RESUMEN
Objective: To assess the overall effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions on internet addiction (IA) in youth. Method: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from their inception to April 1, 2023 were searched in Cochrane, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database, and WanFang Data. Two reviewers independently extracted data and evaluated bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results: Sixty-six studies performed from 2007 to 2023, with a total of 4,385 participants, were identified. The NPIs included group counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, sports intervention, combined interventions, eHealth, educational intervention, positive psychology intervention, sand play intervention, and electrotherapy. The results revealed that NPIs significantly reduced IA levels (standardized mean difference, SMD: -2.01, 95% confidence interval, CI: -2.29 to -1.73, I2 = 93.0%), anxiety levels (SMD: -1.07, 95%CI: -1.41 to -0.73, I2 = 72.4%), depression levels (SMD: -1.11, 95%CI: -1.52 to -0.7, I2 = 84.3%), and SCL-90 (SMD: -0.75, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.54, I2 = 27.7%). Subgroup analysis stratified by intervention measure showed that cognitive behavioral therapy, group counseling, sports intervention, combined intervention, educational intervention, positive psychology intervention, sandplay intervention, and mobile health were all effective in relieving symptoms of IA except electrotherapy. Conclusion: NPIs appear to be effective in the treatment of IA in youth, which would act as an alternative treatment of IA. Further studies with larger sample sizes and robust designs are needed.
RESUMEN
This work reported on the application of mercapto-functionalized silica-supported organic-inorganic hybrid sorbent as a solid phase extraction (SPE) extractant for effective separation and preconcentration of Sb(iii) species in real water samples. The influences of pH, sorbent amounts, flow rates and the concentration of eluent on the adsorption and desorption of Sb(iii) species had been evaluated. The recovery of Sb(iii) species at pH 5 with 100 mg mercapto-functionalized hybrid sorbent at the flow rate of 5.0 mL min-1 was greater than 95% without interference from all of metal ions tested. The trapped Sb(iii) species by extractant was then eluted with 5% HCl solution at the flow rate of 5.0 mL min-1. The proposed procedure permitted large enrichment factors of about 200 and higher for 10 µg L-1 of Sb(iii) species. The merits of analytical figures for the determination of Sb(iii) species were as follows: detection limit (3σ, n = 11), 2 ng L-1; precision, 1.6% (n = 11) for 10 µg L-1 of Sb(iii) species; the linear calibration curve presented in the concentration range of 1.0-200.0 µg L-1. The validity of the proposed procedure was checked by the analysis of standard reference materials. Excellent agreement between the analytical results and the certified values (t-test at 95% confidence level) was found. The mercapto-functionalized hybrid sorbent as a SPE extractant was applied to the determination of Sb(iii) species in various water samples with satisfactory results.
