El sodio como excipiente de medicamentos y su potencial relación con la elevación de la presión arterial / Sodium as a drug excipient and its potential relationship with blood pressure elevation

Objetivos: Conocer la composición cuantitativa de sodio en las formas farmacéuticas efervescentes y en soluciones de analgésicos, suplementos de calcio y mucolíticos utilizadas crónicamente; evaluar en qué proporción se tiene en cuenta el potencial riesgo a la hora de prescribir estos medicamentos a pacientes hipertensos y analizar si la toma de estas formas farmacéuticas por la población hipertensa se acompañaba de una descompensación de los valores de presión arterial (PA). Métodos: Se calculó el porcentaje de hipertensos tratados con paracetamol, calcio y acetilcisteína efervescentes (bicarbonato y carbonato sódico) en 10 Centros de Atención Primaria. Se realizó un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo con grupo control (ajustado por edad y género) en uno de los centros; seguimiento de un año. Las variables estudiadas fueron: PA sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) pre-post inicio del tratamiento con las formas farmacéuticas efervescentes, considerando clínicamente relevantes incrementos >5 mmHg; intensificación del tratamiento antihipertensivo.Resultados: Un 7,7% (rango: 5,4%-9,9%) de pacientes hipertensos se trataron con los medicamentos efervescentes estudiados. El porcentaje de hipertensos que mostraron un aumento de PAS relevante fue significativamente superior en el grupo tratado con medicamentos efervescentes en comparación al del grupo control: 35,9% (IC 95% 27,2%-44,6%) vs. 18,8% (IC 95% 12,7%-24,8%) y también respecto a la intensificación del tratamiento antihipertensivo, 46,6% (IC 95% 37,5%-55,6%) vs. 30% (IC 95% 22,9%-37,1%).Conclusiones: La sensibilización al potencial efecto adverso es muy variable. Los medicamentos efervescentes que incluyen carbonato-bicarbonato de sodio pueden incrementar la PA. El uso de las formas farmacéuticas efervescentes, especialmente en pacientes de riesgo, debe evitarse. (AU)

Aim: To know the quantitative composition of sodium in effervescent pharmaceutical forms and in solutions of analgesics, calcium supplements and mucolytics used chronically; to evaluate in what proportion the potential risk is taken into account when prescribing these drugs to hypertensive patients and to analyze whether the taking of these pharmaceutical forms by the hypertensive population was accompanied by a decompensation of blood pressure (BP) values.Methods: The percentage of hypertensive patients treated with effervescent paracetamol, calcium and acetylcysteine (bicarbonate and sodium carbonate) in 10 Primary Care Centers was calculated. A retrospective cohort study with a control group (adjusted for age and gender) was carried out in one of the centers. The follow-up was one year. The study variables were systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pre-post initiation of treatment with effervescent preparations, considering clinically relevant increases >5 mmHg; intensification of antihypertensive treatment.Results: 7.7% (range 5.4%-9.9%) of hypertensive patients were treated with the study effervescent drugs. The percentage of hypertensive patients who showed a relevant increase in SBP was significantly higher in the group treated with effervescent drugs compared to the control group: 35.9% (95% CI 27.2%-44.6%) vs. 18.8% (95% CI 12.7%-24.8%) and also regarding the intensification of antihypertensive treatment, 46.6% (95% CI 37.5%-55.6%) vs. 30% (95% CI 22.9%-37.1%).Conclusions: Sensitivity to the potential adverse effect is highly variable. Effervescent medications that include sodium carbonate-bicarbonate can increase BP. The use of effervescent pharmaceutical forms, especially in patients at risk, should be avoided. (AU)

Utilización de recursos sanitarios y costes asociados al diagnóstico y tratamiento de cada episodio de trombosis venosa profunda y sangrado en pacientes intervenidos de cirugía ortopédica de cadera o rodilla / Use of health resources and costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of each episode of deep vein thrombosis and bleeding in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery for hip or knee

Objetivo. Conocer la utilización de recursos sanitarios y los costes asociados al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la trombosis y sangrado en pacientes intervenidos de artroplastia primaria total de cadera (ATC) o rodilla (ATR), durante 3 meses de seguimiento. Pacientes y método. Estudio observacional de carácter multicéntrico y retrospectivo, realizado a partir de los registros médicos de pacientes pertenecientes a 3 centros hospitalarios-públicos españoles (año 2010). Se consideraron aleatoriamente 3 grupos de pacientes: a) control (sin complicaciones hospitalarias); b) sangrado, y c) trombosis. Se incluyeron variables generales, de utilización de recursos y sus costes. Análisis estadístico: regresión logística y ANCOVA, p<0,05. Resultados. Se incluyeron pacientes ≥ 40 años y que hubieran recibido profilaxis anticoagulante. Se incluyó un total de 141 pacientes (control: 60; sangrado: 60; y trombosis: 21). La edad media fue de 68,7 (DE: 10,4) años y el 68,1% fueron mujeres. La ATR fue la técnica más frecuente (71,6%). El riesgo de sangrado se relacionó con la edad (OR=1,1) y el de trombosis con la EPOC (OR=1,8), p<0,05. El promedio de días de estancia de los grupos de trombosis, sangrado y control fue de 13,9; 11,5 y 7,4 días, respectivamente, p<0,001). Los costes totales fueron: 10.484,3 €; 8.766,4 €, y 6.496,1 €, respectivamente, p<0,05. Todos los resultados agrupados fueron comparables entre ellos según el hospital analizado y el tipo de artroplastia. Conclusiones. Los costes más elevados se producen en los pacientes que habían desarrollado una trombosis y sangrado, respectivamente. Los costes se relacionaron con la prolongación de los días de estancia y las infecciones intrahospitalarias (AU)

Objective. To determine the use of healthcare resources and costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis and bleeding patients who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery, in routine clinical practice conditions. Patients and methods. This multicentre observational and retrospective study extracted data from the medical records of three Spanish public hospitals (2010). Patients ≥ 40 years who had received prophylaxis-anticoagulation were included. They were randomised into three groups: a) control (no hospital complications), b) bleeding, and c) thrombosis. General variables, use of resources and costs were analysed. Statistical analysis: logistic regression and ANCOVA for model correction, (P<.05) was included. Results. A total of 141 patients (control: 60; bleeding: 60; and thrombosis: 21), with a mean age 68.7 (SD: 10.4) years, and 68.1% females were identified. Hip arthroplasty was more frequent (71.6%). The bleeding risk was associated with age (OR=1.1) and thrombosis with COPD (OR=1.8); P<.05). The average length of stay for the thrombosis, bleeding and control groups was 13.9, 11.5 and 7.4 days, respectively; P<.001). The total costs for each group were €10,484.3; €8,766.4 and €6,496.1 respectively; P<.05. All grouped results were comparable between them according to the hospital analysed and the type of replacement. Conclusions. Costs were higher for thrombosis and bleeding patients, respectively. Costs were associated with length of stay and hospital-acquired infections (AU)

[Use of health resources and costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of each episode of deep vein thrombosis and bleeding in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery for hip or knee]. / Utilización de recursos sanitarios y costes asociados al diagnóstico y tratamiento de cada episodio de trombosis venosa profunda y sangrado en pacientes intervenidos de cirugía ortopédica de cadera o rodilla.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the use of healthcare resources and costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis and bleeding patients who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery, in routine clinical practice conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multicentre observational and retrospective study extracted data from the medical records of three Spanish public hospitals (2010). Patients ≥ 40 years who had received prophylaxis-anticoagulation were included. They were randomised into three groups: a) control (no hospital complications), b) bleeding, and c) thrombosis. General variables, use of resources and costs were analysed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: logistic regression and ANCOVA for model correction, (P<.05) was included. RESULTS: A total of 141 patients (control: 60; bleeding: 60; and thrombosis: 21), with a mean age 68.7 (SD: 10.4) years, and 68.1% females were identified. Hip arthroplasty was more frequent (71.6%). The bleeding risk was associated with age (OR=1.1) and thrombosis with COPD (OR=1.8); P<.05). The average length of stay for the thrombosis, bleeding and control groups was 13.9, 11.5 and 7.4 days, respectively; P<.001). The total costs for each group were €10,484.3; €8,766.4 and €6,496.1 respectively; P<.05. All grouped results were comparable between them according to the hospital analysed and the type of replacement. CONCLUSIONS: Costs were higher for thrombosis and bleeding patients, respectively. Costs were associated with length of stay and hospital-acquired infections.