Reflectivity and Angular Anisotropy of Liquid Crystal Microcapsules with Different Particle Sizes by Complex Coalescence.

Cholesteric liquid crystal microcapsules (CLCMs) are used to improve the stability of liquid crystals while ensuring their stimulus response performance and versatility, with representative applications such as sensing, anticounterfeiting, and smart fabrics. However, the reflectivity and angular anisotropy decrease because of the anchoring effect of the polymer shell matrix, and the influence of particle size on this has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, the effect of synthesis technology on microcapsule particle size was investigated using a complex coalescence method, and the effect of particle size on the reflectivity and angular anisotropy of CLCMs was investigated in detail. A particle size of approximately 66 µm with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 1:1) exhibited a relative reflectivity of 16.6% and a bandwidth of 20 nm, as well as a narrow particle size distribution of 22 µm. The thermosetting of microcapsules coated with PVA was adjusted and systematically investigated by controlling the mass ratio. The optimized mass ratio of microcapsules (66 µm) to PVA was 2:1, increasing the relative reflectivity from 16.6% (1:1) to 32.0% (2:1) because of both the higher CLCM content and the matching between the birefringence of the gelatin-arabic shell system and PVA. Furthermore, color based on Bragg reflections was observed in the CLCM-coated ortho-axis and blue-shifted off-axis, and this change was correlated with the CLCM particle size. Such materials are promising for anticounterfeiting and color-based applications with bright colors and angular anisotropy in reflection.

Elevating PLK1 overcomes BETi resistance in prostate cancer via triggering BRD4 phosphorylation-dependent degradation in mitosis.

Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in prostate cancer (PCa). Understanding the mechanisms of BRD4 stability could enhance the clinical response to BRD4-targeted therapy. In this study, we report that BRD4 protein levels are significantly decreased during mitosis in a PLK1-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we show that BRD4 is primarily phosphorylated at T1186 by the CDK1/cyclin B complex, recruiting PLK1 to phosphorylate BRD4 at S24/S1100, which are recognized by the APC/CCdh1 complex for proteasome pathway degradation. We find that PLK1 overexpression lowers SPOP mutation-stabilized BRD4, consequently rendering PCa cells re-sensitized to BRD4 inhibitors. Intriguingly, we report that sequential treatment of docetaxel and JQ1 resulted in significant inhibition of PCa. Collectively, the results support that PLK1-phosphorylated BRD4 triggers its degradation at M phase. Sequential treatment of docetaxel and JQ1 overcomes BRD4 accumulation-associated bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitor (BETi) resistance, which may shed light on the development of strategies to treat PCa.

CRISPR-array-mediated imaging of non-repetitive and multiplex genomic loci in living cells.

Dynamic imaging of genomic loci is key for understanding gene regulation, but methods for imaging genomes, in particular non-repetitive DNAs, are limited. We developed CRISPRdelight, a DNA-labeling system based on endonuclease-deficient CRISPR-Cas12a (dCas12a), with an engineered CRISPR array to track DNA location and motion. CRISPRdelight enables robust imaging of all examined 12 non-repetitive genomic loci in different cell lines. We revealed the confined movement of the CCAT1 locus (chr8q24) at the nuclear periphery for repressed expression and active motion in the interior nucleus for transcription. We uncovered the selective repositioning of HSP gene loci to nuclear speckles, including a remarkable relocation of HSPH1 (chr13q12) for elevated transcription during stresses. Combining CRISPR-dCas12a and RNA aptamers allowed multiplex imaging of four types of satellite DNA loci with a single array, revealing their spatial proximity to the nucleolus-associated domain. CRISPRdelight is a user-friendly and robust system for imaging and tracking genomic dynamics and regulation.

Single-cell analysis identifies PLK1 as a driver of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in LUAD.

PLK1 (Polo-like kinase 1) plays a critical role in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Recent studies have unveiled that targeting PLK1 improves the efficacy of immunotherapy, highlighting its important role in the regulation of tumor immunity. Nevertheless, our understanding of the intricate interplay between PLK1 and the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains incomplete. Here, using genetically engineered mouse model and single-cell RNA-seq analysis, we report that PLK1 promotes an immunosuppressive TME in LUAD, characterized with enhanced M2 polarization of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and dampened antigen presentation process. Mechanistically, elevated PLK1 coincides with increased secretion of CXCL2 cytokine, which promotes M2 polarization of TAM and diminishes expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) in professional antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, PLK1 negatively regulates MHC-II expression in cancer cells, which has been shown to be associated with compromised tumor immunity and unfavorable patient outcomes. Taken together, our results reveal PLK1 as a novel modulator of TME in LUAD and provide possible therapeutic interventions.

HIV subtypes and molecular transmission characteristics among elderly HIV-infected individuals aged 50 and above: a cross-sectional study in Huzhou City, Eastern China.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the HIV-1 subtypes and molecular transmission characteristics of HIV-infected older individuals aged 50 and above in Huzhou City, and provide a scientific basis for prevention and treatment strategies for them. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with clustered molecular transmission network cases was performed, and basic epidemiological information was retrieved from the Chinese Centres for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) Information System. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A molecular epidemiological study was conducted in 899 newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals from January 2019 and March 2023 in Huzhou city, Zhejiang province, Eastern China. Out of these, HIV sequences were successfully obtained from 673 individuals, including 274 who were older individuals aged 50 and above. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR were used to amplify the polymerase gene of HIV-1, and gene sequencing was performed. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to describe the association of clustered molecular transmission network cases. RESULTS: In total, 274 valid HIV sequences of older individuals were obtained, which revealed 14 subtypes. Circulating recombinant forms (CRF) 07_BC accounted for 55.8% and CRF01_AE accounted for 20.1% of the subtypes. Data of 150 older individuals were included in the molecular transmission network, and the proportion of elderly individuals in clustered cases is 52.26% (150/287). The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the older age group (60-82 years) and CRF07_BC subtype were associated with case clustering (transmission risk). CONCLUSIONS: The key high-risk transmission network was mainly composed of the older age group (60-82 years) and CRF07_BC subtype. It is necessary to further strengthen AIDS health promotion and education for individuals aged 60 years and above, as well as for patients with the CRF07_BC subtype, to reduce HIV transmission and clustering risk.

Difference in Rumor Dissemination and Debunking Before and After the Relaxation of COVID-19 Prevention and Control Measures in China: Infodemiology Study.

BACKGROUND: The information epidemic emerged along with the COVID-19 pandemic. While controlling the spread of COVID-19, the secondary harm of epidemic rumors to social order cannot be ignored. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to understand the characteristics of rumor dissemination before and after the pandemic and the corresponding rumor management and debunking mechanisms. This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis and effective methods for relevant departments to establish a sound mechanism for managing network rumors related to public health emergencies such as COVID-19. METHODS: This study collected data sets of epidemic rumors before and after the relaxation of the epidemic prevention and control measures, focusing on large-scale network rumors. Starting from 3 dimensions of rumor content construction, rumor propagation, and rumor-refuting response, the epidemic rumors were subdivided into 7 categories, namely, involved subjects, communication content, emotional expression, communication channels, communication forms, rumor-refuting subjects, and verification sources. Based on this framework, content coding and statistical analysis of epidemic rumors were carried out. RESULTS: The study found that the rumor information was primarily directed at a clear target audience. The main themes of rumor dissemination were related to the public's immediate interests in the COVID-19 field, with significant differences in emotional expression and mostly negative emotions. Rumors mostly spread through social media interactions, community dissemination, and circle dissemination, with text content as the main form, but they lack factual evidence. The preferences of debunking subjects showed differences, and the frequent occurrence of rumors reflected the unsmooth channels of debunking. The χ2 test of data before and after the pandemic showed that the P value was less than .05, indicating that the difference in rumor content before and after the pandemic had statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: This study's results showed that the themes of rumors during the pandemic are closely related to the immediate interests of the public, and the emotions of the public accelerate the spread of these rumors, which are mostly disseminated through social networks. Therefore, to more effectively prevent and control the spread of rumors during the pandemic and to enhance the capability to respond to public health crises, relevant authorities should strengthen communication with the public, conduct emotional risk assessments, and establish a joint mechanism for debunking rumors.

Analysis of the immunological response to antiviral therapy in patients with different subtypes of HIV/AIDS: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of standardised antiretroviral therapy (ART) among different HIV subtypes in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and to screen the best ART regimen for this patient population. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was performed, and PLWHA residing in Huzhou, China, between 2018 and 2020, were enrolled. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from 625 patients, who were newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in the AIDS Prevention and Control Information System in Huzhou between 2018 and 2020, were reviewed. ANALYSIS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Data regarding demographic characteristics and laboratory investigation results were collected. Immune system recovery was used to assess the effectiveness of ART, and an increased percentage of CD4+ T lymphocyte counts >30% after receiving ART for >1 year was determined as immunopositive. A multiple logistic regression model was used to comprehensively quantify the association between PLWHA immunological response status and virus subtype. In addition, the joint association between different subtypes and treatment regimens on immunological response status was investigated. RESULTS: Among 326 enrolled PLWHA with circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and other HIV/AIDS subtypes, the percentages of immunopositivity were 74.0%, 65.6% and 69.6%, respectively. According to multivariate logistic regression models, there was no difference in the immunological response between patients with CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and other subtypes of HIV/AIDS who underwent ART (CRF07_BC: adjusted OR (aOR) (95% CI) = 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4); other subtypes: aOR (95% CI) = 1.2 (0.6 to 2.3)). There was no evidence of an obvious joint association between HIV subtypes and ART regimens on immunological response. CONCLUSIONS: Standardised ART was beneficial to all PLWHA, regardless of HIV subtypes, although it was more effective, to some extent, in PLWHA with CRF01_AE.

NudCL2 is required for cytokinesis by stabilizing RCC2 with Hsp90 at the midbody.

Cytokinesis is required for faithful division of cytoplasmic components and duplicated nuclei into two daughter cells. Midbody, a protein-dense organelle that forms at the intercellular bridge, is indispensable for successful cytokinesis. However, the regulatory mechanism of cytokinesis at the midbody still remains elusive. Here, we unveil a critical role for NudC-like protein 2 (NudCL2), a co-chaperone of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), in cytokinesis regulation by stabilizing regulator of chromosome condensation 2 (RCC2) at the midbody in mammalian cells. NudCL2 localizes at the midbody, and its downregulation results in cytokinesis failure, multinucleation and midbody disorganization. Using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis, we find that RCC2 levels are decreased in NudCL2 knockout (KO) cells. Moreover, Hsp90 forms a complex with NudCL2 to stabilize RCC2, which is essential for cytokinesis. RCC2 depletion mirrors phenotypes observed in NudCL2-downregulated cells. Importantly, ectopic expression of RCC2 rescues the cytokinesis defects induced by NudCL2 deletion, but not vice versa. Together, our data reveal the significance of the NudCL2/Hsp90/RCC2 pathway in cytokinesis at the midbody.

Anti-inflammatory and protective effects of Pimpinella candolleana on ulcerative colitis in rats: a comprehensive study of quality, chemical composition, and molecular mechanisms.

Introduction: P. candolleana Wight et Arn. Is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used by the Gelao nationality in southwest China, has been historically applied to treat various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite its traditional usage, scientific evidence elucidating its efficacy and mechanisms in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) remains sparse. This study aimed to determine the quality and chemical composition of Pimpinella candolleana and to identify its potential therapeutic targets and mechanisms in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) rats through integrated approaches. Methods: Morphological and microscopic characteristics, thin layer chromatography (TLC) identification, and quantitative analysis of P. candolleana were performed. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, network pharmacology, and molecular docking were used to identify its chemical composition and predict its related targets in UC. Furthermore, a rat model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of P. candolleana on UC. Results: Microscopic identification revealed irregular and radial arrangement of the xylem in P. candolleana, with a light green cross-section and large medullary cells. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis detected and analyzed 570 metabolites, including flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenoids. Network pharmacology identified 12 effective components and 176 target genes, with 96 common targets for P. candolleana-UC, including quercetin, luteolin, and nobiletin as key anti-inflammatory components. GO and KEGG revealed the potential involvement of their targets in RELA, JUN, TNF, IKBKB, PTGS2, and CHUK, with action pathways such as PI3K-Akt, TNF, IL-17, and apoptosis. Molecular docking demonstrated strong affinity and binding between these key components (quercetin, luteolin, and nobiletin) and the key targets of the pathway, including JUN and TNF. Treatment with P. candolleana improved body weight loss, the disease activity index, and colonic histological damage in UC rats. Pimpinella candolleana also modulated the levels of IL-2 and IL-6 in UC rats, reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, MAPK8, TNF-α, CHUK, and IKBKB mRNA, and decreased the expression of TNF, IKBKB, JUN, and CHUK proteins in the colon of UC rats, thereby reducing inflammation and alleviating UC symptoms. Conclusion: P. candolleana exerts its protective effect on UC by reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting inflammation, providing scientific evidence for its traditional use in treating gastrointestinal diseases. This study highlights the potential of P. candolleana as a natural therapeutic agent for UC and contributes to the development of novel medicines for UC treatment.

Effects of photodynamic therapy in patients with infected skin ulcers: A meta-analysis.

The purpose of the meta-analysis was to evaluate and compare the photodynamic therapy's effectiveness in treating infected skin wounds. The results of this meta-analysis were analysed, and the odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using dichotomous or contentious random- or fixed-effect models. For the current meta-analysis, 6 examinations spanning from 2013 to 2021 were included, encompassing 154 patients with infected skin wounds were the used studies' starting point. Photodynamic therapy had a significantly lower wound ulcer size (MD, -4.42; 95% CI, -7.56--1.28, p = 0.006), better tissue repair (MD, -8.62; 95% CI, -16.76--0.48, p = 0.04) and lower microbial cell viability (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04-0.42, p < 0.001) compared with red light exposure in subjects with infected skin wounds. The examined data revealed that photodynamic therapy had a significantly lower wound ulcer size, better tissue repair and lower microbial cell viability compared with red light exposure in subjects with infected skin wounds. However, given that all examinations had a small sample size, consideration should be given to their values.

Traditional knowledge of animal-derived medicines used by Gelao community in Northern Guizhou, China.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to document and preserve the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Gelao community in Northern Guizhou, China, providing valuable insights for modern pharmacological research and the development of these traditional remedies. METHODS: Our methodology encompassed a blend of literature review, community interviews, and participatory observation to delve into the traditional knowledge of animal-derived medicines among the Gelao community. We employed quantitative ethnological and ecological assessment techniques to evaluate the significance of these practices. Informed consent was secured before conducting interviews, with a focus on ascertaining the types of medicines familiar to the informants, including their local names, sources, methods of preparation, application techniques, diseases treated, frequency of use, and safety considerations. RESULTS: Our research cataloged 55 varieties of animal-derived medicines utilized by the Gelao people. Out of these, 34 originate from wild animals, mainly encompassing small insects, reptiles, and aquatic species; the remaining 21 are derived from domesticated animals, largely involving their tissues, organs, and various physiological or pathological by-products. These medicines are primarily applied in treating pediatric ailments (13 types), internal disorders (11 types), gynecological issues (3 types), dermatological problems (7 types), ENT conditions (3 types), trauma-related injuries (5 types), joint and bone ailments (5 types), infections (2 types), dental issues (2 types), and urolithiasis (1 type), with three types being used for other miscellaneous conditions. Commonly utilized medicines, such as honey, Blaps beetle, chicken gallstones, and snake-based products, are preferred for their availability, edibility, and safety within the Gelao communities. CONCLUSION: The Gelao community's traditional medicines represent a rich diversity of animal sources, showcasing extensive expertise and knowledge in their processing and clinical applications. This wealth of traditional knowledge offers novel perspectives for the contemporary pharmacological study and development of these remedies. Additionally, our research plays a crucial role in aiding the preservation and continuation of this invaluable cultural heritage.

Depleting inositol pyrophosphate 5-InsP7 protected the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury by elevating plasma adiponectin.

AIMS: Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived circulating protein that exerts cardiovascular and metabolic protection. Due to the futile degradation of endogenous adiponectin and the challenges of exogenous administration, regulatory mechanisms of adiponectin biosynthesis are of significant pharmacological interest. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we report that 5-diphosphoinositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (5-InsP7) generated by inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1) governed circulating adiponectin levels via thiol-mediated protein quality control in the secretory pathway. IP6K1 bound to adiponectin and DsbA-L and generated 5-InsP7 to stabilize adiponectin/ERp44 and DsbA-L/Ero1-Lα interactions, driving adiponectin intracellular degradation. Depleting 5-InsP7 by either IP6K1 deletion or pharmacological inhibition blocked intracellular adiponectin degradation. Whole-body and adipocyte-specific deletion of IP6K1 boosted plasma adiponectin levels, especially its high molecular weight forms, and activated AMPK-mediated protection against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacological inhibition of 5-InsP7 biosynthesis in wild-type but not adiponectin knockout mice attenuated myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that 5-InsP7 is a physiological regulator of adiponectin biosynthesis that is amenable to pharmacological intervention for cardioprotection.

Glycosylase-based base editors for efficient T-to-G and C-to-G editing in mammalian cells.

Base editors show promise for treating human genetic diseases, but most current systems use deaminases, which cause off-target effects and are limited in editing type. In this study, we constructed deaminase-free base editors for cytosine (DAF-CBE) and thymine (DAF-TBE), which contain only a cytosine-DNA or a thymine-DNA glycosylase (CDG/TDG) variant, respectively, tethered to a Cas9 nickase. Multiple rounds of mutagenesis by directed evolution in Escherichia coli generated two variants with enhanced base-converting activity-CDG-nCas9 and TDG-nCas9-with efficiencies of up to 58.7% for C-to-A and 54.3% for T-to-A. DAF-BEs achieve C-to-G/T-to-G editing in mammalian cells with minimal Cas9-dependent and Cas9-independent off-target effects as well as minimal RNA off-target effects. Additional engineering resulted in DAF-CBE2/DAF-TBE2, which exhibit altered editing windows from the 5' end to the middle of the protospacer and increased C-to-G/T-to-G editing efficiency of 3.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. Compared to prime editing or CGBEs, DAF-BEs expand conversion types of base editors with similar efficiencies, smaller sizes and lower off-target effects.

Analysis of false reasons based on the artificial intelligence RRCART model to identify frozen sections of lymph nodes in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the world. Intraoperative frozen section of sentinel lymph nodes is an important basis for determining whether axillary lymph node dissection is required for breast cancer surgery. We propose an RRCART model based on a deep-learning network to identify metastases in 2362 frozen sections and count the wrongly identified sections and the associated reasons. The purpose is to summarize the factors that affect the accuracy of the artificial intelligence model and propose corresponding solutions. METHODS: We took the pathological diagnosis of senior pathologists as the gold standard and identified errors. The pathologists and artificial intelligence engineers jointly read the images and heatmaps to determine the locations of the identified errors on sections, and the pathologists found the reasons (false reasons) for the errors. Through NVivo 12 Plus, qualitative analysis of word frequency analysis and nodal analysis was performed on the error reasons, and the top-down error reason framework of "artificial intelligence RRCART model to identify frozen sections of breast cancer lymph nodes" was constructed based on the importance of false reasons. RESULTS: There were 101 incorrectly identified sections in 2362 slides, including 42 false negatives and 59 false positives. Through NVivo 12 Plus software, the error causes were node-coded, and finally, 2 parent nodes (high-frequency error, low-frequency error) and 5 child nodes (section quality, normal lymph node structure, secondary reaction of lymph nodes, micrometastasis, and special growth pattern of tumor) were obtained; among them, the error of highest frequency was that caused by normal lymph node structure, with a total of 45 cases (44.55%), followed by micrometastasis, which occurred in 30 cases (29.70%). CONCLUSIONS: The causes of identification errors in examination of sentinel lymph node frozen sections by artificial intelligence are, in descending order of influence, normal lymph node structure, micrometastases, section quality, special tumor growth patterns and secondary lymph node reactions. In this study, by constructing an artificial intelligence model to identify the error causes of frozen sections of lymph nodes in breast cancer and by analyzing the model in detail, we found that poor quality of slices was the preproblem of many identification errors, which can lead to other errors, such as unclear recognition of lymph node structure by computer. Therefore, we believe that the process of artificial intelligence pathological diagnosis should be optimized, and the quality control of the pathological sections included in the artificial intelligence reading should be carried out first to exclude the influence of poor section quality on the computer model. For cases of micrometastasis, we suggest that by differentiating slices into high- and low-confidence groups, low-confidence micrometastatic slices can be separated for manual identification. The normal lymph node structure can be improved by adding samples and training the model in a targeted manner.

Tanshinone IIA, the key compound in Salvia miltiorrhiza, improves cognitive impairment by upregulating Aß-degrading enzymes in APP/PS1 mice.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-beta (Aß) plays a crucial role in pathogenesis. Clearing Aß from the brain is considered as a key therapeutic strategy. Previous studies indicated that Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) could protect against AD. However, the main anti-AD components in Danshen and their specific mechanisms are not clear. In this study, pharmacological network analysis indicated that Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) was identified as the key active compound in Danshen contributing to protect against AD. Then, APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were employed to examine the neuroprotective effect of Tan IIA. APP/PS1 mice (age, 6 months) were administered (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Tan IIA improved learning and anxiety behaviors in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, Tan IIA reduced oxidative stress, inhibited neuronal apoptosis, improved cholinergic nervous system and decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, Tan IIA treatment reduced the level of Aß. Molecular docking result showed that Tan IIA might block AD by upregulating Aß-degrading enzymes. Western blot results confirmed that the expressions of insulin degrading enzymes (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP) were significantly increased after Tan IIA treatment, which demonstrated that Tan IIA improved AD by increasing Aß-degrading enzymes.

Integrated QuEChERS combined with LC-MS/MS for high-throughput analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in milk.

In this study, an integrated QuEChERS method was developed for the rapid determination of 22 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The extraction and purification processes were combined into one step with this method. Meanwhile, the solid-liquid separation was carried out by magnetic suction (Fe3O4-SiO2) instead of the centrifugal process. The primary experimental parameters were optimized, including the type of extraction solvent, the amounts of magnetic nanomaterials (Fe3O4-SiO2), and the purification materials (ZrO2 and C18). The developed method exhibits high precision (RSDs < 9.9%), low limits of detection (0.004-0.079 µg/kg) and limits of quantitation (0.01-0.26 µg/kg), and acceptable recovery (71.7-116%) under optimized conditions. The developed integrated QuEChERS method had clear superiority in terms of sample pretreatment time, operating procedures, reagent amount, and recovery. This makes it an excellent alternative analytical technique for PFAS residue measurement at low micrograms-per-kilogram ranges with desirable sensitivity.

Oxidized ATM governs stemness of breast cancer stem cell through regulating ubiquitylation and acetylation switch.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), as parts of tumor initiation cells, play a crucial role to tumorigenesis, development and recurrence. However, the complicated mechanisms of CSCs to adapt to tumor microenvironment and its stemness maintenance remains unclear. Here, we show that oxidized ATM, a hypoxia-activated cytoplasm ATM, acts a novel function to maintain CSC stemness in triple-negative breast cancer cells (BCSCs) via regulating histone H4 acetylation. Mechanistically, oxidized ATM phosphorylates TRIM21 (a E3 ubiquitin ligase) serine 80 and serine 469. Serine 80 phosphorylation of TRIM21 is essential for the ubiquitination activity of TRIM21. TRIM21 binds with SIRT1 (one of deacetylase), resulting in ubiquitylation-mediated degradation of SIRT1. The reduced SIRT1 leads to increase of histone H4 acetylation, thus facilitating CSC-related gene expression. Clinical data verify that high level of ATM in breast tumors is positively correlated with malignant grade, and is closely related with low SIRT1, high p-TRIM21, and high CD44 expression. In conclusion, our study provides a novel mechanism by which oxidized ATM governing BCSCs stemness and reveals an important link among oxidized ATM, histone acetylation, and BCSCs maintenance.

Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 promotes diabetic renal tubular injury in mice by rewiring fatty acid metabolism through SIRT1/ChREBP pathway.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by chronic low-grade renal inflammatory responses, which greatly contribute to disease progression. Abnormal glucose metabolism disrupts renal lipid metabolism, leading to lipid accumulation, nephrotoxicity, and subsequent aseptic renal interstitial inflammation. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the renal inflammation in diabetes, driven by glucose-lipid metabolic rearrangement with a focus on the role of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) in lipid accumulation and renal tubular injury. Diabetic models were established in mice by the injection of streptozotocin and in human renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells cultured under a high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/L) condition. We showed that the expression levels of ACSS2 were significantly increased in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) from the diabetic mice and human diabetic kidney biopsy samples, and ACSS2 was co-localized with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß in RTECs. Diabetic ACSS2-deficient mice exhibited reduced renal tubular injury and inflammatory responses. Similarly, ACSS2 knockdown or inhibition of ACSS2 by ACSS2i (10 µmol/L) in HK-2 cells significantly ameliorated HG-induced inflammation, mitochondrial stress, and fatty acid synthesis. Molecular docking revealed that ACSS2 interacted with Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). In HG-treated HK-2 cells, we demonstrated that ACSS2 suppressed SIRT1 expression and activated fatty acid synthesis by modulating SIRT1-carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) activity, leading to mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammation. We conclude that ACSS2 promotes mitochondrial oxidative stress and renal tubular inflammation in DN by regulating the SIRT1-ChREBP pathway. This highlights the potential therapeutic value of pharmacological inhibition of ACSS2 for alleviating renal inflammation and dysregulation of fatty acid metabolic homeostasis in DN. Metabolic inflammation in the renal region, driven by lipid metabolism disorder, is a key factor in renal injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) is abundantly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) and highly upregulated in diabetic kidneys. Deleting ACSS2 reduces renal fatty acid accumulation and markers of renal tubular injury in diabetic mice. We demonstrate that ACSS2 deletion inhibits ChREBP-mediated fatty acid lipogenesis, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in RTECs, which play a major role in the progression of diabetic renal tubular injury in the kidney. These findings support the potential use of ACSS2 inhibitors in treating patients with DN.

Circumferential degree of tibial artery calcification is associated with infrapopliteal endovascular revascularization outcomes in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia.

BACKGROUND: Tibial artery calcification (TAC) is correlated with an increased risk of amputation and mortality in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). The association between calcification characteristics and adverse limb events of CLTI. However, it has not been assessed. This study aims to assess the relationship between the characteristics of TAC based on computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans and postoperative outcomes in patients with CLTI undergoing infrapopliteal endovascular therapy. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients who underwent infrapopliteal endovascular revascularization for CLTI and had a preoperative CTA scan. Based on CTA, TAC was divided into the following categories: annularity, thickness, continuity and severity. Cox regression models using generalized estimating equations were performed to assess the relationship between calcification characteristics and postoperative outcomes. The outcomes evaluated were the occurrence of all cause mortality (ACM) and unplanned amputation. RESULTS: Among the 148 patients undergoing endovascular, there were 50 (33.8%) patients died and 26 (17.6%) patients underwent unplanned amputation. Annular calcification was more common in the ACM group than in the non-ACM group. No significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to the probability of calcification in the thickness and the continuity (P>0.05). Patients in the unplanned amputation group had significantly annular, thin and continuity calcifications (P<0.05) than those in the non-unplanned amputation group. The presence of annular calcification was an independent predictor of ACM (hazard ratio (HR), 3.186; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.781-5.702; P<0.001) and unplanned amputation (HR, 3.739; 95% CI, 1.707-8.191; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CLTI, the occurrence of annular calcification in the tibial artery are related to a greater chance of ACM and unplanned amputation in the postoperative period. The circumferential degree of TAC of the operated limb can be considered as a marker of clinical prognosis in this group of patients.