compared to the stand-alone group model. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the traditional straight OLIF cage, the kidney-shaped OLIF cage can further improve the stability of the surgical segment, reduce ESPC, MESE and MSIF, and help to reduce the risk of cage subsidence.

Trend, regional variation and socioeconomic inequality in cardiovascular disease among the elderly population in China: evidence from a nationwide longitudinal study during 2011-2018.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to pose a significant burden among the elderly population in China. There is a knowledge gap in the temporal trends, regional variations and socioeconomic inequalities among this vulnerable population. METHODS: This study conducted cross-sectional and cohort analyses based on four survey waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study among adults aged ≥60 years spanning 2011-2018 across 28 provinces. Cross-sectional analyses examined temporal trends, regional variations and socioeconomic inequalities in CVD prevalence. Cohort analyses identified individuals without CVD in 2011 and followed them up until 2018 to calculate CVD incidence. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) were employed to identify associated factors. RESULTS: A total of 5451, 7258, 8820 and 11 393 participants were eligible for cross-sectional analyses, and 4392 and 5396 participants were included in cohort analyses of CVD and comorbid CVD. In 2018, the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence of CVD and comorbid CVD was 31.21% (95% CI 27.25% to 35.17%) and 3.83% (95% CI 2.85% to 4.81%), respectively. Trend analyses revealed a significant increase in the adjusted prevalence from 2011 to 2018 (p for trend <0.001). There were substantial provincial variations in the adjusted prevalence of CVD and comorbid CVD. Higher socioeconomic status (SES) participants exhibited higher prevalence, and the concentration curves and concentration indices suggested persistent but narrowing inequalities in CVD and comorbid CVD across survey waves. Cohort analyses from 2011 to 2018 yielded overall CVD and comorbid CVD incidence densities of 17.96 and 2.65 per 1000 person-years, respectively. GEE results indicated increased CVD risks among older individuals, women, higher SES participants and northern residents. CONCLUSION: More efforts should be taken to optimise strategies for high-quality CVD prevention and management in China's elderly population. Future interventions and policies should address age-specific and gender-specific, geographical, and socioeconomic disparities to ensure equitable access and outcomes for all.

Significance of RNA N6-methyladenosine regulators in the diagnosis and subtype classification of coronary heart disease using the Gene Expression Omnibus database.

Background: Many investigations have revealed that alterations in m6A modification levels may be linked to coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the specific link between m6A alteration and CHD warrants further investigation. Methods: Gene expression profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. We began by constructing a Random Forest model followed by a Nomogram model, both aimed at enhancing our predictive capabilities on specific m6A markers. We then shifted our focus to identify distinct molecular subtypes based on the key m6A regulators and to discern differentially expressed genes between the unique m6A clusters. Following this molecular exploration, we embarked on an in-depth analysis of the biological characteristics associated with each m6A cluster, revealing profound differences between them. Finally, we delved into the identification and correlation analysis of immune cell infiltration across these clusters, emphasizing the potential interplay between m6A modification and the immune system. Results: In this research, 37 important m6Aregulators were identified by comparing non-CHD and CHD patients from the GSE20680, GSE20681, and GSE71226 datasets. To predict the risk of CHD, seven candidate m6A regulators (CBLL1, HNRNPC, YTHDC2, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, YTHDF3, ZC3H13) were screened using the logistic regression model. Based on the seven possible m6A regulators, a nomogram model was constructed. An examination of decision curves revealed that CHD patients could benefit from the nomogram model. On the basis of the selected relevant m6A regulators, patients with CHD were separated into two m6A clusters (cluster1 and cluster2) using the consensus clustering approach. The Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) and CIBERSORT methods were used to estimate the immunological characteristics of two separate m6A Gene Clusters; the results indicated a close association between seven candidate genes and immune cell composition. The drug sensitivity of seven candidate regulators was predicted, and these seven regulators appeared in numerous diseases as pharmacological targets while displaying strong drug sensitivity. Conclusion: m6A regulators play crucial roles in the development of CHD. Our research of m6A clusters may facilitate the development of novel molecular therapies and inform future immunotherapeutic methods for CHD.

Influence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Patients Undergoing Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is recognized as a global disease. Although IBD is commonly diagnosed in the young male population, it also occurs in patients aged >60 years. With the advent of an aging society, it is expected that an increasing number of patients with IBD will undergo total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Purpose: To assess the impact of IBD on the risk of complications and revision as well as the length of stay (LOS) and treatment costs after TJA. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Utilizing PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, articles were searched in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from the date of inception to August 31, 2022, using the following search terms: (1) "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"[MeSH] and (2) "Arthroplasty, Replacement"[MeSH]. The study quality was scored according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A fixed-effects or random-effects model was used to calculate odds ratios or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 232 studies initially retrieved, 8 retrospective cohort studies consisting of 33,758 patients with IBD and 386,238 patients without IBD were included. Patients with IBD had a higher incidence of complications (P < .05), readmission and revision (P < .05), experienced a longer LOS (P < .01), and paid higher treatment costs after TJA compared with patients without IBD . Conclusion: The results of our review demonstrated that IBD increased the risk of postoperative complications, prolonged the LOS, and increased treatment costs.

Surfactant and antibiotic co-occurrence reshaped the acidogenic process for volatile fatty acids production during sludge anaerobic fermentation.

The overuse of surfactants and antibiotics has led to their high concentration in waste activated sludge (WAS), and these exogenous pollutants have been shown to pose various influences on the subsequent anaerobic treatment process. Previous works have primarily concerned the impacts of individual pollutants on WAS anaerobic fermentation process. This work revealed the synergetic effects of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) co-occurrence in WAS on the biosynthesis of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The addition of SDBS in the SDZ reactor significantly increased VFAs generation, and this increase was correlated with the concentration of SDZ. The VFAs production exhibited a 200.0-211.9 % and 5.9-20.4 % increase in comparison with the sole SDZ and SDBS reactor, respectively. The SDBS and SDZ co-occurrence facilitated the solubilization, hydrolysis, and acidification stages of WAS fermentation synchronously. SDBS was effectively to disintegrate the cemented structure of extracellular polymeric substances and meanwhile improve the SDZ solubilization, which increase the SDZ bioavailability as well as biotoxicity to the anaerobic species. Herein, the anaerobic consortia structure was evidently reshaped, and the keystone microbes Acetoanaerobium and Fususibacter, as well-tolerated hydrolytic-acidogenic bacteria, were greatly enriched. Furthermore, the functional microbial metabolic traits responsible for the substrate extracellular hydrolysis (e.g., glsA and MAN2C1), intracellular metabolism (e.g., ALDO and asdA), and fatty acid generation (e.g., aarC) were all upregulated in the SDBS/SDZ co-occurrence reactor.

The pre-Jurassic Meng-Shaan paleochannel and its control on the accumulation model of Yan 10 reservoir in Central Ordos Basin.

In the setting of the increasing density of exploration wells, and the decreasing scale and increasing difficulty of discovering Jurassic paleogeomorphology reservoirs, it is urgent to deepen the fine depiction of pre-Jurassic paleogeomorphology features and to analyze their controlling effect on reservoirs. Based on abundant logging data combined with indoor microscopic observation and experimental testing, the paper applies the theory of reservoir configuration analysis for the first time to the single-channel period division of the pre-Jurassic Meng-Shaan paleochannel which deposited with the braided channel sand bodies. Meanwhile, it reveals the controlling effect of hydrocarbon accumulation and the distribution characteristics of the Yan 101 reservoir as ' paleogeomorphology and sedimentary facies combination' to determine the type, 'migration channel' to determine the distributing range, and 'low-amplitude structure' to determine the trap in the study area, and also the reservoir accumulation modes in different channel ranges have established. In conclusion, the single-channel boundary of the Meng-Shaan paleochannel in different periods controls the path of oil and gas migration, thus controlling the distribution range and reservoir type of the Yan 10 reservoir. Moreover, depending on the production data we derived that it should prefer the composite trap reservoir of the Fuxian period and the Yan 102 period, as well as the structural reservoir on the periphery of the Yan 102 period single-channel for the further exploration of the Yan 10 paleogeomorphology reservoirs within the development range of the Meng-Shaan ancient river. In particular, the lithologic trap reservoirs within the Fuxian period channel and the Meng-Shaan main channel, such as the reservoirs of the 'Source' of the secondary channel type and the paleochannel type, which could as a replacement accumulation model for increasing reserves and production.

Stereoselective Synthesis of Indolyl-C-glycosides Enabled by Sequential Aminopalladation and Heck Glycosylation of 2-Alkynylanilines with Glycals.

An efficient and general approach for the synthesis of indolyl-C-glycosides via aminopalladation and subsequent Heck-type glycosylation of easily available 2-alkynylanilines and glycals has been developed. This protocol features excellent stereoselectivity, a broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions. In addition, 2,3-pseudoglycals also successfully participated in this cascade reaction, affording C2/C3-branched indolyl glycosides with high regio-/stereoselectivity. The utility of this protocol was also demonstrated by a large-scale reaction and diversified synthetic transformations of the desired products.

Toxicity comparison of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) in zebrafish gut.

Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) are considered as alternatives to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In this study, zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of PFOA, HFPO-DA, and HFPO-TA (5 µg/L and 500 µg/L), and the toxic effects on oxidative damage, inflammation, and cell apoptosis in the gut were compared. Additionally, changes in gut metabolome profiles and microbial community structure were analyzed. The results revealed that exposures to HFPO-DA and HFPO-TA led to lower levels of oxidative damage compared to PFOA exposure. However, all three treatments had comparable effects on inflammation and apoptosis. The main biological pathways affected by all three exposures were lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and environmental information processing. The effects on metabolome profiles were much higher for HFPO-DA and HFPO-TA compared to PFOA at a concentration of 5 µg/L. At a concentration of 500 µg/L, HFPO-DA and HFPO-TA showed similar effects to PFOA. This study also examined the Pearson correlations between gut microbiota and the toxic effects mentioned above. The abundance of specific apoptosis-related genera differed among the three target chemicals, suggesting they may act differently in inducing apoptosis. The correlations between HFPO-DA and HFPO-TA were mostly similar, which helps explain the similar effects observed in their respective treatment groups on metabolic profiles. Overall, this study indicates that HFPO-DA and HFPO-TA may not be safe alternatives to PFOA and provides valuable insights into their toxic effects and risk assessment in water environments.

Biomechanical properties of lumbar vertebral ring apophysis cage under endplate injury: a finite element analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the biomechanical properties of lumbar interbody fusion involving two types of cages. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the cage spanning the ring apophysis, regardless of the endplate's integrity. METHODS: A finite element model of the normal spine was established and validated in this study. The validated model was then utilized to simulate Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LLIF) with posterior pedicle screw fixation without posterior osteotomy. Two models of interbody fusion cage were placed at the L4/5 level, and the destruction of the bony endplate caused by curetting the cartilaginous endplate during surgery was simulated. Four models were established, including Model 1 with an intact endplate and long cage spanning the ring apophysis, Model 2 with endplate decortication and long cage spanning the ring apophysis, Model 3 with an intact endplate and short cage, and Model 4 with endplate decortication and short cage. Analyzed were the ROM of the fixed and adjacent segments, screw rod system stress, interface stress between cage and L5 endplate, trabecular bone stress on the upper surface of L5, and intervertebral disc pressure (IDP) of adjacent segments. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in ROM and IDP between adjacent segments in each postoperative model. In the short cage model, the range of motion (ROM), contact pressure between the cage and endplate, stress in L5 cancellous bone, and stress in the screw-rod system all exhibited an increase ranging from 0.4% to 79.9%, 252.9% to 526.9%, 27.3% to 133.3%, and 11.4% to 107%, respectively. This trend was further amplified when the endplate was damaged, resulting in a maximum increase of 88.6%, 676.1%, 516.6%, and 109.3%, respectively. Regardless of the integrity of the endplate, the long cage provided greater support strength compared to the short cage. CONCLUSIONS: Caution should be exercised during endplate preparation and cage placement to maintain the endplate's integrity. Based on preoperative X-ray evaluation, the selection of a cage that exceeds the width of the pedicle by at least 5 mm (ensuring complete coverage of the vertebral ring) has demonstrated remarkable biomechanical performance in lateral lumbar interbody fusion procedures. By opting for such a cage, we expect a reduced occurrence of complications, including cage subsidence, internal fixation system failure, and rod fracture.