Polyamine Anabolism Promotes Chemotherapy-Induced Breast Cancer Stem Cell Enrichment.

Breast cancer patients may initially benefit from cytotoxic chemotherapy but experience treatment resistance and relapse. Chemoresistant breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play a pivotal role in cancer recurrence and metastasis, however, identification and eradication of BCSC population in patients are challenging. Here, an mRNA-based BCSC signature is developed using machine learning strategy to evaluate cancer stemness in primary breast cancer patient samples. Using the BCSC signature, a critical role of polyamine anabolism in the regulation of chemotherapy-induced BCSC enrichment, is elucidated. Mechanistically, two key polyamine anabolic enzymes, ODC1 and SRM, are directly activated by transcription factor HIF-1 in response to chemotherapy. Genetic inhibition of HIF-1-controlled polyamine anabolism blocks chemotherapy-induced BCSC enrichment in vitro and in xenograft mice. A novel specific HIF-1 inhibitor britannin is identified through a natural compound library screening, and demonstrate that coadministration of britannin efficiently inhibits chemotherapy-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity, ODC1 and SRM expression, polyamine levels, and BCSC enrichment in vitro and in xenograft and autochthonous mouse models. The findings demonstrate the key role of polyamine anabolism in BCSC regulation and provide a new strategy for breast cancer treatment.

CWF19L2 is Essential for Male Fertility and Spermatogenesis by Regulating Alternative Splicing.

The progression of spermatogenesis along specific developmental trajectories depends on the coordinated regulation of pre-mRNA alternative splicing (AS) at the post-transcriptional level. However, the fundamental mechanism of AS in spermatogenesis remains to be investigated. Here, it is demonstrated that CWF19L2 plays a pivotal role in spermatogenesis and male fertility. In germline conditional Cwf19l2 knockout mice exhibiting male sterility, impaired spermatogenesis characterized by increased apoptosis and decreased differentiated spermatogonia and spermatocytes is observed. That CWF19L2 interacted with several spliceosome proteins to participate in the proper assembly and stability of the spliceosome is discovered. By integrating RNA-seq and LACE-seq data, it is further confirmed CWF19L2 directly bound and regulated the splicing of genes related to spermatogenesis (Znhit1, Btrc, and Fbxw7) and RNA splicing (Rbfox1, Celf1, and Rbm10). Additionally, CWF19L2 can indirectly amplify its effect on splicing regulation through modulating RBFOX1. Collectively, this research establishes that CWF19L2 orchestrates a splicing factor network to ensure accurate pre-mRNA splicing during the early steps of spermatogenesis.

The deubiquitinase cofactor UAF1 interacts with USP1 and plays an essential role in spermiogenesis.

Spermiogenesis defines the final phase of male germ cell differentiation. While multiple deubiquitinating enzymes have been linked to spermiogenesis, the impacts of deubiquitination on spermiogenesis remain poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the function of UAF1 in mouse spermiogenesis. We selectively deleted Uaf1 in premeiotic germ cells using the Stra8-Cre knock-in mouse strain (Uaf1 sKO), and found that Uaf1 is essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility. Further, UAF1 interacts and colocalizes with USP1 in the testes. Conditional knockout of Uaf1 in testes results in disturbed protein levels and localization of USP1, suggesting that UAF1 regulates spermiogenesis through the function of the deubiquitinating enzyme USP1. Using tandem mass tag-based proteomics, we identified that conditional knockout of Uaf1 in the testes results in reduced levels of proteins that are essential for spermiogenesis. Thus, we conclude that the UAF1/USP1 deubiquitinase complex is essential for normal spermiogenesis by regulating the levels of spermiogenesis-related proteins.

Early onset of pathological polyploidization and cellular senescence in hepatocytes lacking RAD51 creates a pro-fibrotic and pro-tumorigenic inflammatory microenvironment.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: RAD51 recombinase (RAD51) is a highly conserved DNA repair protein and is indispensable for embryonic viability. As a result, the role of RAD51 in liver development and function is unknown. Our aim was to characterize the function of RAD51 in postnatal liver development. APPROACH AND RESULTS: RAD51 is highly expressed during liver development and during regeneration following hepatectomy and hepatic injury, and is also elevated in chronic liver diseases. We generated a hepatocyte-specific Rad51 deletion mouse model using Alb -Cre ( Rad51 -conditional knockout (CKO)) and Adeno-associated virus 8-thyroxine-binding globulin-cyclization recombination enzyme to evaluate the function of RAD51 in liver development and regeneration. The phenotype in Rad51 -CKO mice is dependent on CRE dosage, with Rad51fl/fl ; Alb -Cre +/+ manifesting a more severe phenotype than the Rad51fl/fl ; Alb -Cre +/- mice. RAD51 deletion in postnatal hepatocytes results in aborted mitosis and early onset of pathological polyploidization that is associated with oxidative stress and cellular senescence. Remarkable liver fibrosis occurs spontaneously as early as in 3-month-old Rad51fl/fl ; Alb -Cre +/+ mice. While liver regeneration is compromised in Rad51 -CKO mice, they are more tolerant of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury and resistant to diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride-induced HCC. A chronic inflammatory microenvironment created by the senescent hepatocytes appears to activate ductular reaction the transdifferentiation of cholangiocytes to hepatocytes. The newly derived RAD51 functional immature hepatocytes proliferate vigorously, acquire increased malignancy, and eventually give rise to HCC. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a novel function of RAD51 in liver development, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. The Rad51 -CKO mice represent a unique genetic model for premature liver senescence, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

Splicing Factor PQBP1 Curtails BAX Expression to Promote Ovarian Cancer Progression.

Splicing factor polyglutamine binding protein-1 (PQBP1) is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system during development, and mutations in the gene cause intellectual disability. However, the roles of PQBP1 in cancer progression remain largely unknown. Here, it is shown that PQBP1 overexpression promotes tumor progression and indicates worse prognosis in ovarian cancer. Integrative analysis of spyCLIP-seq and RNA-seq data reveals that PQBP1 preferentially binds to exon regions and modulates exon skipping. Mechanistically, it is shown that PQBP1 regulates the splicing of genes related to the apoptotic signaling pathway, including BAX. PQBP1 promotes BAX exon 2 skipping to generate a truncated isoform that undergoes degradation by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, thus making cancer cells resistant to apoptosis. In contrast, PQBP1 depletion or splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides promote exon 2 inclusion and thus increase BAX expression, leading to inhibition of tumor growth. Together, the results demonstrate an oncogenic role of PQBP1 in ovarian cancer and suggest that targeting the aberrant splicing mediated by PQBP1 has therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.

Spliceosome component Usp39 contributes to hepatic lipid homeostasis through the regulation of autophagy.

Regulation of alternative splicing (AS) enables a single transcript to yield multiple isoforms that increase transcriptome and proteome diversity. Here, we report that spliceosome component Usp39 plays a role in the regulation of hepatocyte lipid homeostasis. We demonstrate that Usp39 expression is downregulated in hepatic tissues of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) subjects. Hepatocyte-specific Usp39 deletion in mice leads to increased lipid accumulation, spontaneous steatosis and impaired autophagy. Combined analysis of RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data reveals that Usp39 regulates AS of several autophagy-related genes. In particular, deletion of Usp39 results in alternative 5' splice site selection of exon 6 in Heat shock transcription factor 1 (Hsf1) and consequently its reduced expression. Importantly, overexpression of Hsf1 could attenuate lipid accumulation caused by Usp39 deficiency. Taken together, our findings indicate that Usp39-mediated AS is required for sustaining autophagy and lipid homeostasis in the liver.

SPIDR is required for homologous recombination during mammalian meiosis.

Meiotic recombinases RAD51 and DMC1 mediate strand exchange in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination. This is a landmark event of meiosis that ensures genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms. However, the regulatory mechanism of DMC1/RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filaments during homologous recombination in mammals has remained largely elusive. Here, we show that SPIDR (scaffold protein involved in DNA repair) regulates the assembly or stability of RAD51/DMC1 on ssDNA. Knockout of Spidr in male mice causes complete meiotic arrest, accompanied by defects in synapsis and crossover formation, which leads to male infertility. In females, loss of Spidr leads to subfertility; some Spidr-/- oocytes are able to complete meiosis. Notably, fertility is rescued partially by ablation of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase CHK2 in Spidr-/- females but not in males. Thus, our study identifies SPIDR as an essential meiotic recombination factor in homologous recombination in mammals.

MYC reshapes CTCF-mediated chromatin architecture in prostate cancer.

MYC is a well characterized oncogenic transcription factor in prostate cancer, and CTCF is the main architectural protein of three-dimensional genome organization. However, the functional link between the two master regulators has not been reported. In this study, we find that MYC rewires prostate cancer chromatin architecture by interacting with CTCF protein. Through combining the H3K27ac, AR and CTCF HiChIP profiles with CRISPR deletion of a CTCF site upstream of MYC gene, we show that MYC activation leads to profound changes of CTCF-mediated chromatin looping. Mechanistically, MYC colocalizes with CTCF at a subset of genomic sites, and enhances CTCF occupancy at these loci. Consequently, the CTCF-mediated chromatin looping is potentiated by MYC activation, resulting in the disruption of enhancer-promoter looping at neuroendocrine lineage plasticity genes. Collectively, our findings define the function of MYC as a CTCF co-factor in three-dimensional genome organization.

Bud31-mediated alternative splicing is required for spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.

Alternative splicing (AS) is tightly regulated during cell differentiation and development. AS events are prevalent in the testis, but the splicing regulation in spermatogenesis remains unclear. Here we report that the spliceosome component Bud31 plays a crucial role during spermatogenesis in mice. Germ cell-specific knockout of Bud31 led to loss of spermatogonia and to male infertility. We further demonstrate that Bud31 is required for both spermatogonial stem cell pool maintenance and the initiation of spermatogenesis. SMART-seq revealed that deletion of Bud31 in germ cells causes widespread exon-skipping and intron retention. Particularly, we identified Cdk2 as one of the direct splicing targets of Bud31, knockout of Bud31 resulted in retention of the first intron of Cdk2, which led to a decrease in Cdk2 expression. Our findings suggest that Bud31-mediated AS within spermatogonial stem cells regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of male germ cells in mammals.

A reverse phase protein array based phospho-antibody characterization approach and its applicability for clinical derived tissue specimens.

Systematic quantification of phosphoprotein within cell signaling networks in solid tissues remains challenging and precise quantification in large scale samples has great potential for biomarker identification and validation. We developed a reverse phase protein array (RPPA) based phosphor-antibody characterization approach by taking advantage of the lysis buffer compatible with alkaline phosphatase (AP) treatment that differs from the conventional RPPA antibody validation procedure and applied it onto fresh frozen (FF) and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) to test its applicability. By screening 106 phospho-antibodies using RPPA, we demonstrated that AP treatment could serve as an independent factor to be adopted for rapid phospho-antibody selection. We also showed desirable reproducibility and specificity in clincical specimens indicating its potential for tissue-based phospho-protein profiling. Of further clinical significance, using the same approach, based on melanoma and lung cancer FFPE samples, we showed great interexperimental reproducibility and significant correlation with pathological markers in both tissues generating meaningful data that match clinical features. Our findings set a benchmark of an efficient workflow for phospho-antibody characterization that is compatible with high-plex clinical proteomics in precison oncology.

Splicing factor BUD31 promotes ovarian cancer progression through sustaining the expression of anti-apoptotic BCL2L12.

Dysregulated expression of splicing factors has important roles in cancer development and progression. However, it remains a challenge to identify the cancer-specific splicing variants. Here we demonstrate that spliceosome component BUD31 is increased in ovarian cancer, and its higher expression predicts worse prognosis. We characterize the BUD31-binding motif and find that BUD31 preferentially binds exon-intron regions near splicing sites. Further analysis reveals that BUD31 inhibition results in extensive exon skipping and a reduced production of long isoforms containing full coding sequence. In particular, we identify BCL2L12, an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member, as one of the functional splicing targets of BUD31. BUD31 stimulates the inclusion of exon 3 to generate full-length BCL2L12 and promotes ovarian cancer progression. Knockdown of BUD31 or splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide treatment promotes exon 3 skipping and results in a truncated isoform of BCL2L12 that undergoes nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and the cells subsequently undergo apoptosis. Our findings reveal BUD31-regulated exon inclusion as a critical factor for ovarian cancer cell survival and cancer progression.

Small molecule targeting FOXM1 DNA binding domain exhibits anti-tumor activity in ovarian cancer.

FOXM1 is a potent oncogenic transcription factor essential for cancer initiation, progression, and drug resistance. FOXM1 regulatory network is a major predictor of adverse outcomes in various human cancers. Inhibition of FOXM1 transcription factor function is a potential strategy in cancer treatment. In this study, we performed structure-based in silico screening to discover small molecules targeting the FOXM1 DNA-binding domain (DBD). Compound XST-20 was identified to effectively suppress FOXM1 transcriptional activities and inhibit ovarian cancer cell proliferation. XST-20 directly interacts with the FOXM1 DNA-binding domain determined by SPR assay. Furthermore, XST-20 was found to significantly reduce the colony-forming efficiency and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our study provides a lead compound of FOXM1 inhibitor which may serve as a potential targeted therapy agent for ovarian cancer.

RAD51 is essential for spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice.

The recombinase RAD51 catalyzes the DNA strand exchange reaction in homologous recombination (HR) during both mitosis and meiosis. However, the physiological role of RAD51 during spermatogenesis remains unclear since RAD51 null mutation is embryonic lethal in mice. In this study, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model to study the role of RAD51 in spermatogenesis. Conditional disruption of RAD51 in germ cells by Vasa-Cre led to spermatogonial loss and Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Furthermore, tamoxifen-inducible RAD51 knockout by UBC-CreERT2 confirmed that RAD51 deletion led to early spermatogenic cells loss and apoptosis. Notably, inducible knockout of RAD51 in adult mice caused defects in meiosis, with accumulated meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs), reduced numbers of pachytene spermatocytes and less crossover formation. Our study revealed an essential role for Rad51 in the maintenance of spermatogonia as well as meiotic progression in mice.

Rad50 promotes ovarian cancer progression through NF-κB activation.

Rad50 is a component of MRN (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1), which participates in DNA double-strand break repair and DNA-damage checkpoint activation. Here, we sought to investigate the clinical and functional significance of Rad50 in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). We found that Rad50 was frequently upregulated in HGSOCs and enhanced Rad50 expression inversely correlated with patient survival. In addition, ectopic expression of Rad50 promoted proliferation/invasion and induced EMT of ovarian cancer cells, whereas knockdown of Rad50 led to decreased aggressive behaviors. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Rad50 induced aggressiveness in HGSOC via activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, we identified CARD9 as an interacting protein of Rad50 in ovarian cancer cells and the activation of NF-κB pathway by Rad50 is CARD9 dependent. Our findings provide evidence that Rad50 exhibits oncogenic property via NF-κB activation in HGSOC.

Overexpression of HMGA1 confers radioresistance by transactivating RAD51 in cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are rare but aggressive tumors of the bile ducts. CCAs are often diagnosed at an advanced stage and respond poorly to current conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. High mobility group A1 (HMGA1) is an architectural transcription factor that is overexpressed in multiple malignant tumors. In this study, we showed that the expression of HMGA1 is frequently elevated in CCAs and that the high expression of this gene is associated with a poor prognosis. Functionally, HMGA1 promotes CCA cell proliferation/invasion and xenograft tumor growth. Furthermore, HMGA1 transcriptionally activates RAD51 by binding to its promoter through two HMGA1 response elements. Notably, overexpression of HMGA1 promotes radioresistance whereas its knockdown causes radiosensitivity of CCA cells to X-ray irradiation. Moreover, rescue experiments reveal that inhibition of RAD51 reverses the effect of HMGA1 on radioresistance and proliferation/invasion. These findings suggest that HMGA1 functions as a novel regulator of RAD51 and confers radioresistance in cholangiocarcinoma.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-146a reverses diabetic ß-cell dedifferentiation.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promising therapeutic potential in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in clinical studies. Accumulating evidence has suggested that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are not due to their direct differentiation into functional ß-cells but are instead mediated by their paracrine functions. Among them, exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles, are important substances that exert paracrine functions. However, the underlying mechanisms of exosomes in ameliorating T2DM remain largely unknown. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (bmMSC)-derived exosomes (bmMDEs) were administrated to T2DM rats and high-glucose-treated primary islets in order to detect their effects on ß-cell dedifferentiation. Differential miRNAs were then screened via miRNA sequencing, and miR-146a was isolated after functional verification. TargetScan, reporter gene detection, insulin secretion assays, and qPCR validation were used to predict downstream target genes and involved signaling pathways of miR-146a. RESULTS: Our results showed that bmMDEs reversed diabetic ß-cell dedifferentiation and improved ß-cell insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo. Results of miRNA sequencing in bmMDEs and subsequent functional screening demonstrated that miR-146a, a highly conserved miRNA, improved ß-cell function. We further found that miR-146a directly targeted Numb, a membrane-bound protein involved in cell fate determination, leading to activation of ß-catenin signaling in ß-cells. Exosomes derived from miR-146a-knockdown bmMSCs lost the ability to improve ß-cell function. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that bmMSC-derived exosomal miR-146a protects against diabetic ß-cell dysfunction by acting on the NUMB/ß-catenin signaling pathway, which may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for T2DM.

EVI1 overexpression promotes ovarian cancer progression by regulating estrogen signaling.

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is characterized by TP53 mutation and somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs). Here we show that the oncogenic transcription factor EVI1 (ecotropic viral integration site-1) is amplified and overexpressed up to 30% of 1640 HGSOC cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Functionally, EVI1 promotes proliferation/invasion in vitro and tumor growth of xenograft model in vivo. Importantly, we discover that EVI1 regulates estrogen signaling by directly activating ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1) transcription determined by the ChIP and luciferase assay. Interestingly, EVI1 and ESR1 share common regulatory targets as indicated by the analysis of ChIP-Seq data. EVI1 and ESR1 collaborate in the regulation of some estrogen receptor-regulated genes. Furthermore, EVI1 drives tumor aggressiveness partially by regulating estrogen signaling. Estrogen enhances the proliferation, invasion and xenograft growth of ovarian cancer cells. Importantly, estrogen can rescue the inhibition of proliferation, invasion and xenograft growth induced by silencing EVI1. These findings suggest that EVI1 functions as a novel regulator of the estrogen signaling network in ovarian cancer.

Splicing factor USP39 promotes ovarian cancer malignancy through maintaining efficient splicing of oncogenic HMGA2.

Aberrant expression of splicing factors was found to promote tumorigenesis and the development of human malignant tumors. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms and functional relevance remain elusive. We here show that USP39, a component of the spliceosome, is frequently overexpressed in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) and that an elevated level of USP39 is associated with a poor prognosis. USP39 promotes proliferation/invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, USP39 was transcriptionally activated by the oncogene protein c-MYC in ovarian cancer cells. We further demonstrated that USP39 colocalizes with spliceosome components in nuclear speckles. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that USP39 deletion led to globally impaired splicing that is characterized by skipped exons and overrepresentation of introns and intergenic regions. Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that USP39 preferentially binds to exon-intron regions near 5' and 3' splicing sites. In particular, USP39 facilitates efficient splicing of HMGA2 and thereby increases the malignancy of ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, our results indicate that USP39 functions as an oncogenic splicing factor in ovarian cancer and represents a potential target for ovarian cancer therapy.