A Retrospective Multicenter Italian Analysis of Epidemiological, Clinical and Histopathological Features in a Sample of Patients with Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland.

BACKGROUND: The acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of the parotid gland is a rare tumor with an indolent behavior; however, a subgroup of this tumor presents an aggressive behavior with a tendency to recur. The aim of this multicenter study was to identify and stratify those patients with AciCC at high risk of tumor recurrence. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out involving 77 patients treated with surgery between January 2000 and September 2022, in different Italian referral centers. Data about tumor characteristics and its recurrence were collected. The histological specimens and slides were independently reviewed by a senior pathologist coordinator (L.C.) and the institution's local head and neck pathologist. RESULTS: The patients' age average was 53.6 years, with a female prevalence in the group. The mean follow-up was 67.4 months (1-258, SD 59.39). The five-year overall survival (OS) was 83.2%. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 60% (95% CI 58.2-61.7). A high incidence of necrosis, extraglandular spread, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), atypical mitosis, and cellular pleomorphism was observed in the high-risk tumors compared to the low-risk ones. CONCLUSION: AciCC generally had an indolent behavior, optimal OS, DFS with few cervical node metastases, and rare distant relapses. This multicenter retrospective case series provides evidence of the need for clinical-epidemiological-histological stratification for patients at risk of poor outcomes. Our results suggest that the correct definition of high-risk AciCC should include tumor size, the presence of necrosis, extraglandular spread, LVI, atypical mitosis, and cellular pleomorphism.

Pericranial Flap-Based Multilayer Reconstruction of Endoscopic Transcribriform Craniectomy for Sinonasal Malignancies.

OBJECTIVE: Diffusion of endoscopic techniques for the resection of ethmoid bone malignancies through a transcribriform approach (TA) has raised new challenges regarding reconstruction options to reduce post-operative complications. Although there is consensus on the advantages of vascularized flaps over free grafts for large defects, no standard protocol exists on reconstruction procedures. In addition, although the pedicled nasoseptal flap has been extensively discussed, few studies have been published on extranasal pedicled flaps. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a detailed description of a reconstruction technique for large anterior skull base defects with the pericranial flap as part of a multilayered reconstruction. Moreover, patients treated with this approach were retrospectively assessed for post-operative complications. METHODS: A detailed description of the reconstruction procedure as performed in our departments is provided. Pictures depicting the main surgical steps are also included. In addition, preliminary functional results from a retrospective series of patients who underwent a TA and subsequent pericranial flap-based multilayer reconstruction for ethmoid roof malignancies between 2016 and 2022 at two institutional centers are reported. RESULTS: 16 patients were included in the study. Nine patients (56.3%) underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. Two patients had a biochemically-confirmed postoperative CSF leak. Only one of the two patients required surgical revision. During follow-up (mean 13 months), no other early nor delayed complications were observed. CONCLUSION: A standardized surgical technique with pericranial flap as part of a multilayered reconstruction for large anterior skull base defects following resection of sinonasal malignancies is proposed, which appears to be a safe choice when endonasal flaps are not available. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4 Laryngoscope, 133:2942-2947, 2023.

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Prognostic factors for development of distant metastases and oncological outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Distant metastasis (DM) development in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OPSCC) represents an important prognostic factor. The identification of a phenotype of metastatic patients may better define therapeutic and follow-up programs. METHODS: We included 408 patients with OPSCC, non-metastatic at the time of diagnosis, and treated with curative intent. The Overall Survival (OS) analyses were performed and the impact of developing DM on survival was analyzed through Cox proportional-hazard regression model. RESULTS: 57 (14%) patients develop DM. 302 (74%) were p16+ OPSCC and 35 of them experienced DM. Advanced clinical stage, smoking, p16-status, response to primary treatment, and loco-regional relapse influence the DM rate. Only in the p16+ group, DM onset results in a greater impact on OS (p < 0.0001). Lung metastases have a better OS compared to non-pulmonary ones (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: This retrospective study shows a possible stratification of OPSCC patients based on the risk of the development of DMs.

Paraglottic Space Invasion in Glottic Laryngeal Cancer: A Clinical-Pathological Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to prospectively compare endoscopic, radiological, and pathological features of a cohort of patients with glottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) undergoing open partial horizontal laryngectomy (OPHL) type II/III or total laryngectomy to better understand the reliability of preoperative endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) to predict the inferior paraglottic space (iPGS) involvement. METHODS: We prospectively compared the endoscopic, radiological, and pathological findings in patients with glottic LSCC who underwent OPHL II/III, or total laryngectomy. RESULTS: Endoscopy achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 87.2% for the anterior iPGS (iPGSa) and 86.1% for the posterior iPGS (iPGSp). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of histopathologic iPGSa involvement between reduced (85%-17/20 pts) and absent (92%-24/26 pts) vocal cord mobility (p = 0.39). CT alone did not improve the diagnostic performance of the endoscopy, reaching a diagnostic accuracy of 62.9% and 73.7% for the iPGSa and iPGSp, respectively. When endoscopy and CT were combined, the diagnostic performance improved for the iPGSp, achieving a sensitivity (Se), specificity (Spe), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%, 89.8%, 68.7%, and 100%, respectively. On the contrary, the combination of CT and endoscopy improved only the Se and NPV for the iPGSa with respect to the sole endoscopic assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Whenever motility impairment is present, a histopathologic invasion of the iPGS should be suspected. Endoscopic assessment of laryngeal motility achieved a satisfactory value of Se, Spe, PPV, and NPV in predicting the involvement of the iPGS. CT scan is still the mainstay imaging technique in the clinical staging of patients with LSCC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 133:1184-1190, 2023.

Oncological and Functional Outcomes for Horizontal Glottectomy: A Systematic Review.

Horizontal glottectomy (HG) is a particular type of partial laryngectomy indicated for exclusive glottic tumor with anterior commissure involvement. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature about functional and oncological outcome of HG. This systematic review adhered to the recommendations of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) 2009 guidelines. Articles mentioning patients undergoing HG for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were included. A total of 14 articles were selected and reviewed from 19 identified. The whole study population consisted of 420 patients who underwent HG. Three hundred and thirty-nine patients out of 359 were staged as T1. The range of post-operative follow-up was 5 months to 10 years. Fifty-five recurrences were experienced, being local, regional and distant in 35, 12 and 8 patients, respectively. Laryngeal preservation rate was 93.6%. Nasogastrict tube was removed on average after 10.1 days. The tracheostomy was maintained for 11.3 days. Mean hospitalization lasted for 11.7 days. According to the results of this systematic review, HG is an oncologically safe surgical option for T1a-T1b glottic tumors with oncological outcomes comparable to other treatment. HG could be a good therapeutical choice whenever poor laryngeal exposure and/or patient's refusal of radiotherapy are encountered, or when patient's medical history represents a contraindication for radiation therapy.

Features and management of a schwannoma of the chorda tympani and review of the literature.

Intrinsic facial nerve tumors are rare lesions. Among the different histology types, schwannomas is the most frequently reported in literature. Other histological types of facial nerve tumors are hemangiomas, meningiomas, and neurofibromas. Chorda tympani schwannomas (CTSs) are extremely rare entities and are considered as an independent subgroup of facial nerve schwannomas because of their clinical characteristics. The aim of this report is to present the clinical and radiological features and the management of a CTS in a 27-year-old male presenting with conductive hearing loss.

The role of adjuvant therapy in pT4N0 laryngectomized patients: Multicentric observational study.

BACKGROUND: To retrospectively evaluate oncological outcomes in two groups of patients with pT4aN0 glottic SCC treated with total laryngectomy (TL) and neck dissection (ND) who underwent postoperative radiotherapy or exclusive clinical and radiological follow-up. METHODS: It includes patients with pT4N0 glottic SCC who underwent TL and unilateral or bilateral ND with or without PORT. Divided in two comparison groups: the first group underwent adjuvant RT (TL-PORT); the second group referred to clinical and radiological follow-up (TL). RESULTS: PORT was associated with a better OS while no differences were found in terms of DSS. A better local control is achieved when PORT is administered while no differences in terms of regional and distant control rates were found. Bilateral ND positively impacts on the regional control while the PNI negatively impact the regional control. CONCLUSIONS: A tailored PORT protocol might be considered for pT4N0 glottic SCC treated with TL and ND, both considering the ND's extent and presence of PNI.

Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland: Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes? A multicenter retrospective analysis focusing on survival outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the demographic data, surgical and adjuvant treatment data and the survival outcomes in adult patients affected by acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland (AciCC). METHODS: A retrospective multicenter analysis of patients treated for AciCC of the parotid gland from 2000 to 2021 was performed. Exclusion criteria were pediatric (0-18 years) patients, the absence of follow-up and patients with secondary metastatic disease to the parotid gland. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with survival. RESULTS: The study included 81 adult patients with AciCC of the parotid gland. The median age was 46.3 years (SD 15.81, range 19-84 years), with a gender female prevalence (F = 48, M = 33). The mean follow-up was 77.7 months (min 4-max 361, SD 72.46). The 5 years overall survival (OS) was 97.5%. The 5 years disease-free survival (DFS) was 60%. No statistical differences have been found in prognosis for age (< 65 or ≥ 65 years), sex, surgery type (superficial vs profound parotid surgery), radicality (R0 vs R1 + Rclose), neck dissection, early pathologic T and N stages and adjuvant therapy (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study did not find prognostic factor for poorest outcome. In contrast with the existing literature, our results showed how also high-grade tumours cannot be considered predictive of recurrence or aggressive behaviour.

Surgical management of benign cervical tracheoesophageal fistulas: A single-tertiary academic institution experience.

PURPOSE: Despite improvements of diagnosis and management, acquired benign tracheoesophageal fistulas (AB-TEFs) remain a challenging clinical problem and a life-threating condition. In the present study, we reviewed the early results and the long-term outcomes after surgical treatment of cervical AB-TEFs treated in our institution during the last 9 years. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients who underwent transcervical repair of benign cervical AB-TEFs. Patients were identified from a prospectively filled electronic database which included patients' demographics, medical history, disease presentation, prior treatments, operative report, morbidity and mortality, hospital stay, postoperative results and follow-up information. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients affected by cervical AB-TEF were treated. Most of the patients (91%) in our series were treated with a lateral cervicotomic approach with interposition of either sternocleidomastoid muscle flap (72.7%) or pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (9.1%) or infrahyoid muscle flap (9.1%). The univariate analysis of showed that the etiology and surgical technique were significantly associated with immediate postoperative outcome. Esophageal diversion was removed in all patients but 3 due to their neurological status, which was the only significant factor related to post-operative oral-intake (p =0.016). We experienced 2 (18.2%) failures of the reconstruction, which occurred in patients previously treated with chemoradiation for head and neck malignancies. None of the remaining patients (72.8%) relapsed after a long-term follow-up restoring a normal oral diet was restored. CONCLUSION: The lateral cervicotomic approach with sternocleidomastoid flap interposition showed its effectiveness and safety in the treatment of AB-TEFs in our single-institution experience.

COVID-19 in the tonsillectomised population.

OBJECTIVE: Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and pharyngeal associated lymphoid tissue are thought to influence the manifestations of COVID-19. We aimed to determine whether a previous history of tonsillectomy, as a surrogate indicator of a dysfunctional pharyngeal associated lymphoid tissue, could predict the presentation and course of COVID-19. METHODS: Multicentric cross-sectional observational study involving seven hospitals in Northern and Central Italy. Data on the clinical course and signs and symptoms of the infection were collected from 779 adults who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and analysed in relation to previous tonsillectomy, together with demographic and anamnestic data. RESULTS: Patients with previous tonsillectomy showed a greater risk of fever, temperature higher than 39°C, chills and malaise. No significant differences in hospital admissions were found. CONCLUSIONS: A previous history of tonsillectomy, as a surrogate indicator of immunological dysfunction of the pharyngeal associated lymphoid tissue, could predict a more intense systemic manifestation of COVID-19. These results could provide a simple clinical marker to discriminate suspected carriers and to delineate more precise prognostic models.