Linewidth Measurement of a Narrow-Linewidth Laser: Principles, Methods, and Systems.

Narrow-linewidth lasers mainly depend on the development of advanced laser linewidth measurement methods for related technological progress as key devices in satellite laser communications, precision measurements, ultra-high-speed optical communications, and other fields. This manuscript provides a theoretical analysis of linewidth characterization methods based on the beat frequency power spectrum and laser phase noise calculations, and elaborates on existing research of measurement technologies. In addition, to address the technical challenges of complex measurement systems that commonly rely on long optical fibers and significant phase noise jitter in the existing research, a short-delay self-heterodyne method based on coherent envelope spectrum demodulation was discussed in depth to reduce the phase jitter caused by 1/f noise. We assessed the performance parameters and testing conditions of different lasers, as well as the corresponding linewidth characterization methods, and analyzed the measurement accuracy and error sources of various methods.

E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 modulates circadian rhythm by facilitating the ubiquitination and degradation of the key clock transcription factor BMAL1.

The circadian clock is the inner rhythm of life activities and is controlled by a self-sustained and endogenous molecular clock, which maintains a ~ 24 h internal oscillation. As the core element of the circadian clock, BMAL1 is susceptible to degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Nevertheless, scant information is available regarding the UPS enzymes that intricately modulate both the stability and transcriptional activity of BMAL1, affecting the cellular circadian rhythm. In this work, we identify and validate UBR5 as a new E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with BMAL1 by using affinity purification, mass spectrometry, and biochemical experiments. UBR5 overexpression induced BMAL1 ubiquitination, leading to diminished stability and reduced protein level of BMAL1, thereby attenuating its transcriptional activity. Consistent with this, UBR5 knockdown increases the BMAL1 protein. Domain mapping discloses that the C-terminus of BMAL1 interacts with the N-terminal domains of UBR5. Similarly, cell-line-based experiments discover that HYD, the UBR5 homolog in Drosophila, could interact with and downregulate CYCLE, the BMAL1 homolog in Drosophila. PER2-luciferase bioluminescence real-time reporting assay in a mammalian cell line and behavioral experiments in Drosophila reveal that UBR5 or hyd knockdown significantly reduces the period of the circadian clock. Therefore, our work discovers a new ubiquitin ligase UBR5 that regulates BMAL1 stability and circadian rhythm and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanism. This work provides an additional layer of complexity to the regulatory network of the circadian clock at the post-translational modification level, offering potential insights into the modulation of the dysregulated circadian rhythm.

Magnetic resonance imaging of extraocular rectus muscles abnormalities in acute acquired concomitant esotropia.

AIM: To investigate the difference of medial rectus (MR) and lateral rectus (LR) between acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) and the healthy controls (HCs) detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: A case-control study. Eighteen subjects with AACE and eighteen HCs were enrolled. MRI scanning data were conducted in target-controlled central gaze with a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. Extraocular muscles (EOMs) were scanned in contiguous image planes 2-mm thick spanning the EOM origins to the globe equator. To form posterior partial volumes (PPVs), the LR and MR cross-sections in the image planes 8, 10, 12, and 14 mm posterior to the globe were summed and multiplied by the 2-mm slice thickness. The data were classified according to the right eye, left eye, dominant eye, and non-dominant eye, and the differences in mean cross-sectional area, maximum cross-sectional area, and PPVs of the MR and LR muscle in the AACE group and HCs group were compared under the above classifications respectively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups of demographic characteristics. The mean cross-sectional area of the LR muscle was significantly greater in the AACE group than that in the HCs group in the non-dominant eyes (P=0.028). The maximum cross-sectional area of the LR muscle both in the dominant and non-dominant eye of the AACE group was significantly greater than the HCs group (P=0.009, P=0.016). For the dominant eye, the PPVs of the LR muscle were significantly greater in the AACE than that in the HCs group (P=0.013), but not in the MR muscle (P=0.698). CONCLUSION: The size and volume of muscles dominant eyes of AACE subjects change significantly to overcome binocular diplopia. The LR muscle become larger to compensate for the enhanced convergence in the AACE.

The fungal quorum-sensing molecule, farnesol, regulates the immune response of vaginal epithelial cells against Candida albicans.

BACKGROUND: Farnesol is a Candida-secreted quorum-sensing molecule of great interest as a potential antifungal agent for serious and hardly curable infections-candidiasis, especially vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). METHODS: The effect of farnesol on cellular morphology and viability and evaluated the production of Th1 (IL-2), Th2 (IL-4), proinflammatory (IL-6), chemotactic (IL-8), and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines in the culture supernatants of vaginal epithelial cell line (VK2) were evaluated. Moreover, we tested the inhibitory effect of farnesol on C. albicans adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to observe any VK2 cell ultrastructural changes. RESULTS: Only low concentrations (≤ 50 µmol/L) of farnesol did not affect the morphology and viability of the VK2 cells (P > 0.05). Farnesol reduced the adhesion of C. albicans to the VK2 cells. When treated with farnesol, statistical elevated levels of both IL-4 and IL-17 secreted by the infected VK2 cells were present in the culture supernatants (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Farnesol acts as a stimulator to up-regulate the Th17-type innate immune response, as well as Th2-type humoral immunity following C. albicans infection. Further research is required to select the optimal therapeutic dose to develop efficacious and safe mucosal immune adjuvant for treating VVCs.

[Effects of Long-term Straw Returning on Fungal Community, Enzyme Activity and Wheat Yield in Fluvo-aquic Soil].

To illustrate the effects of long-term straw returning on the fungal community, soil enzyme activity, and crop yield in a fluvo-aquic soil area typical of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, a 10-year field experiment (established in 2010) located in Dezhou City, Shandong province, was performed, including three fertilization regimes (NF, no fertilization control; NPK, fertilization with chemical N, P, and K fertilizers; NPKS, straw returning combined with chemical N, P, and K fertilizers). This study aimed to explore the regulation mechanisms of fungal communities on soil fertility, enzyme activities, and crop yield by employing co-occurrence network and structural equation model analyses. Our results showed that long-term straw returning significantly improved soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and wheat yield. Compared with the NPK and NF treatments, soil organic matter (SOM) increased by 9.20% and 34.75%, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN) increased by 12.03% and 39.17%, dehydrogenase (DHA) increased by 37.21% and 50.91%, ß-glucosidase (ß-GC) increased by 17.29% and 73.48%, and wheat production increased by 16.22% and 125.53%, respectively. Different long-term fertilization regimes did not significantly change soil fungal α-diversity but resulted in significant differences in ß-diversity. Available phosphorus (AP), SOM, and AN were the main driving factors of fungal community differentiation based on redundancy analysis and hierarchical partitioning analysis. Different abundance analyses revealed significantly different fungal community compositions among fertilization regimes. The long-term NF treatment resulted in a significant enrichment of phosphate/potassium-solubilizing species (i.e., Mortierella, Aspergillus, Ceriporia, and Acremonium) and symbiotic species (i.e., Leohumicola and Hyalodendriella). The relative abundance of pathogenic fungi, namely Sarocladium, Fusarium, and Fusicolla, increased significantly in the NPK treatment. Long-term straw returning in the NPKS treatment significantly stimulated the growth of plant growth-promoting species (i.e., Pseudogymnoascus and Schizothecium) and straw-degrading species (i.e., Trichocladium and Lobulomyces). Co-occurrence network analysis showed that the fungal network was composed of four main modules; the cumulative relative abundance of module 2 was significantly increased under the NPKS treatment and showed a positive linear correlation with DHA and ß-GC. The structural equation model further indicated that the wheat yield was mainly regulated by SOM, whereas species of module 2 could indirectly affect SOM and wheat yield by positively regulating DHA and ß-GC. Taken together, long-term straw returning to the fluvo-aquic soil area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain could regulate fungal interspecific interactions, stimulate the growth of specific species groups, inhibit the activity of pathogens, increase the activity of soil enzymes, promote the accumulation of SOM, and achieve high crop yield.

miR-517b-3p promotes the progression of portal vein tumor thrombus via activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIMS: This study was aimed to investigate the expression patterns and prognostic value of microRNA-517b-3p (miR-517b-3p) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT). METHODS: The expression of miR-517b-3p in PVTT tissues and cells was estimated using qRT-PCR. Through Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Cox regression assay and ROC analysis, the significance of miR-517b-3p was explored. In addition, cell experiments were performed to examine the functional role of miR-517b-3p during progression of PVTT. Moreover, the biological process and biological pathway analysis analyses were conducted through GSEA and FunRich. Besides, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was established through cBioPortal website. RESULTS: Compared with the controls, the miR-517b-3p was upregulated in both PVTT tissues and cells. The upregulated miR-517b-3p, which served as a potential diagnostic biomarker to distinguish PVTT from PT and controls, was associated with poor overall survival and acted as an independent prognostic factor. The cell proliferation, migration and invasion were proved to be enhanced by overexpression of miR-517b-3p. Furthermore, Wnt/ß-catenin signaling was suppressed by miR-517b-3p knockdown and might be involved in the progression of PVTT. CONCLUSION: miR-517b-3p may promote PVTT cell proliferation, migration and invasion via activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, miR-517b-3p has overexpression in PVTT samples, and serves as a candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in HCC patients with PVTT.

miR-3178 as a prognostic indicator and tumor suppressor of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor with an increasing death rate. MicroRNA can serve as a promising biomarker for the progression and prognosis of various cancers. AIMS: The clinical significance and biological function of miR-3178 in gastric cancer was assessed in this study. METHODS: A total of 117 paired tissues were collected from gastric cancer patients. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of miR-3178 in gastric cancer tissues and cells. The association between miR-3178 expression and the clinicopathological features of patients were analyzed by χ2 test. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression were employed to investigate the prognostic value of miR-3178. Finally, the effect of miR-3178 on the cellular process of gastric cancer was investigated by CCK-8 and transwell assay. RESULTS: miR-3178 was downregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cells, which showed a significant association with the TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of patients and a poor prognosis. MiR-3178 and TNM stage were considered as two independent prognostic factors for gastric cancer. Furthermore, the downregulation of miR-3178 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer by regulating Notch1. CONCLUSION: miR-3178 may be involved in the progression of gastric cancer, which provides new insights into the treatment of gastric cancer.

miR-181b-5p Promotes the Progression of Cholangiocarcinoma by Targeting PARK2 via PTEN/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway.

This study combined with bioinformatics analysis and investigated the expression pattern of miR-181b-5p, as well as explored its role and mechanism in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA or CHOL). Several bioinformatics databases were used to analyze the expression of miR-181b and the enrichment of miR-181b in biological activities and biological pathways in CCA. The RT-qPCR analysis was used to examine the expression levels of miR-181b-5p. A receiver operation characteristics (ROC) curve analysis and the Kaplan-Meier survival assay were conducted to validate the diagnostic and prognostic implication of miR-181b-5p. Cell experiments were used to explore the possible functional role of miR-181b-5p in CCA progression. The bioinformatics assay was used to predict the target gene of miR-181b-5p and Western blot was used to confirm the related signaling pathway. The bioinformatics analysis results suggest that miR-181b-5p was highly expressed in cholangiocarcinoma and its expression was negatively related to PARK2 expression in CCA tissues. miR-181b-5p expression in the serum and tissues was upregulated and associated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. Increased expression of miR-181b-5p had relatively high diagnostic accuracy and showed poor prognosis in CCA patients. In addition, miR-181b-5p overexpression enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting PARK2. Overexpression of miR-181b-5p activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, while knockdown of miR-181b-5p suppressed the signaling pathway. Increased expression of miR-181b-5p in CCA may be a potential diagnostic or/and prognostic indicator for CCA patients. The present data indicated miR-181b-5p acted as an oncogene in CCA through promoting tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of CCA via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by targeting PARK2, which might be a promising therapeutic target or biomarker for CCA.

A Novel Ferroptosis-Related Gene Signature to Predict Prognosis in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The clinical TNM staging system is currently used to evaluate the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The 5-year survival rate for patients with HNSCC is less than 50%, which is attributed to the lack of reliable prognostic biomarkers. Ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) regulate cancer initiation and progression. Therefore, we analyzed the correlation between FRGs and the clinical outcomes of patients with HNSCC. A typical prognostic model of FRGs for HNSCC was constructed using bioinformatics tools and data from public databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and GeneCards. The model was generated based on the following six FRGs: ATG5, PRDX6, OTUB1, FTH1, SOCS1, and MAP3K5. The accuracy of model prediction was analyzed systematically. The overall survival (OS) of the high-risk group was significantly lower than that of the low-risk group. The AUC for 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival were 0.645, 0.721, and 0.737, respectively, in the training set (TCGA cohort) and 0.726, 0.620, and 0.584, respectively, in the validation set (GSE65858). The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor for HNSCC. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that six FRGs were enriched in the ferroptosis pathway. A novel FRG prognostic signature model was established for HNSCC. The findings of this study reveal that FRGs are potential biomarkers for HNSCC.

Effect and Safety of Kangfuyan Capsules () for Relieving Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect and safety of Kangfuyan Capsules () for treating pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial. METHODS: Totally, 240 PID patients with CPP were randomized into 2 groups using a computer generated random number at a 1:1 ratio from 10 hospitals in China between September 2014 and November 2015. Patients received either oral Kangfuyan Capsules or Gongyanping Capsules (, control); the regimen for both groups comprised 4 capsules (3 times daily) for 12 weeks, with follow-up visit 4 weeks after treatment. The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, clinical responses, remarkable cure rates for each symptom, and quality of life scores were assessed at baseline, and after 1, 2, and 3 months. Adverse events were also recorded. RESULTS: The VAS scores were significantly lower (P<0.05), whereas the clinical responses, remarkable cure rates for lower abdominal pain, uterine tenderness, adnexal mass, and adnexal tenderness, and Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) scores were higher in the Kangfuyan group than in the control group at 3 months (P<0.05). Common treatment-related adverse events included high hepatic enzyme levels, reduced hemoglobin levels, and elevated platelet counts, although all the adverse events were either mild or moderate in severity. CONCLUSION: Compared with Gongyanping therapy, Kangfuyan therapy yielded markedly better analgesia effects for CPP caused by PID, with obvious long-term efficacy and good safety. (Registration No. ChiCTR190022732).

The complete mitochondrial genome of soft coral Sinularia penghuensis Ofwegen and Benayahu, 2012 (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea): the analysis of mitogenome organization and phylogeny.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Sinularia penghuensis was sequenced and analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The present mitochondrial genome was 18730 bp in length, containing 14 protein-coding genes (PCGs) (cox1-cox3.nad1-nad6, nad4L, atp6, atp8, cytb, and MutS), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) (12S and 16S), and one transfer RNA gene (Met-tRNA). The phylogenetic analysis of family Alcyoniidae revealed that S. penghuensis and Sinularia maxima cluster together. Five species in Sinularia reveals high identity in mitogenome sequences that the lowest variable sites (SNPs) were found between S. penghuensis and S. maxima.

Dumbbell-shaped solitary fibrous tumor in the parapharyngeal space: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) occurring in the parapharyngeal space are rare, and their final diagnosis depends on pathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Once the tumor is diagnosed, complete resection and regular postoperative follow-up are required. CASE SUMMARY: A 40-year-old male patient with a right parotid gland mass discovered 8 years ago was admitted to hospital. The mass showed no tenderness or local skin redness. Imaging was carried out as the patient had stable vital signs and showed that the mass was a dumbbell-shaped tumor comprising a superficial tumor approximately 5 cm long and 3 cm wide in size that compressed the right parotid gland and a deep tumor located in the right parapharyngeal space approximately 4.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide in size. Both tumors were connected in the middle. Prior to surgery, the tumors were considered to be parapharyngeal schwannomas. During surgical dissection, the tumors were found to be smooth and tough, without obvious adhesion to the surrounding tissues. The tumors were revealed to be a SFT following postoperative pathological analysis. CONCLUSION: SFTs in the parapharyngeal space are rarely reported, and complete resection of such tumor is recommended. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is used in patients with extensive tumor invasion to lower the recurrence rate. Postoperative long-term follow-up is required.

NF-κB pathway play a role in SCD1 deficiency-induced ceramide de novo synthesis.

Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase 1 (SCD1) deficiency mediates apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by promoting ceramide de novo synthesis. The mechanisms underlying the cross-talk between SCD1 and ceramide synthesis have not been explored. We treated colorectal cancer cells with an SCD1 inhibitor and examined the effects on gene expression, cell growth, and cellular lipid contents. The main effect of SCD1 inhibition on the fatty acid contents of colorectal cancer cells was a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that the most intense alteration of gene expression after SCD1 inhibition occurred in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Further experiments revealed that SCD1 inhibition resulted in increased levels of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Treatment with an NF-κB inhibitor eliminated several effects of SCD1 inhibition, mainly including overexpression of serine palmitoyltransferase1 (SPT1), elevation of dihydroceramide contents, and suppression of cell growth. Furthermore, treatment with supplemental oleate counteracted the SCD1-induced NF-κB activation and downstream effects. In summary, our data demonstrate that the NF-κB pathway plays a role in SCD1 deficiency-induced ceramide de novo synthesis in colorectal cancer cells, and that reduced MUFA levels contribute to the course.

First branchial cleft cyst accompanied by external auditory canal atresia and middle ear malformation: A case report.

BACKGROUND: We report a rare case of first branchial cleft anomaly (FBCA) accompanied by bony atresia of the external auditory canal, middle ear malformation, and location malformation of the facial nerve according to the intraoperative findings. CASE SUMMARY: A 19-year-old male patient presented to our department with a mass behind the right earlobe and recurrent postauricular swelling and pain since childhood, he also had severe hearing loss in the right ear since birth. The patient underwent surgery including mass removal, mastoidectomy, and simultaneous meatoplasty and ossiculoplasty under microscopy. No facial palsy or recurrence was noted during postoperative follow-up. CONCLUSION: FBCAs are rare, and to our knowledge, this is the first report of FBCA accompanied by external auditory canal bony atresia, middle ear malformation, and location malformation of the facial nerve. An effective postauricular approach under microscopy facilitated complete lesion removal and simultaneous otologic reconstruction.

[Radiologic Features of Nuclear Protein of the Testis Midline Carcinoma of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses:Report of One Case].

Nuclear protein of the testis midline carcinoma (NMC) is a rare malignant tumor that is mostly located in the upper trachea,mediastinal midline,and paravertebral midline,and few literature has described the imaging features of NMC in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In this article we summarize the clinical,radiologic,and pathologic data of one case of pathologically confirmed NMC in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus by focusing on its CT and magnetic resonance imaging features.

High failure rate after Beta-tricalcium phosphate grafting for the treatment of femoral head osteonecrosis: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-vascularized bone grafting is a promising head-preserving technique for younger patients diagnosed as non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH). Among the various types of bone grafting techniques, "light-bulb" procedure grafting with synthetic bone substitute is an attractive option. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of using beta-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) for the treatment of pre-collapse and early post-collapse lesions NONFH. METHODS: From April 2010 to June 2014, 33 patients (47 hips) with NONFH were treated using the afore-mentioned technique. The clinical and radiological outcomes were recorded and compared statistically between pre- and post-operation. Harris hip score (HHS) was used to evaluate the clinical results, and Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) stage was applied to assess the radiological outcomes. RESULTS: The 5-years survival rate of using ß-TCP grafting was accounting for 25.5%. HHS was decreased from 78.47 to 52.87 points, and a very significant worsening of radiological results were revealed (P <  0.05). Two hips collapsed more than 2 mm were awaiting for THA, and 33 of the 47 hips had converted to THAs in an average time to failure of 24.24 months postoperatively. Meanwhile, only 4 hips survived without collapse, and 8 hips collapsed less than 2 mm. After surgery, the time onset of head collapse was 3.65 months on average, and the first conversion to THA was performed at 5 months postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that "light-bulb" procedure grafting with ß-TCP sticks presented with a high failure rate in the early postoperative period. It is not proposed for the treatment of pre-collapse and early post-collapse lesions NONFH.