Differential behaviour of combustion and gasification fly ash from Puertollano Power Plants (Spain) for the synthesis of zeolites and silica extraction.

Coal gasification (IGCC) and pulverised coal combustion (PCC) fly ashes (FAs), obtained from two power plants fed with the carboniferous bituminous coal from Puertollano (Spain), were characterised and used as raw materials for zeolite synthesis by direct conversion (DC) and by alkaline fusion (Fu), and SiO2 extraction (Si-Ex) at laboratory scale. The Puertollano FAs are characterised by a high SiO2 content (59%) with respect to EU coal FAs. High zeolite synthesis yields were obtained from both FAs by using conventional alkaline activation. However, the Si extraction yields were very different. The results of the zeolite synthesis from the Si-bearing extracts from both FAs demonstrated that high purity zeolites with high cation exchange capacity (CEC, between 4.3 and 5.3meq/g) can be produced. The solid residue arising from Si-Ex is also a relatively high NaP1 zeolite product (CEC 2.4-2.7 meq/g) equivalent to the DC products. The zeolitic materials synthesised from both FAs by Fu showed an intermediate (between the high purity zeolites and the DC products) zeolite content with CEC values from 3.4 to 3.7 meq/g. Low leachable metal contents were obtained from high purity A and X zeolites and zeolite material synthesised by Fu for PCC FA.

Physico-chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosols in a rural area affected by the Aznalcollar toxic spill, south-west Spain during the soil reclamation activities.

High levels of atmospheric contamination due to the re-suspension of pyrite particles from the mining waste slurry were recorded in the Guadiamar valley (the Guadiamar is a tributary of the Guadalquivir river) after the toxic spill of Aznalcóllar, north of the Doñana Natural Park (SW Spain). Major high-particulate events occurred during the extraction of the pyrite-rich mud layer, which covered an extensive area of the valley downstream of the confluence of the Agrio and Guadiamar rivers. This study deals with the monitoring of the ambient air quality at two stations near the village of Aznalcázar in the central part of the flooded area. Although the Spanish legal limit for atmospheric particles and lead in environmental air were not exceeded, high daily levels of total suspended particles (TSP) and of some elements with an environmental significance (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl and Zn) were recorded at Aznalcázar and in the Guadiamar valley during soil reclamation (July-August 1998). Despite a progressive decrease in TSP levels through September-October 1998, background was higher than the levels for the May-June period. Evolution of levels for most of the elements studied showed a similar trend. The exceptions were copper, which was partially increased by other emission sources such as fumigation activities, and sodium, which remained at relatively constant levels during the study period because of its marine origin. The physico-chemical characterisation of the atmospheric particulates allowed us to determine the major grain size modes of the pyrite related elements and the solubility of the potentially toxic elements, and to identify the major particulate types present in the atmosphere in the area. Secondary and tertiary aromatic amines (i.e. alkyldiphenylamines and phenylcarbazoles, respectively) were identified in the suspended particles and in the vapour phase collected at the same station as the TSP samples. As some of these aromatic amines had been previously identified in the pyrite sludge, it is assumed that fine sludge particles containing aromatic amines were re-suspended in the atmosphere. The highest concentrations of aromatic amines in the particulate phase were recorded in August 1998 during the pyrite slurry extraction in the proximity of the Aznalcázar sampling site. Despite a sharp drop in the suspended particles of the aromatic amine concentrations, a significant concentration was detected in the vapour phase (< 1.2 mm) during autumn, probably because of longer residence time in the atmosphere. Although health hazards associated with the presence of these aromatic amines are unknown, their acute toxicity exceeded that of urban aerosols.

Bulk deposition in a rural area located around a large coal-fired power station, northeast Spain.

This work focuses on bulk deposition in a rural area located around a large coal-fired power station in northeast Spain. Deposition chemistry was characterised by high concentrations of SO(4)(2-), Ca(2+) and NH(4)(+), which were relatively high when compared with other rural areas. Monthly bulk deposition evolution of major ions was the result of two superimposed patterns: one pattern related to the volume of precipitation and the other showed the seasonal influence of the major ionic sources. A major local origin was attributed to bulk deposition of SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+), and Ca(2+), whereas a relatively higher contribution of an external source was deduced for NO(3)(-), Na(+) and Cl(-). The SO(4)(2-) concentrations showed a significant correlation with the local SO(2) emissions. High levels of Ca(2+) were due to the high alkalinity of soils in the study area, although an external origin was attributed to the frequent air mass intrusions from the Sahara. Sources of NH(4)(+) were related to intensive livestock farming in the area. Total suspended particles exert a marked influence over bulk deposition and neutralisation. Thus, despite the high emissions of SO(2) in the area, neutral pH values have always been attained given that the concentrations of Ca(2+) and NH(4)(+) account for the total neutralisation of NO(3)(-) and SO(4)(2-).