The effect of preoperative mechanical bowel preparation in paediatric bowel surgery on postoperative wound related complications: A meta-analysis.

Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP), a routine nursing procedure before paediatric bowel surgery, is widely should in clinical practice, but its necessity remains controversial. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the effect of preoperative MBP in paediatric bowel surgery on postoperative wound-related complications in order to analyse the clinical application value of MBP in paediatric bowel surgery. As of November 2023, we searched four online databases: the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. Two investigators screened the collected studies against inclusion and exclusion criteria, and ROBINS-I was used to evaluate the quality of studies. Using RevMan5.3, a meta-analysis of the collected data was performed, and a fixed-effect model or a random-effect model was used to analyse OR, 95% CI, SMD, and MD. A total of 11 studies with 2556 patients were included. Most of studies had moderate-to-severe quality bias. The results of meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the incidence of complications related to postoperative infections in children with MBP before bowel surgery versus those with No MBP, wound infection (OR 1.11, 95% CI:0.76 ~ 1.61, p = 0.59, I2 = 5%), intra-abdominal infection (OR 1.26, 95% CI:0.58 ~ 2.77, p = 0.56, I2 = 9%). There was no significant difference in the risk of postoperative bowel anastomotic leak (OR 1.07, 95% CI:0.68 ~ 1.68, p = 0.78, I2 = 12%), and anastomotic dehiscence (OR 1.67, 95% CI:0.13 ~ 22.20, p = 0.70, I2 = 73%). Patients' intestinal obstruction did not show an advantage of undergoing MBP preoperatively, with an incidence of intestinal obstruction (OR 1.95, 95% CI:0.55 ~ 6.93, p = 0.30, I2 = 0%). Based on existing evidence that preoperative MBP in paediatric bowel surgery did not reduce the risk of postoperative wound complications, we cautiously assume that MBP before surgery is unnecessary for children undergoing elective bowel surgery. However, due to the limited number of study participants selected for this study and the overall low quality of evidence, the results need to be interpreted with caution. It is suggested that more high quality, large-sample, multicenter clinical trials are required to validate our findings.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on aroma volatile compounds and aroma precursors of Hami melon juice.

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment is an effective technique for processing heat-sensitive fruits and causes changes in volatile compounds and their precursors while maintaining quality. We investigated the changes and correlations of volatile compounds, related enzyme activities and precursor amino acids, and fatty acids in Hami melon juice under 350-500 MPa pressure. The application of HHP treatment resulted in a considerable reduction of esters and a substantial increase in aldehydes and alcohols in C6 and C9. Activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), alcohol acyltransferase (AAT), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were lower than those of the untreated group, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was reversed. When compared to fresh cantaloupe juice, there was an increase in both the types and contents of amino acids with lower total fatty acid contents than the control group. Positive correlations were observed among six ester-related substances and eight alcohol-related substances. Additionally, the correlations between volatile compounds and fatty acids were more substantial compared to those between volatile compounds and amino acids. HHP treatment increases Hami melon flavor precursors and is an effective way to maintain the aroma volatile compounds and flavor of Hami melon juice.

Whole-exome sequencing revealed novel genetic alterations in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.

Background: The most prevalent cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) phenotype is tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Rare genetic variations have been identified as significant risk factors for CHD. Thus, this research sought to identify the pathogenic variations and molecular etiologies of TOF. Methods: This study employed whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing to identify pathogenic variations in DNA samples from patients with TOF. The pathogenicity of the variations was predicted using an in-silico approach. Results: We enrolled 17 patients with TOF in this study. Among these patients, 14 had mutations in TOF-related genes, including GJB2, TBX15, CTNS, SPINK1, GATA6, PRIMOL, GDF15, SLC17A9, AIFM1, FOXC2, KLF13, ABCA4, CPA6, FKBP10, ASPA, SBF1, HBA2, IGLL1, GNE, and KLHL10. We also gathered WES data from three participants without TOF, who comprised the control group, but no variations were found in the indicated genes. Further analysis showed that the patients with FKBP10 and GNE variants had more serious clinical symptoms. Sanger sequencing confirmed that the two variants were heterozygous in TOF patients. Conclusions: We identified several genetic variants associated with TOF and confirmed that FKBP10 and GNE variants were associated with TOF severity. The findings of this study help researchers and clinicians on genetic counseling with the verification of the potential of WES in detecting TOF and help implement early interventions for patients with TOF.

Construction and evaluation of a predictive model for compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Compassion fatigue is a syndrome resulting from long-term work-related traumatic event stress exposure of medical staff. The emergency department is considered to be a high-risk, high-intensity and high-stress work environment, with a high prevalence of trauma and violence. Nurses in the emergency department are more prone to compassion fatigue than nurses in other departments. Compassion fatigue not only affects the physical and mental health, and job satisfaction of emergency department nurses, but also causes serious consequences for patients, such as poor patient outcome, medical errors, and increased patient mortality during hospitalization. OBJECTIVES: Our study aims to develop and evaluate a predictive model for compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. DATA SOURCES: The emergency department nurses (N = 1014) were recruited from 21 tertiary hospitals (from Chengdu, Chongqing, Guiyang, Guangzhou and Shanghai) in central, southwestern, southern, and eastern China from July 25, 2022 to October 30, 2022. METHODS: Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the potential predictive factors associated with compassion fatigue in emergency department nurses. A nomogram was built based on the predictive factors and internally evaluated using a bootstrap resampling method (1000 bootstrap resamples). The performance of the predictive model was evaluated by measuring the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test and calibration curve. RESULTS: The prevalence of compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses was 75.9 %. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the independent predictive factors for compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses were working position, job satisfaction, diet habit, sleep hours per day, occupational stress, physical harassment and the level of workplace violence, all of which were identified to create the nomogram. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test indicated that the predictive model was well calibrated (χ2 = 11.520, P = 0.174). The bootstrap-corrected concordance index of nomogram was 0.821 (95 % CI: 0.791-0.851). The calibration curve of the nomogram showed good consistency between the predicted and actual probabilities. CONCLUSIONS: A predictive model of compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses has been developed, based on the general demographic, work-related and lifestyle characteristics, occupational stress, and workplace violence, with satisfactory predictive ability. This model can identify emergency department nurses who are at high risk of compassion fatigue. Our study provides an empirical basis for early detection, early diagnosis and early intervention of emergency department nurses at high risk of compassion fatigue.

Canagliflozin Inhibited the Activity of Hemolysin and Reduced the Inflammatory Response Caused by Streptococcus suis.

Highly virulent Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infections can cause Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) in pigs and humans, in which an excessive inflammatory response causes severe damage. Hemolysin (SLY) is a major virulence factor of S. suis serotype 2 that produces pores in the target cell membrane, leading to cytoplasmic K+ efflux and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, ultimately causing STSLS. The critical aspect of hemolysin in the pathogenesis of S. suis type 2 makes it an attractive target for the development of innovative anti-virulence drugs. Here, we use the S. suis toxin protein (SLY) as a target for virtual screening. A compound called canagliflozin, a hypoglycemic agent, was identified through screening. Canagliflozin significantly inhibits the hemolytic activity of hemolysin. The results combined with molecular dynamics simulation, surface plasmon resonance, and nano differential scanning fluorimetry show that canagliflozin inhibits the hemolytic activity of SLY by binding to SLY. In addition, canagliflozin markedly reduced the release of SC19-induced inflammatory factors at the cellular level and in mice. Importantly, the combination of canagliflozin and ampicillin had a 90% success rate in mice, significantly greater than the therapeutic effect of ampicillin. The findings suggest that canagliflozin may be a promising new drug candidate for S. suis infections.

[Effect of Pulsating Vacuum Cleaning Sterilizer on the Cleaning Quality of Dental Handpieces].

Objective: To explore the effect of pulsating vacuum cleaning sterilizer on the cleaning quality of dental handpieces. Methods: A total of 390 newly-purchased high-speed dental handpieces were covered in the study. By the random number table method, the handpieces were divided into three groups that were cleaned by different methods-Group A ( n=130), pulsating vacuum cleaning sterilizer, group B ( n=130), automatic thermal cleaning and disinfection machine, and group C ( n=130), manual cleaning. The cleaning quality, internal cavity drying and the length of cleaning time of the three groups were compared. Results: The cleaning quality of group A (100%) was better than those of groups B (89.2%) and C (83.8%) and the length of cleaning time of group A (1.13 h) was shorter than those of group B (1.80 h) and C (2.60 h), all showing significant differences ( P<0.05). In addition, the cleaning quality of group B was better than that of group C and the length of cleaning time of group B was shorter than that of group C, all showing significant differences ( P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the internal cavity drying effects between the three groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions: The pulsating vacuum cleaning sterilizer can effectively improve the cleaning quality of dental handpieces and shorten the cleaning time. Hence, it should be extensively applied and promoted in clinic service.

Next-generation sequencing technology for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in an immunocompetent female: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus, and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people. Surprisingly, it rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients. However, the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen is made more difficult by the difficulty of obtaining accurate microbiological evidence with routine tests. This case reports a PCP patient with normal immune function who was diagnosed through next-generation sequencing (NGS). CASE SUMMARY: A 23-year-old female who had no special disease in the past was admitted to the hospital with a persistent fever and cough. Based on the initial examination results, the patient was diagnosed with bipulmonary pneumonia, and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered. However, due to the undetermined etiology, the patient's condition continued to worsen. She was transferred to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure. After the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection through NGS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin, the patient gradually recovered and had a good prognosis. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes that, for patients with normal immune function the possibility of PCP infection, although rare, cannot be ignored. NGS plays an important role in the diagnosis of refractory interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

Bioactive Polyketides and Benzene Derivatives from Two Mangrove Sediment-Derived Fungi in the Beibu Gulf.

To discover bioactive natural products from mangrove sediment-derived microbes, a chemical investigation of the two Beibu Gulf-derived fungi strains, Talaromyces sp. SCSIO 41050 and Penicillium sp. SCSIO 41411, led to the isolation of 23 natural products. Five of them were identified as new ones, including two polyketide derivatives with unusual acid anhydride moieties named cordyanhydride A ethyl ester (1) and maleicanhydridane (4), and three hydroxyphenylacetic acid derivatives named stachylines H-J (10-12). Their structures were determined by detailed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopic (MS) analyses, while the absolute configurations were established by theoretical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. A variety of bioactive screens revealed three polyketide derivatives (1-3) with obvious antifungal activities, and 4 displayed moderate cytotoxicity against cell lines A549 and WPMY-1. Compounds 1 and 6 at 10 µM exhibited obvious inhibition against phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) with inhibitory ratios of 49.7% and 39.6%, respectively, while 5, 10, and 11 showed the potential of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by an enzyme activity test, as well as in silico docking analysis.

Clinical Features, Antibiotic Susceptibilities, and Outcomes of Endophthalmitis Caused by Streptococcal Infection: Children vs. Adults.

Streptococcus spp. are common causative organisms of endophthalmitis. Analysis of the clinical features, antibiotic susceptibilities, and outcomes of streptococcal endophthalmitis in children and adults may guide future management. Sixty-seven patients (67 eyes) with streptococcal endophthalmitis who were admitted to the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between January 2013 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age was 20.7 ± 21.6 years, and 59.7% were children. Streptococcal infection accounted for 13.9% of culture-proven bacterial endophthalmitis cases; the proportion was higher in children than in adults (32.3% vs. 7.6%, p < 0.01) and increased from 8.1% in 2013-2017 to 20.1% in 2018-2022 (p < 0.01). Eye trauma was the most common etiology in both children and adults (82.5% and 66.7%, respectively). Viridans group streptococci were the most common isolates, followed by S. pneumoniae. The susceptibility rates of the streptococci to vancomycin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin were 100%, 95.5%, and 93.0%, respectively. The overall mean best-corrected visual acuity increased from 2.74 ± 0.19 logMAR initially to 2.32 ± 0.75 logMAR at the last follow-up (p < 0.05). In conclusion, streptococcal infections have increased in cases of bacterial endophthalmitis in recent years and are more common in children. The commonly used antibiotics, vancomycin, cefuroxime, and fluoroquinolone, showed higher antibiotic susceptibility. After prompt treatment, visual outcomes improved.

Novel Steroidal[17,16-d]pyrimidines Derived from Epiandrosterone and Androsterone: Synthesis, Characterization and Configuration-Activity Relationships.

Two series of novel steroidal[17,16-d]pyrimidines derived from natural epiandrosterone and androsterone were designed and synthesized, and these compounds were screened for their potential anticancer activities. The preliminary bioassay indicated that some of these prepared compounds exhibited significantly good cytotoxic activities against human gastric cancer (SGC-7901), lung cancer (A549), and hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines compared with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), epiandrosterone, and androsterone. Especially the respective pairs from epiandrosterone and androsterone showed significantly different inhibitory activities, and the possible configuration-activity relationships have also been summarized and discussed based on kinase assay and molecular docking, which indicated that the inhibition activities of these steroidal[17,16-d]pyrimidines might obviously be affected by the configuration of the hydroxyl group in the part of the steroidal scaffold.

Napyradiomycin A4 and Its Relate Compounds, a New Anti-PRV Agent and Their Antibacterial Activities, from Streptomyces kebangsaanensis WS-68302.

Two new napyradiomycins derivatives, napyradiomycin A4 (1) and A80915 H (2), along with five known ones, were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of fermentation culture of Streptomyces kebangsaanensis WS-68302. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HR-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, CD spectrum, as well as comparison with literature data. Compound 1 exhibited significant antiviral activity against PRV (Pseudorabies virus) with an IC50 value of 2.056 µM and therapeutic ratio at 14.98, suggesting that it might have potential for development of an antiviral agent. Moreover, compound 1 displayed the strongest inhibition against PRV protein among the tested napyradiomycins in the indirect immunofuorescence assay. Compounds 3 and 4 showed higher activities against swine pathogenic Streptococcus suis than the positive control penicillin G sodium salt, with MIC values of 3.125 and 6.25 µg/mL, respectively. Compounds 1 and 3-6 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against the swine pathogenic Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, with MIC values ranging from 25 to 50 µg/mL.

Antiviral Activity of Benzoheterocyclic Compounds from Soil-Derived Streptomyces jiujiangensis NBERC-24992

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a pathogen that causes Aujeszky's disease (AD) in animals, leading to huge economic losses to swine farms. In order to discover anti-PRV compounds, we studied the extracts of the strain Streptomyces jiujiangensis NBERC-24992, which showed significant anti-PRV activity. Eight benzoheterocyclic secondary metabolites, including three new compounds (1-3, virantmycins D-G) and five known compounds (4-8, virantmycin, A-503451 D, A-503451 D acetylate, A-503451 A, and A-503451 B), were isolated from the broth of NBERC-24992. The structures of the new compounds were identified by using extensive spectroscopic data, including mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Compound 1 was found to be a novel heterocyclic compound with a tricyclic skeleton from natural product. All compounds were tested for antiviral activity, and 4 (virantmycin) showed an excellent effect against PRV and was better than ribavirin and acyclovir. Our study revealed that chlorine atom and tetrahydroquinoline skeleton were important active moiety for antiviral activity. Virantmycin could be a suitable leading compound for an antiviral drug against PRV.

Interaction, bioaccessibility and stability of bovine serum albumin-gamma-oryzanol complex: Spectroscopic and computational approaches.

The study explored the interaction mechanism between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and gamma-oryzanol (GO) by spectroscopic and computational approaches and the potential to enhance bioaccessibility and chemical stability of GO in the complex with BSA. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that GO was bound to BSA with static quenching at a single binding site, being consistent with molecular docking results. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular dynamics simulation showed that electrostatic forces dominated interactions between BSA and GO. Besides, BSA-GO complex was more stable at pH 7.4 than at pH 2.0, with low root-mean-square deviation (2.57 Å vs 12.37 Å) and low binding energy (-424.23 kJ/mol at 277 K vs -188.55 kJ/mol at 277 K), but complex stability significantly decreased with increasing temperature. The bioaccessibility and stability of GO in the complex were significantly higher than those in water. This study provided theoretical support for developing proteins as delivery system for GO.

IL-17A promotes endothelial cell senescence by up-regulating the expression of FTO through activating JNK signal pathway.

Endothelial aging is a sign of vascular aging that predisposes patients to vascular disease. We explored the effects of IL-17A on endothelial cell aging and determined the potential underlying mechanisms. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, IL-17A promoted senescence, evidenced as increased positive staining of senescence-associated ß-galactosidase, increased proportion of cells arrested at G0/G1 stage, and upregulated p21 and p16 expression. IL-17A increased the expression of the m6A methylase FTO. We then investigated the relationship between FTO and endothelial cell aging. After interfering with FTO expression by siRNA, we observed that FTO induced endothelial cell aging. An increase in the expression of p-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) increased after IL-17A treatment indicated, that the JNK signaling pathway affected FTO expression. Moreover, the addition of the JNK signaling pathway inhibitor SP600125 blocked the effect of IL-17A on FTO expression. In conclusion, our findings revealed that IL-17A can promote endothelial cell aging by activating the JNK signaling pathway and upregulating FTO expression. This discovery can help in the identification of new therapeutic targets against endothelial cell aging and related vascular complications.

Whole exome sequencing identifies novel inherited genetic variants in tetralogy of Fallot.

Background: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common neonatal cyanotic heart defect, and genetic variation is an important risk factor for the etiology of TOF. Identifying TOF-associated genetic variants is critical to understanding susceptibility and outcome in patients with TOF and may help delineate pathological mechanisms. Methods: Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed 19 patients with sporadic TOF and 3 healthy controls. The dbSNP, GnomAD, Denovo-db, and ClinVar databases were used to annotate the mutations. PolyPhen, SIFT, MutationTaster, and FATHMM softwares were used for mutation pathogenicity analysis. Sanger sequencing was used to validate candidate variants. Results: We identified 21 genetic variants involving 16 genes were found in 12 patients with sporadic TOF. The types of mutations were missense and splicing variants. None of these genes were detected in samples from the 3 healthy controls. These variants include 9 pathogenic variants, 6 suspected pathogenic variants, and 6 variants of unknown significance (VUS). Further analysis showed that the patients with apolipoprotein B (APOB) and ring finger protein 135 (RNF135) variants had more serious clinical symptoms. Sanger sequencing confirmed that the two variants were heterozygous in TOF patients. Conclusions: We identified several genetic variants associated with TOF and confirmed that RNF135 and ABOB variants were associated with TOF severity. These findings provide new evidence for exploring the genetic mechanism of TOF.

Endophthalmitis Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Characteristics, Outcomes, and Antibiotics Sensitivities.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to report the clinical characteristics, visual outcomes, and antibiotic susceptibilities of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis. Methods: The medical records of patients with culture-proven Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis treated from June 2013 to December 2019 were reviewed. Results: This study included 36 eyes of 36 patients. The clinical settings included ocular trauma (15/36), corneal ulcer (9/36), postoperative endophthalmitis (5/36), endogenous (3/36), and unknown (4/36). Sixteen patients underwent evisceration, 13 patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), 2 patients were treated with only intravitreal antibiotics, and 5 patients did not undergo surgery. Only one patient achieved a visual acuity of 20/400, and the others had all counting fingers or below. The cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 100% sensitive to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin and, approximately 95% sensitive to meropenem, imipenem, and aztreonam. Conclusion: The visual outcomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis were very poor, and the evisceration rate remained high. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has good susceptibility to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin.

Bioaerosols emission characteristics from wastewater treatment aeration tanks and associated health risk exposure assessment during autumn and winter.

Aeration tanks from activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can release a large amount of bioaerosols that can pose health risks. However, risk characterization of bioaerosols emissions form wastewater treatment plants is currently not systematically carried out and still in its infancy. Therefore, this study investigated emission characteristic of two indicator model bioaerosols Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, emitted from aeration tanks of a municipal WWTP. Monte Carlo simulation was then used to quantitatively assess microbial risk posed by different aeration modes under optimistic and conservative estimates. Further to this, two different exposure scenarios were considered during 3 days sampling campaign in autumn and winter. Results showed that the bioaerosol concentration from microporous aeration tank (20-262 CFU m-3) was one order of magnitude lower than rotating disc aeration tank. Average aerosolization rate was 7.5 times higher with mechanical aeration mode. Health risks of exposed populations were 0.4 and 9.6 times higher in winter than in autumn for E. coli and S. aureus bioaerosol, respectively. Health risks of staff members were 10 times higher than academic visitors. Interesting results were observed for academic visitors without personal protective equipment (PPE) respectively exposed to S. aureus and E. coli bioaerosol in autumn and winter: while the derived infection risk met the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) benchmark under optimistic estimation, the disease risk burden was over the World Health Organization (WHO) benchmark under conservative estimation. These revealed that only satisfying one of the two benchmarks didn't mean absolute acceptable health risk. This study could facilitate the development of better understanding of bioaerosol quantitative assessment of risk characterizations and corresponding appropriate risk control strategies for wastewater utilities.

Characteristics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Strain ES-2 Isolated From Chinese Native Black Pig Lungs.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary pathogen of swine enzootic pneumonia and causes great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. In China, M. hyopneumoniae seriously hinders the healthy development of the native black pigs. To prevent and treat porcine respiratory disease caused by M. hyopneumoniae, the characteristics of M. hyopneumoniae strain ES-2 isolated from Chinese native black pig lungs with gross lesions at post-mortem were studied for the first time in this study. Strain ES-2 cell was round or oval cells and most sensitive to kanamycin. The diameters of most strain ES-2 cells ranged from 0.4 to 1.0 µm with maximum viability of 1010 CCU/ml. Experimental challenge of animals with strain ES-2 showed respiratory disease could be reproduced, with pneumonic lung lesions evident. Comparative genomics analysis identified that 2 genes are specific to pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae strains, which may be predicted to be a molecular marker. These findings suggest that the study on the characteristics of M. hyopneumoniae strain ES-2 will guide the rapid and accurate drug use in the clinic, and develop a theoretical foundation for accurately diagnosing and treating the infection caused by pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae.