Distribution and Main Controlling Factors of Gas and Water in Tight Sandstone Gas Fields: A Case Study of Sudong 41-33 Block in Sulige Gas Field, Ordos Basin, China.

Studying the gas-water distribution characteristics is essential in guiding the efficient development of gas fields. The relationship between gas and water in the Sudong 41-33 Block is complicated and has not been adequately researched. In recent years, gas wells have suffered from increased water/gas ratios and significant liquid loadings, which greatly affect the development of the block. A comprehensive analysis of formation water, log interpretation, and production data was conducted to determine the gas-water distribution characteristics and main controlling factors in the Sudong 41-33 Block. The findings indicate the following. (1) The formation water in the study area consists mainly of CaCl2 brine with high total dissolved solids (TDS) (with an average value of 36.06 g/L). The hydrochemical characteristics indicate that the formation water is typical sedimentary buried water under well-sealing conditions, which is markedly different from shallow river water and seawater. (2) The formation water can be categorized into three types: edge-bottom water under the gas layer (Type I), stagnant water in tight sandstone (Type II), and isolated lenticular water (Type III). The water layer distribution in the plane is mainly concentrated in the northwest region, whereas it is dispersed in other regions. On the vertical, the water layer mainly appears in P2x8-1, P2x8-2, and P1s2 Members. (3) The physical properties of the reservoir, hydrocarbon generation intensity (HGI), source rock-reservoir relationship, and mini-structure are the main factors affecting the gas-water distribution in the study area. Based on the clarification of the characteristics of gas and water distribution and its main controlling factors, it is of great importance to accurately identify the water layer, avoid the direct development of the water layer, adopt the proper production pressure differential, and carry out drainage gas production measures in time to ensure the effective development of the gas field.

Effects of Table Grape Cultivars on Fruit Quality and Aroma Components.

The basic physical and chemical qualities, nutrition, aroma components, and sensory evaluation of 17 varieties of table grapes were studied. The quality evaluation system of different table grape varieties was preliminarily determined. Our results show that the soluble solid content in Ruby Seedless was 21.17%, which was higher than that of other varieties. The black varieties Aishenmeigui and Sweet Sapphire had the highest total phenol content. Aishenmeigui had high levels of tannin and vitamin C. In addition, the aroma contents in Meixiangbao, Ruby Seedless, and Shine-Muscat were higher than those in other varieties. Manicure Finger and Ruby Seedless had higher levels of C6 compounds. Moreover, the "Kyoho" series of grape Meixiangbao, Sunmmer Black, Jumeigui, Hutai 8 hao, and Black Beet were high in ester content, while Muscat varieties, including Zaoheibao, Aishenmeigui, Jumeigui, and Shine-Muscat were rich in terpene substances. Ruby Seedless, Shine-Muscat, and Heibaladuo had higher comprehensive scores in sensory evaluation. Hence, the comprehensive quality of Shine-Muscat, Ruby Seedless, and Aishenmeigui was better. These results may serve as references for determining the quality differences between table grape varieties.

Morphology and mass spectrometry-based chemical profiling of peltate glandular trichomes on Mentha haplocalyx Briq leaves.

Mentha haplocalyx Briq (M. haplocalyx) is a herbaceous plant that has long been used as a food, medicinal spice, and flavoring agent in traditional Chinese medicine. Its secondary metabolites, having high commercial values, are mainly produced in tiny specialized structures called glandular trichomes (GTs). The primary purpose of this study was to examine the morphology and metabolites of peltate GTs in M. haplocalyx.Peltate GTs possessed globular dome shapes and intense auto-fluorescence on the surfaces of M. haplocalyx leaves. Structure subsidence and cuticle rupture were found throughout the aging stage of peltate GTs. According to histochemical staining results, the secretion of peltate GTs contained anthraquinone, flavonoids, phenolic acid and terpenoids. In M. haplocalyx peltate GTs and leaf tissues without peltate glandular trichomes, ten and two volatile compounds were identified respectively. Peltate GTs contained 42 non-volatile chemicals with a variety of structural types, including 20 flavonoids, 17 phenolic acids,1 diterpene, 3 anthraquinone and 1 alkane. Meanwhile, 15 non-volatile compounds were discovered in leaf tissues without peltate glandular trichomes, and they were all included in the list of peltate GTs' 41 components. Therefore, Peltate GTs were shown to be the primary site of not just volatile compounds but also non-volatile chemicals in M. haplocalyx. This study provides an important theoretical basis and technical approach for clarifying the bio-active metabolite biosynthesis in M. haplocalyx.

Domestic poultry are not susceptible to avian-origin H3N2 subtype canine influenza A virus.

At present, avian-origin H3N2 subtype canine influenza virus (H3N2 CIV) is prevalent in East Asian and North American countries. The host tropism of H3N2 CIV to mammals, including mice, guinea pigs, ferrets, and pigs, has been evaluated. However, it has not previously been determined whether avian-origin H3N2 CIV can be transmitted back to birds. In China, ducks, chickens, geese, pigeons, and quails are economically important domestic poultry that are susceptible to numerous subtypes of influenza A virus. These poultry occasionally or frequently come into contact with dogs. In this study, the infectivity of the first- and last-isolated Chinese H3N2 CIV strains in these poultry species was evaluated, and oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of these animals were negative for virus, as determined by specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken egg inoculation and real-time RT-qPCR assays. Clinical signs and gross lesions were not observed in any of these species, and seroconversion also did not occur. The results showed that all these avian species were unsusceptible to the first- and last-isolated H3N2 CIVs, indicating unidirectional evolution of the mammalian host tropism of H3N2 CIV.

Canine Circovirus Suppresses the Type I Interferon Response and Protein Expression but Promotes CPV-2 Replication.

Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is an emerging virus in canines. Since the first strain of CanineCV was reported in 2012, CanineCV infection has shown a trend toward becoming a global epidemic. CanineCV infection often occurs with coinfection with other pathogens that may aggravate the symptoms of disease in affected dogs. Currently, CanineCV has not been successfully isolated by laboratories, resulting in a lack of clarity regarding its physicochemical properties, replication process, and pathogenic characteristics. To address this knowledge gap, the following results were obtained in this study. First, a CanineCV strain was rescued in F81 cells using infectious clone plasmids. Second, the Rep protein produced by the viral packaging rescue process was found to be associated with cytopathic effects. Additionally, the Rep protein and CanineCV inhibited the activation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) promoter, blocking subsequent expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, Rep was found to broadly inhibit host protein expression. We speculate that in CanineCV and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) coinfection cases, CanineCV promotes CPV-2 replication by inducing immunosuppression, which may increase the severity of clinical symptoms.

Simultaneous Determination and Comprehensive Evaluation of Mineral Elements in Yellow Croaker Ear-Stone on Sale in China.

Yellow Croaker Ear-stone or Yunaoshi, is actually two kinds of fish otolith in China and has received increased attention in recent years as important folk medicine. For better understanding of this crude drug, a chaotic market circulation status investigation was carried out and seventeen samples with different varieties or producing areas were collected. In this study, pharmacodynamic components of nineteen varieties mineral elements of the seventeen samples were simultaneously determined by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The detected elements were categorized into the beneficial (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Sr, B) and unbeneficial elements (Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Al, Pb, Co, Ba, Cr and Ni) kinds and their concentrations were quantified. Then the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were further applied to launch an exploratory analysis for Yunaoshi samples. The results showed that samples 1-3, 15-8, 15-3 ranked the top three from the perspective of beneficial elements and samples 1-3, 1-4, 15-2 ranked the top three based on the unbeneficial elements sides. Combined with HCA results, all samples can be used as the substitutes for Yunaoshi except for samples 1-3, 1-4 and 15-2 only judging from the perspective of mineral elements concentrations. In conclusion, simultaneous determination of mineral elements accompanied with PCA and HCA can not only provide pharmacogenetic reference for the medicinal material of Yunaoshi, but also establish a feasibility for exploring new crude resources or substitutes to this medicine.

The increasing prevalence of CPV-2c in domestic dogs in China.

BACKGROUND: Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), a serious pathogen, leads to high morbidity and mortality in dogs and several wild carnivore species. Although it is a DNA virus, it evolves particularly rapidly, with a genomic substitution rate of approximately 10-4 substitutions/site/year, close to that of some RNA viruses. Tracing the prevalence of CPV-2 in dogs is significant. METHODS: In this study, an aetiological survey was carried out from 2016 to 2019 in Guangdong Province, China, involving Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Dongguan. Furthermore, to systematically analyse the prevalence of CPV-2 in China, the VP2 gene sequences of all Chinese isolates were downloaded from the NCBI nucleotide database in December 2019, and changes in CPV-2 variants were examined. RESULTS: A total of 55.7% (34/61) of samples were CPV-2 positive by PCR detection and virus isolation. In addition to different variants circulating in dogs, coinfection with multiple variants was identified, as was coinfection with other canine enteric pathogens in some cases. Two previously reported amino acid sites, A5G and Q370R of CPV-2c mutants, reported in variants in China were assessed, and several CPV-2 isolates with P13S and K582N mutations were detected in this study. Finally, we speculate on the prevalence of different CPV-2 variants in China. According to the VP2 gene sequence obtained from the NCBI nucleotide database, the proportion of different variants in China has changed, and CPV-2c appears to be growing rapidly. In conclusion, this aetiology survey suggests that CPV-2 continues to be common in China and that the prevalence of CPV-2c is increasing.

Effect Study of Continuous Monoculture on the Quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge Roots.

High-efficiency monoculture severely inhibits the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge and decreases the yield and quality of crude drug, thus resulting in serious economic losses in China. Here, we selected four replanted field soils with 1, 2, 3, and 4 years of monoculture history to investigate the influence of continuous monocropping soil on the property of medicinal materials by pot experiments. Results showed that the commodity appearance and active ingredient contents of Salvia miltiorrhiza were significantly affected by soil with different continuous monocropping years. Along the time series of plantation soil, the diameter of main roots, weight of fresh roots, and total contents of hydrophilic and lipophilic components demonstrated a decline tendency. With the method of PCA, the property of medicinal materials affected by continuous monocropping soil was evaluated by the following formula: F = (0.3762 × F1 + 0.2320 × F2 + 0.1913 × F3 + 0.0994 × F4)/0.8989. Eventually, crude drug properties ranked according to comprehensive scores were as follows: CK (0.380) > 1 year (0.360) > 2 years (0.348) > 3 years (0.337) > 4 years (0.245). For the medicinal plant of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, continuous monocropping soil had significant effects on the property of Salvia miltiorrhiza and should be ameliorated by some measures. The results provide support for the optimal continuous cropping year selection and continuous cropping obstacle abatement of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

Multiplex PCR methods for detection of several viruses associated with canine respiratory and enteric diseases.

Viral respiratory and intestinal infections are the most common causes of canine viral illness. Infection with multiple pathogens occurs in many cases. Rapid diagnosis of these multiple infections is important for providing timely and effective treatment. To improve diagnosis, in this study, two new multiplex polymerase chain reactions (mPCRs) were developed for simultaneous detection of canine respiratory viruses (CRV) and canine enteric viruses (CEV) using two separate primer mixes. The viruses included canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine influenza virus (CIV), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine circovirus (CanineCV), canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine parvovirus (CPV). The sensitivity of the mPCR results showed that the detection limit of both mPCR methods was 1×104 viral copies. Twenty nasal swabs (NS) and 20 anal swabs (AS) collected from dogs with symptoms of respiratory disease or enteric disease were evaluated using the novel mPCR methods as a clinical test. The mPCR protocols, when applied to these respiratory specimens and intestinal samples, could detect 7 viruses simultaneously, allowing rapid investigation of CRV (CAV-2, CDV, CIV and CPIV) and CEV (CAV-2, CanineCV, CCoV and CPV) status and prompt evaluation of coinfection. Our study provides an effective and accurate tool for rapid differential diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance in dogs.

The antagonistic effect of selenium on cadmium-induced apoptosis via PPAR-γ/PI3K/Akt pathway in chicken pancreas.

The animal experiment was preformed to investigate the roles of PPAR-γ/PI3K/Akt pathway in apoptosis triggered by cadmium (Cd) and in the antagonistic effects of selenium (Se) on Cd in the pancreas of chicken. The current study showed that Cd treatment obviously increased the accumulation of Cd and directly led to lower activities of amylase, trypsin and lipase in chicken pancreas. The expression of PPAR-γ, PI3K, and Akt was declined, whereas the level of Bax, Cyt C and caspase-3 were increased in Cd group. In the result of TUNEL assay and the histological examination, typical apoptosis characteristics in the pancreas of Cd group were confirmed. Cd group also showed high levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and nitric oxide (NO) content in pancreas. However, those Cd-induced changes were obviously alleviated in Cd + Se group. Our study revealed that Cd could impact the pancreas function and induce the activation of Bax and the overproduction of NO via PPAR-γ/PI3K/Akt pathway to promote apoptosis in chicken pancreas. However, Se could reduce Cd accumulation and antagonize Cd-triggered apoptosis in chicken pancreas.

The Protective Effect of Selenium on the Chicken Pancreas against Cadmium Toxicity via Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Autophagy.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that can affect human and animal health. Selenium (Se) is an essential microelement that can protect various organs against toxic heavy metals. Although many studies have investigated the adverse effect of Cd in rats and several other animals, little is known regarding the mechanisms of Cd-induced autophagy in the chicken pancreas and the antagonistic effect of Se on Cd. In the current study, we fed chickens Se, Cd, or Se and Cd supplements to establish the Se and Cd interaction model and to measure the concentrations of Se and Cd in the chicken pancreas. The ultrastructure changes of the chicken pancreas were also observed, and we detected oxidative stress indexes in each group. The expression levels of autophagy-related genes were also examined. We found that Cd exposure could increase the concentration of Cd, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) content in the chicken pancreas. The protein expression levels of dynein, Beclin1, LC3-1, LC3-2, and Atg5 were increased and that of TOR was decreased under Cd exposure conditions. However, the changes induced by Cd were significantly alleviated by Se. This study suggested that Cd could accumulate in the chicken pancreas and lead to oxidative stress and autophagy. Se was shown to antagonize Cd toxicity though reducing Cd accumulation, alleviating oxidative stress, and inhibiting autophagy. This study revealed a concrete mechanism for the Se antagonism of Cd and might provide a new clue for the detoxification of Cd poisoning.

Evaluation of site-specific tactics using bifenazate and Neoseiulus californicus for management of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in strawberries.

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of site-specific tactics for management of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, a major pest of greenhouse and field-grown strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Two site-specific (spot) treatments, the miticide bifenazate (Acramite(®)) and the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus McGregor, were compared with whole-plot treatments of bifenazate or N. californicus to determine whether T. urticae could be effectively managed in field-grown strawberry using only site-specific tactics. Additionally, the cost of site-specific tactics was compared with whole-plot treatments to determine the economic value of using site-specific management tactics for T. urticae in strawberries. In the greenhouse, all treatments equivalently reduced the number of T. urticae below control. In the field during the 2011-2012 season, more T. urticae eggs and motiles were in the whole-plot treatments of both N. californicus and bifenazate in the mid-season and late season, respectively, compared with the spot treatments. With the exception of site-specific N. californicus during the 2011-2012 field season, there were no differences in marketable yields between plots with site-specific treatments and whole-plot management. An economic analysis demonstrated a significant cost savings (75.3 %) with site-specific treatments of N. californicus compared with whole-plot application of N. californicus. Similarly, a 24.7 % reduction in cost was achieved in using site-specific bifenazate compared with whole-plot application of bifenazate. The findings indicate that site-specific treatments with N. californicus and bifenazate are competitive alternatives to whole-field application for T. urticae management in strawberries.

Structure determination of two new nerolidol-type sesquiterpenoids from the soil actinomycete Streptomyces scopuliridis.

Two new nerolidol-type sesquiterpenes were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces scopuliridis, and identified based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data analyses.