RESUMEN
Ultrasonography can be used for canine pregnancy diagnosis, determination of gestational age, assessing foetal maturation and readiness for birth, monitoring high-risk pregnancies, assessing foetal distress, evaluating bitches in dystocia and foetal gender determination. As the quality and resolution of ultrasound machines have improved, the clinician's abilities to utilize ultrasound as an integral part of reproductive evaluation of all aspects of pregnancy have exponentially increased. This paper reviews the use of ultrasonography throughout pregnancy and the advances made in the interpretation of captured images.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Distocia , Femenino , Embarazo , Animales , Perros , Distocia/veterinaria , Desarrollo Fetal , Edad Gestacional , Reproducción , Ultrasonografía/veterinariaRESUMEN
This article provides a complete understanding of how radiography and ultrasound imaging can be used to determine gestational age when inadequate breeding data are available. Formulas for calculation of gestational age using both fetal and extrafetal structures are presented. Ultrasonographic descriptions of organ development and their use in determining gestational age are discussed. This information may be used to monitor the health and development of the fetuses and may be useful when the need to plan an elective or emergency Cesarean section occurs. Ultrasound imaging to assess fetal stress, viability, placental health and to sex fetuses is also described.
Asunto(s)
Edad Gestacional , Radiografía/veterinaria , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/veterinaria , Animales , Gatos , Cesárea , Perros , Femenino , Embarazo , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodosRESUMEN
When presented with a dog for infertility examination, a complete history, physical examination, and semen evaluation should be completed. Abnormalities of the spermiogram should be documented and differential diagnoses determined. Potential causes of infertility include prostatic, testicular, epididymal, scrotal, vascular, neoplastic, traumatic, infectious, endocrine and autoimmune diseases. Failure to breed and ejaculatory disorders may also play a role. This article reviews the diagnostic work-up, differentials, and treatments for infertility in stud dogs.
