Deep-eutectic-solvent modulation of self-assembled multi-responsive films based on polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanocrystal and grape skin red for highly sensitive food monitoring.

To enhance the mechanics performance, sensitivity and response range of multi-responsive photonic films, herein, a facile method for fabricating multi-responsive films is demonstrated using the evaporative self-assembly of a mixture of grape skin red (GSR), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and deep eutectic solvent (DES). The prepared materials exhibited excellent thermal stability, strain properties, solvent resistance, ultraviolet (UV) resistance and antioxidant activity. Compared to a pure PVA film, the presence of GSR strengthened the antioxidant property of the film by 240.1 % and provided excellent UV barrier capability. The additional cross-linking of DES and CNC promoted more efficient phase fusion, yielding a film strain of 41.5 %. The addition of hydrophilic compound GSR, wetting and swelling due to the DES and the surface inhomogeneity of the films rendered the multi-responsive films high sensitivity, wide response range and multi-cyclic stability in environments with varying pH and humidity. A sample application showed that a PVA/CNC/DES film has the potential to differentiate between fresh, sub-fresh and fully spoiled shrimps. The above results help in designing intelligent thin film materials that integrate antioxidant properties, which help in monitoring the changes in food freshness and food packaging.

Identification of novel resistance-associated mutations and discrimination within whole-genome sequences of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.

This study aims to elucidate additional mutation loci associated with fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance and evaluate the discriminatory capacity of mutation loci and allele mutation frequencies in identifying FQ-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates. A random selection of isolates was extracted from an ongoing collection. Drug resistance was determined using the resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) as the gold standard. Mutation loci and the burden of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) were elucidated through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Novel amino acid mutations, namely, G520D and G520T, were identified in the gyrB and associated with FQ resistance. In the context of distinguishing FQ-resistant isolates, the AUC for the QRDR mutation frequency burden (0.969) surpassed that of the mutation locus (0.929), and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Furthermore, using the resistance mutation locus as a reference, setting the QRDR mutation frequency burden threshold at 1.31% resulted in a 3.60% increase in the accuracy of classifying FQ-resistant isolates (NRI = 3.60%, P < 0.001). The QRDR mutation frequency burden appears to offer superior diagnostic efficacy in discriminating FQ-resistant isolates compared to qualitative detection of mutant loci.IMPORTANCEFluoroquinolone (FQ) drugs are recommended as second-line drugs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. With the massive use of FQ drugs in the clinical treatment of tuberculosis (TB), there is an increasing rate of drug resistance to FQ drugs. In this study, we identified and demonstrated novel amino acid mutations associated with FQ resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and we quantified the mutation sites and identified the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutation frequency burden as a novel diagnostic method for FQ resistance. We hope that the results of this study will provide data support and a theoretical basis for the rapid diagnosis of FQ-resistant MTB.

Pain symptoms are associated with two-point discrimination threshold in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the associations of orofacial two-point discrimination (2-PD) test result with pain symptoms and psychological factors in patients with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs). METHODS: 193 patients with TMDs were included in this study. Patients' demographics, pain intensity, and psychological status were recorded. The 2-PDs in the bilateral temporal, zygomatic, mandibular, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) regions of the patients were measured. Statistical analyses were conducted to observe the associations between variables. RESULTS: For Pain-related TMDs (PT) patients, Monthly Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-M) and Current Analogue Scale (VAS-C) were correlated with TMJ, zygomatic and temporal 2-PDs. Patients with PT tended to have higher TMJ 2-PDs[Right: ß = 1.827 mm, 95%CI(0.107, 3.548), P = 0.038], zygomatic 2-PDs[Right: ß = 1.696 mm, 95%CI(0.344, 3.048), P = 0.014], temporal 2-PDs[Left: ß = 2.138 mm, 95%CI(0.127, 4.149), P = 0.037; Right: ß = 1.893 mm, 95%CI(0.011, 3.775), P = 0.049]. Associations were also observed between VAS-C and TMJ 2-PDs[Left: ß = 0.780, 95%CI(0.190, 1.370), P = 0.01; Right: ß = 0.885, 95%CI(0.406, 1.364), P = 0.001], Zygomatic 2-PDs[Right: ß = 0.555, 95%CI(0.172, 0.938), P = 0.005]; VAS-M and TMJ 2-PDs[Left: ß = 0.812, 95%CI(0.313, 1.311), P = 0.002; Right: ß = 0.567, 95%CI(0.152, 0.983), P = 0.008], zygomatic 2-PDs[Left: ß = 0.405, 95%CI(0.075, 0.735), P = 0.016; Right: ß = 0.545, 95%CI(0.221, 0.870), P = 0.001], and temporal 2-PDs [Left: ß = 0.741, 95%CI(0.258, 1.224), P = 0.003; Right: ß = 0.519, 95%CI(0.063, 0.975), P = 0.026]. CONCLUSION: TMJ, zygomatic, and temporal 2-PDs were significantly associated with PT and pain intensity. Age, gender and psychological factors were not associated with orofacial 2-PDs. PT patients exhibited weaker tactile acuity compared to Non-PT patients. Further discussion on the underlying mechanism is needed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Orofacial tactile acuity of TMDs patients was associated with their pain symptoms, which researchers should take account into when performing 2-PD tests for TMDs patients. The 2-PD test can be considered as a potential tool along with the current procedures for the differentiations of PT and Non-PT.

The hsa_circ_0082152 maintains NF-κB mRNA stability by binding to MTDH to promote anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury.

Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ADLI) is a common adverse reaction during anti-tuberculosis treatment and often leads to treatment interruptions. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as key modulators in liver diseases. CircRNAs is a special class of noncoding RNAs that have been found to have significant impacts on the progression of inflammation via various mechanisms. In the serum of ADLI patients, upregulation of the circular RNA hsa_circ_0082152 (derived from the host gene snd1) was observed, along with increased ALT and AST levels, as well as alterations in the levels of inflammation-related factors such as NF-κB, IL-1ß and TNF-α. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we established an HL-7702-ADLI cell model and confirmed similar upregulation of hsa_circ_0082152. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0082152 significantly inhibited inflammatory injury in ADLI cells, while upregulation had the opposite effect. RNA immunoprecipitation showed that hsa_circ_0082152 functions by interacting with metadherin (MTDH). Our study further verified that the interaction of hsa_circ_0082152 with the MTDH protein binding to NF-κB mRNA to maintain NF-κB mRNA stability, which increases the expression of NF-κB and its targets IL-1ß and TNF-α. Conversely, depletion of MTDH rescued the promotive effect of hsa_circ_0082152 overexpression on ADLI inflammation. Therefore, hsa_circ_0082152 overexpression promotes ADLI progression via the MTDH/NF-κB axis.

Quorum sensing N-acyl homoserine lactones-SdiA enhances the biofilm formation of E. coli by regulating sRNA CsrB expression.

As an important virulence phenotype of Escherichia coli, the regulation mechanism of biofilm by non-coding RNA and quorum sensing system has not been clarified. Here, by transcriptome sequencing and RT-PCR analysis, we found CsrB, a non-coding RNA of the carbon storage regulation system, was positively regulated by the LuxR protein SdiA. Furthermore, ß-galactosidase reporter assays showed that SdiA enhanced promoter transcriptional activity of csrB. The consistent dynamic expression levels of SdiA and CsrB during Escherichia coli growth were also detected. Moreover, curli assays and biofilm assays showed sdiA deficiency in Escherichia coli SM10λπ or BW25113 led to a decreased formation of biofilm, and was significantly restored by over-expression of CsrB. Interestingly, the regulations of SdiA on CsrB in biofilm formation were enhanced by quorum sensing signal molecules AHLs. In conclusion, SdiA plays a crucial role in Escherichia coli biofilm formation by regulating the expression of non-coding RNA CsrB. Our study provides new insights into SdiA-non-coding RNA regulatory network involved in Escherichia coli biofilm formation.

Silencing SIRT1 promotes the anti-HBV action of IFN-α by regulating Pol expression and activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

PURPOSE: The purpose this study is to investigate the impact of SIRT1 on the anti-HBV activity of IFN-α and further elucidate its underlying mechanism. METHODS: HepG2.2.15 cells stably transfected with HBV virus were chosen as the primary study subject. IFN-α was used to stimulate the cells and regulate the expression of SIRT1, and the JAK-STAT pathway and HBV-related indices were measured by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and ELISA. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to detect the nuclear translocation of STAT1 and STAT2. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was used to detect the binding of SIRT1 to HBV Polymerase (Pol). RESULTS: In HepG2.2.15 cells, we found changes in SIRT1 expression. We show that silencing SIRT1 promotes the IFN-α-triggered Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway and consequently enhances the antiviral effects of IFN-α against HBV replication. Importantly, SIRT1 can interact with Pol and increase JAK-STAT activity by regulating Pol expression. Additionally, the inhibition of SIRT1 activity by treatment with the SIRT1 inhibitor selisistat enhanced the anti-HBV effect of IFN-α and JAK-STAT pathway activity. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results demonstrate that silencing SIRT1 activates the JAK-STAT pathway and enhances the anti-HBV activity of IFN-α by inhibiting Pol expression. This would be a promising therapeutic target to improve the efficacy of IFN-α in the treatment of CHB.

MiRNAs regulate cell communication in osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling during bone regeneration.

Bone regeneration is a complex process that requires not only the participation of multiple cell types, but also signal communication between cells. The two basic processes of osteogenesis and angiogenesis are closely related to bone regeneration and bone homeostasis. H-type vessels are a subtype of bone vessels characterized by high expression of CD31 and EMCN. These vessels play a key role in the regulation of bone regeneration and are important mediators of coupling between osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Molecular regulation between different cell types is important for coordination of osteogenesis and angiogenesis that promotes bone regeneration. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that predominantly regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are closely related to cell communication. Specifically, miRNAs transduce external stimuli through various cell signaling pathways and cause a series of physiological and pathological effects. They are also deeply involved in the bone repair process. This review focuses on three signaling pathways related to osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling, as well as the miRNAs involved in these pathways. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing osteogenesis and angiogenesis is of great significance for bone regeneration.

Assessment of relationships between condylar fracture pattern and mandibular third molar position by panoramic radiography and computed tomography: A retrospective comparative study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Although previous studies have revealed the influence of the mandibular third molar (M3) on mandibular condylar fracture risk and that the presence of M3 could result in different incidences of condylar and angle fractures, there have been no analyses of the influence of M3 on fracture patterns. Moreover, evaluations of M3 position using panoramic radiography have shown insufficient accuracy. This study investigated the relationship between condylar fracture patterns and M3 position using panoramic radiography and computed tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 280 patients with unilateral mandibular condylar fractures and ipsilateral M3 admitted to West China Hospital of Stomatology between January 2016 and June 2022. Patient medical records, panoramic radiographs, and computed tomography images were collected. The vertical and horizontal positions of M3 were classified using the Pell and Gregory system. M3 angulation was defined as the angle between the long axis of M3 and the mandibular occlusal plane. Condylar fracture patterns were classified as intracapsular (Types A-C) or extracapsular (neck and base). Data were analyzed using McNemar-Bowker test, Pearson chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Classification of M3 position differed significantly between panoramic radiography and computed tomography images (p < .05). There was a significant association between the mandibular condylar fracture pattern and M3 horizontal position on computed tomography (p < .05). Class I M3 position on computed tomography was associated with a higher incidence of intracapsular than extracapsular fractures, along with a higher incidence of Type B than base fractures; the opposite relationships were observed for Class II. No such association was identified on panoramic radiography. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular condylar fracture patterns were presumably influenced by M3 horizontal position on computed tomography. The imaging modality affected the classification of M3 position and subsequent analyses. Computed tomography is recommended for future studies to improve accuracy and reliability.

Age and Gender, but Not Pain are Associated with Pressure Pain Thresholds in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the association of pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) with age, gender, and pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Patients and Methods: A total of 301 TMD patients (248 female and 53 male) were recruited and classified into the high and low age groups according to their median age of 26 years. Patients' demographics, pain-related variables, TMD-related variables, and PPTs of both left and right temporomandibular joints (TMJs), masseter, and temporalis were collected. Results: Pain duration and visual analog scale of pain (VAS) showed no significant correlations with PPTs (P>0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant positive association of PPTs of all six sites with males (ß=0.41-0.72 kg·cm-2, 95% CI (0.19-0.38, 0.74-0.99), P<0.001), as well as with the high age group [ß=0.28-0.36 kg·cm-2, 95% CI (0.07-0.20, 0.47-0.53), P<0.020]. Furthermore, PPTs of the left TMJ showed a significant negative association with left pain-related TMD (PT) [ß=-0.21 kg·cm-2, 95% CI (-0.38, -0.04), P=0.026], but PPTs of the remaining sites did not show a significant association with PT (P>0.05). Stratified analysis showed that PPTs in females were associated with the high age group [ß=0.25-0.37 kg·cm-2, 95% CI (0.04-0.20, 0.45-0.56), P<0.020] and that PPT of the left TMJ was associated with left PT [ß=-0.21 kg·cm-2, 95% CI (-0.39, -0.03), P=0.043]. The remaining PPTs did not show a significant association with PT (P>0.05). In males, PPTs did not show significant correlations with age, PT and VAS (P>0.05). Conclusion: PPTs in the orofacial region are associated with gender and age in TMD patients. Pain duration and intensity show no significant correlations with PPTs in TMD patients. Researchers and dentists should take age and gender into account when using PPTs as auxiliary diagnostic indicators for PT.

Aesthetic evaluation of nasolabial reconstruction using abbe flap in bilateral cleft lip patients with secondary deformities.

BACKGROUND: The Abbe flap is a common technique frequently utilized in secondary surgery for bilateral cleft lip deformities, but objective indications for the Abbe flap remain unclear, and postoperative aesthetic evaluations are limited. METHODS: The study group consisted of 92 bilateral cleft lip patients with secondary deformities aged 7-39 years, and the control group consisted of 33 people aged 19-35 years. Thirteen objective nasolabial aesthetic parameters were selected to evaluate patients' nasolabial aesthetics. RESULTS: Minor secondary deformities were characterized by a smaller lip height index than severe deformities, as well as a smaller columellar angle compared with moderate and severe deformities (P < 0.05). For all patients, significant differences were found between preoperative and postoperative values of intercanthal distance/medial upper vermilion height ratio, intercanthal distance/medial upper lip height ratio, lip height index, lip vermilion height index, lip protrusion angle, columellar-labial angle, and nasal tip angle (P < 0.05). For patients with minor deformity, intercanthal distance/philtrum width ratio and intercanthal distance/medial cutaneous upper lip height ratio showed no significant change postoperatively (P > 0.05), and labial protrusion angle was smaller than the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing secondary surgery using an Abbe flap achieved good nasolabial aesthetics. Intercanthal distance/medial upper vermilion height ratio, intercanthal distance/medial upper lip height ratio, lip height index, columellar-labial angle, nasolabial angle, nasal tip angle, and columellar angle are the objective aesthetic indicators for Abbe flap selection. Intercanthal distance/philtrum width ratio, intercanthal distance/medial cutaneous upper lip height ratio, and labial protrusion angle are reference parameters for choosing an Abbe flap for secondary bilateral cleft lip revision.

Preparation of biodegradable composite films based on carboxymethylated holocellulose from wheat straw.

Holocellulose was extracted from wheat straw and catalytically transformed into carboxymethylated holocellulose (CMHCS) to prepare a biodegradable composite film. By changing the type and amount of catalyst, the carboxymethylation of the holocellulose was optimized with respect to the degree of substitution (DS). A high DS of 2.46 was achieved in the presence of a cocatalyst composed of polyethylene glycol and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The effect of DS on the properties of CMHCS-derived biodegradable composite films was further investigated. Compared to pristine holocellulose, the mechanical properties of the composite film were significantly improved and increased with increasing DS. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus increased from 6.58 MPa, 51.4 %, and 26.13 MPa for the unmodified holocellulose-based composite film to 14.81 MPa, 89.36 %, and 81.73 MPa for the film derived from the CMHCS with a DS of 2.46. The biodegradability of the composite film was assessed under soil burial biodisintegration conditions and reached 71.5 % degradation after 45 d. Additionally, a possible degradation process for the composite film was proposed. The results indicated that the CMHCS-derived composite film has good comprehensive performance, and CMHCS is expected to be applied in the field of biodegradable composite materials.

Non-coding RNAs regulate the BMP/Smad pathway during osteogenic differentiation of stem cells.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the regulation of bone metabolism. The BMP/Smad pathway is a key signaling pathway for classical regulation of osteogenic differentiation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the BMP/Smad pathway both have important roles for osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, bone regeneration, and development of bone diseases. There is increasing evidence that ncRNAs interact with the BMP/Smad pathway to regulate not only osteogenic differentiation of stem cells but also progression of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis (OP), myeloma, and osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), by controlling the expression of bone disease-related genes. Therefore, ncRNAs that interact with BMP/Smad pathway molecules are potential targets for bone regeneration as well as bone disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. However, despite extensive studies on ncRNAs associated with the BMP/Smad pathway and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, there is a lack of comparability. Moreover, some bone disease-associated ncRNAs with low abundance can be difficult to detect and there is a lack of mature delivery systems for their stable translocation to target sites, thus limiting their application. In this review, we summarize the research progress on interactions between ncRNAs and the BMP/Smad pathway during osteogenic differentiation of various stem cells and in the regulation of bone regeneration and bone diseases.

Effects of Astragalus, Epimedium, and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extractive on antioxidant capacity, production performance, and immune mechanism of breeding pigeons under stress.

With the large-scale and intensive development of pigeon breeding industry and the improvement of production level, stress factors have an important impact on the immune, antioxidant capacity, and productivity of pigeons. In this study, the extenuating effect of Astragalus, Epimedium, and Ligustrum lucidum (AEF) on the antioxidant, production performance, and immune mechanism was investigated in breeding pigeons. Eighty pairs of 11-month-old healthy breeding pigeons with the same egg production batch were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (C group), treated with AEF (AEF group), in restraint stress (S group) and treated with AEF and in restraint stress (S+AEF group). Results showed that AEF reduces weight loss during lactation and increases spleen weight, increased IgA, IgG, T4, GSH-Px, and SOD in serum and decreased T3 and MDA (P < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with AEF declined HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, GR levels in liver and cFOS, GR mRNA levels in the Hypothalamus, GR mRNA levels in the pituitary (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the results of the intestine studies showed that AEF promoted relative abundances of Firmicutes and relieve intestinal injury in the colon of pigeons. These results indicated AEF enhanced stress resistance, immunity, production performance and antioxidant capacity of pigeons.

Quorum sensing regulates heteroresistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The prevalence and genetic mechanism of antibiotic heteroresistance (HR) have attracted significant research attention recently. However, non-genetic mechanism of HR has not been adequately explored. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of quorum sensing (QS), an important mechanism of behavioral coordination in different subpopulations and consequent heteroresistance. First, the prevalence of HR to 7 antibiotics was investigated in 170 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa using population analysis profiles. The results showed that P. aeruginosa was significantly heteroresistant to meropenem (MEM), amikacin (AMK), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and ceftazidime (CAZ). The observed HR was correlated with down-regulation of QS associated genes lasI and rhlI. Further, loss-of-function analysis results showed that reduced expression of lasI and rhlI enhanced HR of P. aeruginosa to MEM, AMK, CIP, and CAZ. Conversely, overexpression of these genes or treatment with 3-oxo-C12-HSL/C4-HSL lowered HR of P. aeruginosa to the four antibiotics. Additionally, although downregulation of oprD and upregulation of efflux-associated genes was evident in heteroresistant subpopulations, their expression was not regulated by LasI and RhlI. Moreover, fitness cost measurements disclosed higher growth rates of PAO1ΔlasI and PAO1ΔrhlI in the presence of sub-MIC antibiotic as compared with that of wild-type PAO1. Our data suggest that under temporary antibiotic pressure, downregulation of QS might result in less fitness cost and promote HR of P. aeruginosa.

A Suggested Equivalent Method for a Drainage Structure to Analyze Seepage in Tailings Dam.

To better understand the seepage field in tailings dam with a drainage structure that combines drainage mat, drainage tube, and geotextile, an equivalent seepage analysis method for the drainage structure is presented. In the method, an equivalent drainage structure is suggested to replace the original drainage. It has enough size to be easily presented in the three-dimensional (3d) model of a tailings dam. According to a back analysis procedure using the quasi-3d models of a tailings dam with original and equivalent drainage structures, the material properties of the equivalent drainage structure can be obtained under the principle of drainage capacity equivalence. It is demonstrated that the suggested method is accurate enough to capture the seepage field in a tailings dam based on comparing the calculated and measured phreatic lines in a tailings dam for verification. Then, the method is employed to investigate the seepage field in a tailings dam in China for a case study. The rise of water level, damage of drainage structure, or increase of tailings discharge speed and time will lift up phreatic line. After terminating tailings discharge, phreatic line will first rise and then fall. The effect of tailings discharge on phreatic line will almost disappear after terminating tailings discharge for 24 h.

The Small RNA AmiL Regulates Quorum Sensing-Mediated Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen of humans with hundreds of its virulence factors regulated by quorum sensing (QS) system. Small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) are also key regulators of bacterial virulence. However, the QS regulatory sRNAs (Qrrs) that have been characterized in P. aeruginosa are still largely unknown. Here, sRNA AmiL (PA3366.1) in the amiEBCRS operon of PAO1 was identified as a novel Qrr by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). The expression of AmiL was negatively regulated by the las or rhl system, of which RhlR probably inhibited its transcription. AmiL deletion mutant and overexpressing strains were constructed in PAO1. Broad phenotypic changes were found, including reduced pyocyanin synthesis, elastase activity, biofilm formation, hemolytic activity, and cytotoxicity, as well as increased rhamnolipid production and swarming motility. AmiL appears to be a new regulator that influences diverse QS-mediated virulence. Furthermore, AmiL directly targeted PhzC, a key member of pyocyanin synthesis. AmiL also negatively regulated lasI expression in the early growth of PAO1, but predominantly increased rhlI expression and C4-HSL production in the middle and late stages. Therefore, a novel QS-sRNA signaling cascade of las/rhl (RhlR)-AmiL-PhzC/las/rhl was demonstrated, and it will help to shed new light on the virulence regulatory network of P. aeruginosa PAO1. IMPORTANCE P. aeruginosa is a common nosocomial pathogen that causes diverse opportunistic infections in humans. The virulence crucial for infection is mainly regulated by QS. Small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) involved in virulence regulation have also been identified in many bacteria. Recently, there is a growing interest in the new sRNA species, QS regulatory sRNAs (Qrrs). Understanding Qrrs-mediated regulation in P. aeruginosa virulence is therefore important to combat infection. In this study, a previously uncharacterized sRNA AmiL in PAO1 has been identified as a novel Qrr. It has been found to influence diverse QS-mediated virulence factors including pyocyanin, elastase, rhamnolipid, and hemolysin, as well as biofilm formation, swarming motility, and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, PhzC essential for pyocyanin synthesis was a direct target of AmiL. QS gene expression and C4-HSL production were also regulated by AmiL. This study provides insights into the roles of Qrr AmiL in modulating P. aeruginosa virulence.

Removal of elemental mercury from flue gas using the magnetic attapulgite by Mn-Cu oxides modification.

Mercury pollution has become one of the most concerned environmental issues in the world because of its high toxicity, non-degradability, and bioaccumulation. Attapulgite adsorbents modified by magnetic manganese-copper (MnxCuy-MATP) were fabricated by co-precipitation and ultrasonic impregnation method, aiming at removing Hg0 from coal-fired flue gas. BET, SEM, XRD, VSM, and XPS were used to systematically explore the physical and chemical properties of the adsorbents, the effects of manganese and copper additions, reaction temperature, and various components in the flue gas on the efficiency of Hg0 removal were investigated. Mn8Cu5-MATP exhibited the optimal properties, and excessive copper loadings led to the aggregation of the active components. The efficiency of mercury removal can be effectively improved by NO and HCl regardless of the absence and presence of O2, because the NO+, NO3, NO2, and Cl* produced during the reaction can promote the adsorption and oxidation of Hg0. SO2 and H2O inhibited the oxidation of Hg0 because of the competitive adsorption at the active sites, while a large amount of sulfite and sulfate were formed to block the pores. However, the introduction of copper caused the sample to obtain SO2 resistance, which resulted in a mercury removal efficiency of 84.3% even under 1500 ppm SO2. In addition, after 5 cycles of adsorption and regeneration, Mn8Cu5-MATP can still maintain excellent Hg0 removal ability. The fabricated adsorbent can save the actual production cost and effectively improve the mercury removal efficiency in sulfur-containing flue gas.

Reconstruction of an Extensive Maxillofacial Avulsion Injury Caused by Bear Attack With a Double-Island Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap.

ABSTRACT: Bear attack, a relatively rare cause of maxillofacial trauma, could lead to severe facial deformity as well as functional impairment. A 45-year-old male ranger was attacked by a bear and suffered an extensive maxillofacial avulsion injury, resulting in massive soft tissue loss (17.5 × 10 cm 2 ) on his left temporal-facial region with an intraoral defect (3 × 2 cm 2 ), surrounded by pus and necrotic tissue. Computed tomography revealed a comminuted fracture of the mandible, as well as bone defects in the left zygomatic bone, zygomatic arch, and part of the lateral orbital wall. in contrast with tumor resection, this large defect wound resulting from trauma was an infected wound with extensive loss of soft tissue and bone, which presented many operational challenges. The initial goal was to control local infection and then repair the maxillofacial and intraoral defects simultaneously. The left oral mucosal lining and maxillofacial skin after infection control were repaired by transposition of a double-island anterolateral thigh flap, and the fractured mandible was fixed, achieving primary closure for the reconstruction of large soft and hard tissue injuries in the oral and maxillofacial region. Five months postoperatively, the flap had healed and the patient was satisfied with the profile. This patient demonstrated how a rare severe injury caused by a bear attack was treated by preliminary closure of an extremely large post-traumatic oral and maxillofacial defect. The authors recommend the 1 pedi- cled double-island free anterolateral thigh flap as a worthwhile choice for the reconstruction of complicated oral and maxillofacial tissue defects combined with an intraoral defect. To our knowledge, this is the largest clinical application reported to date of an anterolateral thigh flap (approximately 200 cm 2 ) for a post-traumatic oral and maxillofacial defect.

Microglia secrete miR-146a-5p-containing exosomes to regulate neurogenesis in depression.

Enhancing neurogenesis within the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is critical for maintaining brain development and function in many neurological diseases. However, the neural mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in depression remain unclear. Here, we show that microglia transfer a microglia-enriched microRNA, miR-146a-5p, via secreting exosomes to inhibit neurogenesis in depression. Overexpression of miR-146a-5p in hippocampal DG suppresses neurogenesis and spontaneous discharge of excitatory neurons by directly targeting Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Downregulation of miR-146a-5p expression ameliorates adult neurogenesis deficits in DG regions and depression-like behaviors in rats. Intriguingly, circular RNA ANKS1B acts as a miRNA sequester for miR-146a-5p to mediate post-transcriptional regulation of KLF4 expression. Collectively, these results indicate that miR-146a-5p can function as a critical factor regulating neurogenesis under conditions of pathological processes resulting from depression and suggest that microglial exosomes generate new crosstalk channels between glial cells and neurons.

Application of Sigma metrics in the quality control strategies of immunology and protein analytes.

BACKGROUND: Six Sigma (6σ) is an efficient laboratory management method. We aimed to analyze the performance of immunology and protein analytes in terms of Six Sigma. METHODS: Assays were evaluated for these 10 immunology and protein analytes: Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Complement 3 (C3), Complement 4 (C4), Prealbumin (PA), Rheumatoid factor (RF), Anti streptolysin O (ASO), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Cystatin C (Cys C). The Sigma values were evaluated based on bias, four different allowable total error (TEa) and coefficient of variation (CV) at QC materials levels 1 and 2 in 2020. Sigma Method Decision Charts were established. Improvement measures of analytes with poor performance were recommended according to the quality goal index (QGI), and appropriate quality control rules were given according to the Sigma values. RESULTS: While using the TEaNCCL , 90% analytes had a world-class performance with σ>6, Cys C showed marginal performance with σ<4. While using minimum, desirable, and optimal biological variation of TEa, only three (IgG, IgM, and CRP), one (CRP), and one (CRP) analytes reached 6σ level, respectively. Based on σNCCL that is calculated from TEaNCCL , Sigma Method Decision Charts were constructed. For Cys C, five multi-rules (13s /22s /R4s /41s /6X , N = 6, R = 1, Batch length: 45) were adopted for QC management. The remaining analytes required only one QC rule (13s , N = 2, R = 1, Batch length: 1000). Cys C need to improve precision (QGI = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: The laboratories should choose appropriate TEa goals and make judicious use of Sigma metrics as a quality improvement tool.