Sequential Sampling Plans for Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Soybean Crops With Insecticide Applications Using Tractor or Airplane.

Sampling plans are an essential part of integrated pest management programs. Sequential sampling plans enable rapid and low-cost assessment of pest densities. Thrips are emerging pests in soybean crops, and the main method used in pest control is chemical. In soybean crops, insecticides are applied mainly using tractors or airplanes. Thus, this work aimed to determine sequential sampling plans for thrips in soybean crops with insecticide applications using a tractor or airplane. Data were collected in 56 soybean fields, and each field was 20 ha. Sampling plans were determined and validated. The lower (m0) and upper (m1) limits of the sequential sampling plans were: m0 = 1.72 and m1 = 3.43 (by tractor applications) and, m0 = 2.27 and m1 = 4.53 thrips. sample-1 (by airplane applications). The slope (S) and the lower (h0) and upper (h1) intercepts of the sequential sampling plans were: S = 2.42, h0 = -5.79, and h1 = 5.79 (by tractor applications) and, S = 3.19, h0 = -6.83, and h1 = 6.83 (by airplane applications). Sequential sampling plans allowed for correct decisions to be made in all situations using a maximum of 10 samples. The sequential plan reduced the sampling effort by over 87% compared to conventional sampling plans. Therefore, these control decision-making systems have proven feasible and advantageous for implementing integrated pest management programs for controlling thrips species in soybean crops.

Saúde mental de profissionais de um serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência (samu) no contexto da pandemia covid-19 / Mental health of professionals of a mobile emergency care service (samu) in the context of the covid-19 pandemic / Mental health of professionals of a mobile emergency care service (samu) in the context of the covid-19 pandemic

Introdução: De modo geral a condição física e mental de um trabalhador está associada à sua atividade profissional e seu contexto laboral. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados a Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC) no contexto da pandemia Covid-19 no ambiente de trabalho de uma equipe de atenção pré-hospitalar. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e quantitativo, do qual participaram 80 trabalhadores de atendimento pré-hospitalar, sem exclusão de categoria profissional, sendo eles participantes do Consórcio Intermunicipal de Saúde de uma região do interior paulista. Resultados: Por meio dos dados obtidos pelo instrumento Self Reporting Questionnaire - SRQ-20, foi possível verificar uma pontuação maior que 7, valor este que comprova sofrimento mental. Assim, foi identificado o nível de sofrimento mental em três categorias profissionais: enfermeiro, técnico de enfermagem e condutor de ambulância, havendo equivalência nas categorias de Enfermeiros e Técnicos de Enfermagem. Evidenciou-se que o fator se sentir nervoso, tenso ou preocupado foi uma característica comum em 94,12%, correspondendo a 32 profissionais. Essa análise aponta que apesar da natureza múltipla dos transtornos emocionais, o instrumento utilizado no estudo identificou fatores os quais, em conjunto, indicam características imprescindíveis para o rastreamento da saúde mental dos profissionais no âmbito de trabalho. Conclusão: Embora este estudo tenha sido realizado apenas com profissionais de atendimento préhospitalar, com uma amostra de conveniência, seus resultados podem direcionar campanhas com objetivos primordiais quanto aos cuidados de saúde dos profissionais expostos aos Transtornos Mentais Comuns nos ambientes de trabalho.

Introduction: In general, the physical and mental condition of a worker is associated with his professional activity and work context. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic in the workplace of a pre-hospital care team. Method: This is a descriptive and quantitative study, in which 80 pre-hospital care workers participated, without exclusion of professional category, being participants of the Intermunicipal Health Consortium of a region of the interior of São Paulo. Results: Through the data obtained by the Self Reporting Questionnaire - SRQ-20, it was possible to verify a score greater than 7, a value that proves mental suffering. Thus, the level of mental suffering was identified in three professional categories: nurse, nursing technician and ambulance driver, with equivalence in the categories of Nurses and Nursing Technicians. It was evidenced that the factor to feel nervous, tense or worried was a common characteristic in 94.12%, corresponding to 32 professionals. This analysis points out that despite the multiple nature of emotional disorders, the instrument used in the study identified factors that, together, indicate essential characteristics for tracking the mental health of professionals in the workplace. Conclusion: Although this study was carried out only with pre-hospital care professionals, with a convenience sample, we its results can direct campaigns with primary objectives regarding the health care of professionals exposed to Common Mental Disorders in work environments.

Introducción: En general, la condición física y psíquica de un trabajador está asociada a su actividad profesional y su contexto laboral. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia y factores asociados a los Trastornos Mentales Comunes (TMC) en el contexto de la pandemia de Covid19 en el ambiente laboral de un equipo de atención prehospitalaria. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo, en el que participaron 80 trabajadores de la atención prehospitalaria, sin exclusión de categoría profesional, participantes del Consorcio Intermunicipal de Salud de una región del interior de São Paulo. Resultados: A través de los datos obtenidos por el instrumento Self Reporting Questionnaire - SRQ-20, fue posible verificar una puntuación superior a 7, valor que prueba sufrimiento psíquico. Así, el nivel de sufrimiento psíquico fue identificado en tres categorías profesionales: enfermero, técnico de enfermería y conductor de ambulancia, con equivalencia en las categorías de Enfermeros y Técnicos de Enfermería. Se evidenció que el factor sentirse nervioso, tenso o preocupado fue una característica común en el 94,12%, correspondiente a 32 profesionales. Este análisis muestra que a pesar de la naturaleza múltiple de los trastornos emocionales, el instrumento utilizado en el estudio identificó factores que, en conjunto, indican características esenciales para el seguimiento de la salud mental de los profesionales en el lugar de trabajo. Conclusión: A pesar de que este estudio fue realizado solo con profesionales de atención prehospitalaria, con una muestra de conveniencia, sus resultados pueden orientar campañas con objetivos primarios sobre el cuidado de la salud de los profesionales expuestos a los Trastornos Mentales Comunes en el ambiente de trabajo.

Investigating the Natural Mortality of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Cotton Crops in Tropical Regions Using Ecological Life Tables.

Studies on the natural factors contributing to pest regulation are fundamental to developing efficient integrated pest management programs. Chemical control is the main management method used for pests [e.g., Aphis gossypii (Glover)]. The studies of pest management with chemical control provide information that can be incorporated into integrated pest management programs to promote more sustainable pest control approaches. Here, we report the critical stages of A. gossypii and its abiotic and biotic natural mortality factors in cotton crops as a function of plant phenology using a life table. The critical stages of A. gossypii were the first and fourth instars. Together, the abiotic and biotic factors caused 94.31% of the mortality in the A. gossypii populations in cotton crops with plants in the vegetative, flowering, and fruiting stages. The key mortality factors were rainfall and predation. Syrphidae Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Chrysopidae Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) larvae, many Coccinellidae species Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Eriopsis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Meneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Scymnus rubicundus (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Stethorus punctillum (Weise) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), one Anthocoridae species Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and individuals from the Araneidae family were responsible for the predation of A. gossypii. The results obtained in this study provide support for the idea that efforts to preserve natural enemies (e.g., predators) and rainfall monitoring should be adapted due to their importance for the regulation of A. gossypii populations in all the phenological stages of cotton in tropical regions.

Sequential sampling plans and economic injury levels for Empoasca kraemeri on common bean crops at different technological levels.

BACKGROUND: Empoasca kraemeri is an important pest on common bean crops at different technological levels. However, for this pest on this crop, economic injury levels have not yet been determined and plan for sequential sampling plans has not yet been developed. Thus, the objectives of this research were to develop E. kraemeri sequential sampling plans and to determine economic injury levels in the common bean at different crop technological levels. RESULTS: Common bean plants tolerate low attack intensities of this pest (up to 1 adult plant-1 ). However, with an increase in attacks, there is a reduction in grain production by the plants. The economic injury levels were 0.48, 0.39 and 0.35 adults sample-1 (leaf beating on a tray) for crops with low (1200 kg ha-1 ), medium (1800 kg ha-1 ) and high (2400 kg ha-1 ) technological levels, respectively. Sequential sampling plans and the standardized plan produced similar decisions. However, in these decisions there was a time saving of more than 60% compared with the standardized plan. CONCLUSION: All three economic injury levels determined and the sequential sampling plans developed in this study are suitable for incorporation into integrated management programs for common bean pests because they can be used by farmers operating at various technological levels to make adequate and rapid decisions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synthesis and insecticidal activity of an oxabicyclolactone and novel pyrethroids.

Deltamethrin, a member of the pyrethroids, one of the safest classes of pesticides, is among some of the most popular and widely used insecticides in the World. Our objective was to synthesize an oxabicyclolactone 6 and five novel pyrethroids 8–12 from readily available furfural and D-mannitol, respectively, and evaluate their biological activity against four insect species of economic importance namely A. obtectus, S. zeamais, A. monuste orseis, and P. americana. A concise and novel synthesis of 6,6-dimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one (6) from furfural is described. Photochemical addition of isopropyl alcohol to furan-2(5H)-one afforded 4-(1'-hydroxy-1'-methylethyl)tetrahydro-furan-2-one (3). The alcohol 3 was directly converted into 4-(1'-bromo-1'-methylethyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-one (5) in 50% yield by reaction with PBr(3) and SiO(2). The final step was performed by cyclization of 5 with potassium tert-butoxide in 40% yield. The novel pyrethroids 8–12 were prepared from methyl (1S,3S)-3-formyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate (7a) by reaction with five different aromatic phosphorous ylides. Compounds 6–12 presented high insecticidal activity, with 6 and 11 being the most active. Compound 6 killed 90% of S. zeamais and 100% of all the other insects evaluated. Compound 11 killed 100% of all insects tested.

Bioassay method for toxicity studies of insecticide formulations to Tuta absoluta (meyrick, 1917) / Metodologia de bioensaio para estudos de toxicidade de formulações comerciais de inseticidas a Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)

Chemical control is the main method for controlling the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Reported techniques for the evaluation of insecticide toxicity to the tomato leafminer are not in agreement with field conditions and do not allow us to verify whether doses used in the field are efficient for control. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop a bioassay methodology to study the toxicity of insecticide formulations to T. absoluta that represent field conditions for fast-acting insecticides (neurotoxics and inhibitors of respiration) and slow-acting insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis and insect growth regulators). The leaf-dip method was the most efficient method for toxicity studies of insecticides formulations to T. absoluta. We verified that bioassays with fast-acting insecticides should be performed with glass Petri dishes containing one tomato foliole from the 4th leaf from the plant apex infested with 10 larvae of 3rd instar and these bioassays can last 48 hours. Conversely, bioassays with slow-acting insecticides should be performed with two-liter transparent PET bottles containing the 4th leaf from the plant apex, with their petioles immersed in a glass bottle containing 120 mL of water, and this leaf should be infested with 10 larvae of 2nd instar and this bioassays can last seven days.

O principal método utilizado no controle da traça-do-tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) é a aplicação de inseticidas. As técnicas atuais de avaliação da toxicidade de inseticidas sobre essa praga não simulam a situação de campo e não possibilitam a verificação se as doses usadas no campo são eficientes no seu controle. Assim, neste trabalho, objetivou-se desenvolver uma metodologia que represente as condições de campo para inseticidas de ação rápida (neurotóxicos e inibidores respiratórios) e de ação lenta (Bacillus thuringiensis e reguladores de crescimento. A metodologia mais eficiente para estudos de toxicidade de formulações comerciais a T. absoluta foi a imersão de folhas em calda inseticida. Para os bioensaios de inseticidas de ação rápida, sugere-se que estes sejam realizados em placas de Petri, contendo folíolos de tomate da 4ª folha a partir do ápice da planta, infestados com 10 larvas de 3º ínstar e eles podem durar 48 horas. Quanto aos bioensaios de toxicidade de inseticidas de ação lenta, sugere-se que sejam realizados em garrafas PET transparentes, de dois litros, contendo a 4ª folha de tomate a partir do ápice da planta infestada com 10 larvas de 2º ínstar e seu pecíolo inserido em vidro de 120 mL contendo água. Nesse caso, o bioensaio pode durar sete dias sem prejuízo na eficiência.