Correlation between visual scores and parathyroid function.

This mini review summarizes the controversies regarding routine parathyroid identification reviews publications that assess visual scores to predict parathyroid function after thyroidectomy during the pre-ICG era.

Adipose tissue plasticity in pheochromocytoma patients suggests a role of the splicing machinery in human adipose browning.

Adipose tissue from pheochromocytoma patients acquires brown fat features, making it a valuable model for studying the mechanisms that control thermogenic adipose plasticity in humans. Transcriptomic analyses revealed a massive downregulation of splicing machinery components and splicing regulatory factors in browned adipose tissue from patients, with upregulation of a few genes encoding RNA-binding proteins potentially involved in splicing regulation. These changes were also observed in cell culture models of human brown adipocyte differentiation, confirming a potential involvement of splicing in the cell-autonomous control of adipose browning. The coordinated changes in splicing are associated with a profound modification in the expression levels of splicing-driven transcript isoforms for genes involved in the specialized metabolism of brown adipocytes and those encoding master transcriptional regulators of adipose browning. Splicing control appears to be a relevant component of the coordinated gene expression changes that allow human adipose tissue to acquire a brown phenotype.

Efficacy and safety of preoperative preparation with Lugol's iodine solution in euthyroid patients with Graves' disease (LIGRADIS Trial): Study protocol for a multicenter randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Currently, both the American Thyroid Association and the European Thyroid Association recommend preoperative preparation with Lugol's Solution (LS) for patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves' Disease (GD), but their recommendations are based on low-quality evidence. The LIGRADIS trial aims to provide evidence either to support or refute the systematic use of LS in euthyroid patients undergoing thyroidectomy for GD. METHODS: A multicenter randomized controlled trial will be performed. Patients ≥18 years of age, diagnosed with GD, treated with antithyroid drugs, euthyroid and proposed for total thyroidectomy will be eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria will be prior thyroid or parathyroid surgery, hyperparathyroidism that requires associated parathyroidectomy, thyroid cancer that requires adding a lymph node dissection, iodine allergy, consumption of lithium or amiodarone, medically unfit patients (ASA-IV), breastfeeding women, preoperative vocal cord palsy and planned endoscopic, video-assisted or remote access surgery.Between January 2020 and January 2022, 270 patients will be randomized for either receiving or not preoperative preparation with LS. Researchers will be blinded to treatment assignment. The primary outcome will be the rate of postoperative complications: hypoparathyroidism, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hematoma, surgical site infection or death. Secondary outcomes will be intraoperative events (Thyroidectomy Difficulty Scale score, blood loss, recurrent laryngeal nerve neuromonitoring signal loss), operative time, postoperative length of stay, hospital readmissions, permanent complications and adverse events associated to LS. CONCLUSIONS: There is no conclusive evidence supporting the benefits of preoperative treatment with LS in this setting. This trial aims to provide new insights into future Clinical Practice Guidelines recommendations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03980132.

Recidiva local de adenomas de paratiroides como causa infrecuente de hiperparatiroidismo primario recurrente / Local relapse of parathyroid adenomas: an uncommon cause of recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism

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Muscle strength, physical performance, and metabolic changes after subtotal parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Hyperparathyroidism in patients on chronic hemodialysis presents with bone pain, pruritus, and extra-skeletal calcifications. Little attention has been paid to low plasma protein concentrations and muscle weakness in these patients. The present study was undertaken to characterize the impact of subtotal parathyroidectomy for chronic hemodialysis on body composition, muscle strength, plasma proteins, quality of life, and long-term clinical course. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational before-after assessment study of consecutive chronic hemodialysis patients referred for parathyroidectomy. Patients were investigated at baseline before parathyroidectomy and then at 1 and 6 months after surgery, with the aim to assess changes in metabolic parameters, body composition by bioimpedance, muscle strength, and quality of life (36-items Short Form Health Survey questionnaire). Follow-up was terminated when patients reached 1 of the 3 pre-defined end points: recurrence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, transplantation, or death. RESULTS: A group of 23 patients on hemodialysis were included. Preoperative handgrip strength was diminished by 52.4 ± 17%. After parathyroidectomy, a drop of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentrations (1,153 vs 237 pg/mL; P < .001) was observed together with increases in plasma protein (total: 6.8 vs7.8 g/dL, s-albumin 3.7 vs 4.4 g/dL and prealbumin: 31.7 vs 35.2 mg/dL; P < .001), handgrip strength (18.3 vs 22.9 kg: P = .001) as well as an improvement in physical dimension (32.9 vs 35.6; P = .004) and vitality (32.3 vs 47.1; P = .002) domains of the 36-items Short Form Health Survey questionnaire. After10 years, one-third of the patients had died, one-third of the patients had a recurrence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, and one-third of patients had received a kidney transplant and maintained a normal parathyroid function. CONCLUSION: Subtotal parathyroidectomy improves protein metabolic markers, muscle strength, and physical performance in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Prevalence of basal ganglia and carotid artery calcifications in patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is an uncommon disease resulting most frequently from neck surgery. It has been associated with visceral calcifications but few studies have specifically this in patients with post-surgical hypoparathyroidism. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of basal ganglia and carotid artery calcifications in patients with long-term post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism compared with a control population. DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: A cross-sectional review comparing 29 consecutive patients with permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism followed-up in a tertiary reference unit for Endocrine Surgery with a contemporary control group of 501 patients who had an emergency brain CT scan. Clinical variables and prevalence of basal ganglia and carotid artery calcifications were recorded. RESULTS: From a cohort of 46 patients diagnosed with permanent hypoparathyroidism, 29 were included in the study. The mean duration of disease was 9.2 ± 7 years. Age, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and dyslipidemia were similarly distributed in case and control groups. The prevalence of carotid artery and basal ganglia calcifications was 4 and 20 times more frequent in patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism, respectively. After propensity score matching of the 28 the female patients, 68 controls were matched for age and presence of cardiovascular factors. Cases showed a four-fold prevalence of basal ganglia calcifications, whereas that of carotid calcifications was similar between cases and controls. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of basal ganglia calcifications was observed in patients with post-surgical permanent hypoparathyroidism. It remains unclear whether carotid artery calcification may also be increased.

Volume, outcomes, and quality standards in thyroid surgery: an evidence-based analysis-European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES) positional statement.

INTRODUCTION: Continuous efforts in surgical speciality aim to improve outcome. Therefore, correlation of volume and outcome, developing subspecialization, and identification of reliable parameters to identify and measure quality in surgery gain increasing attention in the surgical community as well as in public health care systems, and by health care providers. The need to investigate these correlations in the area of endocrine surgery was identified by ESES, and thyroid surgery was chosen for this analysis of the prevalent literature with regard to outcome and volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search that is detailed below about correlation between volume and outcome in thyroid surgery was performed and assessed from an evidence-based perspective. Following presentation and live data discussion, a revised final positional statement was presented and consented by the ESES assembly. RESULTS: There is a lack of prospective randomized controlled studies for all items representing quality parameters of thyroid surgery using uniform definitions. Therefore, evidence levels are low and recommendation grades are based mainly on expert and peer evaluation of the prevalent data. CONCLUSION: In thyroid surgery a volume and outcome relationship exists with respect to the prevalence of complications. Besides volume, cumulative experience is expected to improve outcomes. In accordance with global data, a case load of < 25 thyroidectomies per surgeon per year appears to identify a low-volume surgeon, while > 50 thyroidectomies per surgeon per year identify a high-volume surgeon. A center with a case load of > 100 thyroidectomies per year is considered high-volume. Thyroid cancer and autoimmune thyroid disease predict an increased risk of surgical morbidity and should be operated by high-volume surgeons. Oncological results of thyroid cancer surgery are significantly better when performed by high-volume surgeons.

Influence of gender and women's age on the prevalence of parathyroid failure after total thyroidectomy for multinodular goiter.

BACKGROUND: Female gender, particularly of a young age, has been reported as a risk factor for hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. There are no studies, however, addressing specifically the influence of women's age and menstrual status on postoperative parathyroid function. METHODS: Cohort study of consecutive patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for benign goiter between 2000-2017, excluding those with associated hyperparathyroidism, reoperation or conservative procedures. Prevalence of postoperative hypocalcemia (s-Ca <8 mg/dL at 24 hours), protracted (1-month) and permanent hypoparathyroidism (>1 year) were the main variables studied. Complete >1-year follow-up was achieved for all patients developing post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia. Demographic, disease-related, number of parathyroid glands remaining in situ (PGRIS), biochemical and surgical variables were recorded. The impact of menstrual status on parathyroid function was analyzed by comparing two groups of women using a cut-off age of 45 years. RESULTS: A total of 811 patients were included: 14 percent were males and 86 percent females with a mean age of 53.2 years. The prevalence of postoperative hypocalcemia was ten points higher in women than in men (23.7% vs. 36.4%; P=0.008). Permanent hypoparathyroidism was more common in women than in men (5% vs. 0.9%; P=0.048). Compared to females ≥45 years, young women presented higher rates of all three parathyroid failure syndromes despite similar PGRIS scores. Age <45 years and low PGRIS scores were the only independent variables predicting postoperative hypocalcemia in females. CONCLUSIONS: Premenopausal patients presented a higher prevalence of parathyroid failure and permanent hypoparathyroidism with similar PGRIS scores suggesting the presence of a sex-hormone factor influencing post-thyroidectomy parathyroid function.

Late Recovery of Parathyroid Function after Total Thyroidectomy in Children and Adults: Is There a Difference?

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid failure after total thyroidectomy is the commonest adverse event amongst both children and adults. The phenomenon of late recovery of parathyroid function, especially in young patients with persistent hypoparathyroidism, is not well understood. This study investigated differences in rates of parathyroid recovery in children and adults and factors influencing this. METHODS: A joint dual-centre database of patients who underwent a total thyroidectomy between 1998 and 2018 was searched for patients with persistent hypoparathyroidism, defined as dependence on oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation at 6 months. Demographic, surgical, pathological, and biochemical data were collected and analysed. Parathyroid Glands Remaining in Situ (PGRIS) score was calculated. RESULTS: Out of 960 patients who had total thyroidectomy, 94 (9.8%) had persistent hypoparathyroidism at 6 months, 23 (24.5%) children with a median [range] age 10 [0-17], and 71 (75.5%) adults aged 55 [25-82] years, respectively. Both groups were comparable regarding sex, indication, extent of surgery, and PGRIS score. After a median follow-up of 20 months, the parathyroid recovery rate was identical for children and adults (11 [47.8%] vs. 34 [47.9%]; p = 0.92). Sex, extent, and indication for surgery had no effect on recovery (all p > 0.05). PGRIS score = 4 (HR = 0.48) and serum calcium >2.25 mmol/L (HR = 0.24) at 1 month were associated with a decreased risk of persistent hypoparathyroidism on multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Almost half of patients recovered from persistent hypoparathyroidism after 6 months; therefore, the term persistent instead of permanent hypoparathyroidism should be used. Recovery rates of parathyroid function in children and adults were similar. Regardless of age, predictive factors for recovery were PGRIS score = 4 and a serum calcium >2.25 mmol/L at 1 month.

Parathyroid autotransplantation in thyroid surgery.

BACKGROUND: Careful parathyroid gland dissection and in situ preservation was the time-honored approach to prevent parathyroid failure after total thyroidectomy. The relative success of parathyroid autotransplantation of hyperplastic parathyroid tissue in patients with renal or hereditary hyperparathyroidism did popularize the use of normal parathyroid tissue autografts during thyroidectomy to prevent permanent hypoparathyroidism. Proof of autograft function in this setting, however, is controversial. PURPOSE: This narrative review aims at reviewing critically the current status of parathyroid autotransplantation during total thyroidectomy. It is also meant to analyze from the historical, methodological, and clinical points of view the claimed benefit of normal parathyroid gland autotransplantation. A focus is placed on the prevention of permanent hypoparathyroidism by parathyroid autotransplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Liberal parathyroid autotransplantation was proposed in the mid 1970s but evidence of function is scarce. Proofs are accumulating that parathyroid autografts not only increase the rate of postoperative hypocalcemia, but may be also contribute to permanent hypoparathyroidism.

Time to parathyroid function recovery in patients with protracted hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Hypocalcaemia is the most common adverse effect after total thyroidectomy. It recovers in about two-thirds of the patients within the first postoperative month. Little is known, however, about recovery of the parathyroid function (RPF) after this time period. The aim of the present study was to investigate the time to RPF in patients with protracted (>1 month) hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy. DESIGN: Cohort prospective observational study. METHODS: Adult patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for goitre or thyroid cancer. Cases with protracted hypoparathyroidism were studied for RPF during the following months. Time to RPF and variables associated with RPF or permanent hypoparathyroidism were recorded. RESULTS: Out of 854 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, 142 developed protracted hypoparathyroidism. Of these, 36 (4.2% of the entire cohort) developed permanent hypoparathyroidism and 106 recovered: 73 before 6 months, 21 within 6-12 months and 12 after 1 year follow-up. Variables significantly associated with RPF were the number of parathyroid glands remaining in situ (not autografted nor inadvertently resected) and a serum calcium concentration >2.25 mmol/L at one postoperative month. Late RPF (>6 months) was associated with surgery for thyroid cancer. RPF was still possible after one year in patients with four parathyroid glands preserved in situ and serum calcium concentration at one month >2.25 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Permanent hypoparathyroidism should not be diagnosed in patients requiring replacement therapy for more than six months, especially if the four parathyroid glands were preserved.

Failure of fragmented parathyroid gland autotransplantation to prevent permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy.

PURPOSE: Parathyroid autotransplantation during total thyroidectomy leads to higher rates of postoperative hypocalcaemia. It has been argued, however, that it prevents permanent hypoparathyroidism. The impact of autografted normal parathyroid gland fragments on long-term parathyroid status has not been assessed properly. To clarify this, the short- and long-term parathyroid function was assessed in patients with three glands remaining in situ after total thyroidectomy, in whom the fourth gland was either autotransplanted (Tx) or accidentally resected (AR). METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 669) undergoing first-time total thyroidectomy were prospectively studied recording the number of parathyroid glands remaining in situ: PGRIS =4-(glands autografted + glands in the specimen). The study was focused on the subgroup of 186 patients with three parathyroid glands remaining in situ as a result of either accidental resection (AR, n = 76) or autotransplantation into the sternocleidomastoid muscle (Tx, n = 110). Prevalence of postoperative hypocalcaemia, protracted, and permanent hypoparathyroidism were compared between the two groups. Demographic, disease-related, laboratory, and surgical variables were recorded. All patients were followed for at least 1 year. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable in terms of disease and extent of surgery. Mean postoperative serum calcium was the same (AR: 1.97 ± 0.2 vs Tx: 1.97 ± 0.22 mmol/L). Rates of protracted (AR: 24% vs Tx: 25.5%) and permanent hypoparathyroidism (AR: 5.3% vs Tx: 7.3%) were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of parathyroid failure syndromes after total thyroidectomy was similar whether a parathyroid gland was inadvertently excised or autotransplanted. Autotransplantation did not influence the permanent hypoparathyroidism rate.

Clinical profile and long-term follow-up of 32 patients with postoperative permanent hypoparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid failure is the most common complication after total thyroidectomy but permanent impairment of the parathyroid function is unusual. Limited data is available assessing long-term follow-up, quality of life and complications occurring in patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism (PH). We aimed to assess the incidence of complications derived from PH status, their influence on the quality of life perceived by PH patients and its relation to standard medical treatment with calcium salts and active vitamin D analogues. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study of consecutive patients undergoing total thyroidectomy who developed PH and were followed at least twice a year at a referral endocrine surgery unit. PH was defined as intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels <13 pg/mL and the need for replacement therapy with calcium and/or vitamin D for at least 1 year after surgery. Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire. Data regarding doses and type of vitamin D analogues and calcium supplementation, serum calcium fluctuations, bone densitometry and renal ultrasound were recorded. RESULTS: The cohort included 32 patients (3 male/29 female) with a mean age of 51.2±15.2 years. The mean follow-up was 78±68 months and the total follow-up length was 70,080 PH patient/days. Five (15.6%) patients showed a decreased renal function. At least one clinical adverse event was observed in 18 (56.3%) patients. There was a slight decrease of the punctuation in the SF-36 questionnaire for the perceived quality of life that was only significant for the emotional role. CONCLUSIONS: PH and its treatment carry a mild to moderate burden of illness if followed closely. During a mean follow-up of nearly 6 years, only half of the patients suffered a relevant clinical event with little impact on their quality of life.

A nomogram to predict the likelihood of permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy based on delayed serum calcium and iPTH measurements.

BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies have shown that delayed high-normal serum calcium and detectable iPTH are independent variables positively influencing outcome of prolonged parathyroid failure after total thyroidectomy (TT). The aim of the present study was to examine prospectively the ability of these two variables to predict permanent hypoparathyroidism in patients under replacement therapy for postoperative hypocalcemia. METHODS: Prospective observational multicenter study of patients undergoing TT followed by postoperative parathyroid failure (serum calcium <8 mg/dL within 24 h and PTH <15 pg/mL 4 h after surgery). Serum calcium, vitamin D and iPTH were determined before thyroidectomy, 24 h after surgery, at 1 month and then periodically until recovery of the parathyroid function or permanent hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed after at least 1 year follow-up. RESULTS: Some 145 patients with postoperative hypocalcemia were investigated [s-Ca24h 7.5 (0.5) mg/dL]. Hypocalcemia recovered within 30 days in 91 (63%) patients and 54 (37%) developed protracted hypoparathyroidism {iPTH 5.8 [4] pg/mL at 1 month}, of whom 32 recovered within 1 year and 22 developed permanent hypoparathyroidism. Protracted hypoparathyroidism was related to few parathyroid glands remaining in situ (PGRIS). Serum calcium concentration (mg/dL) at 1 postoperative month correlated positively with the rate of recovery (percent) from protracted hypoparathyroidism: <8.5 (20%); 8.5-9 (29%); 9.1-9.5 (70%); 9.6-10 (89%); >10 (83%) (P=0.013). Serum iPTH at 1 month was also higher (7.3 vs. 3.7 pg/mL; P=0.002) in recovered protracted hypoparathyroidism. The combination of both variables predicts the likelihood of recovery of the parathyroid function with >90% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: High-normal serum calcium and low but detectable iPTH concentrations at 1 month after TT were associated with better outcome of protracted hypoparathyroidism. A nomogram combining both variables may guide medical treatment and monitoring of post-thyroidectomy prolonged hypoparathyroidism.

Inadvertent parathyroidectomy during total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The main drawback of central neck lymph node dissection is postoperative parathyroid failure. Little information is available concerning inadvertent resection of the parathyroid glands in this setting and its relationship to postoperative hypoparathyroidism. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of inadvertent parathyroidectomy during total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer and its impact on short-and long-term parathyroid function. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of consecutive patients undergoing first-time total thyroidectomy with a central neck dissection for papillary carcinoma >10 mm. Prevalence and risk factors for inadvertent parathyroidectomy were recorded. Serum calcium and intact parathyroid hormone concentrations were determined 24 hours after operation and then periodically in patients developing postoperative hypocalcemia. All patients were followed for a minimum of one year. RESULTS: Whole gland (n = 33) or microscopic parathyroid fragments (n = 14) were identified in 47/170 (28%) operative specimens. The lower parathyroid glands were involved more often. Variables influencing inadvertent parathyroidectomy were extrathyroidal extension of the tumor and therapeutic lymphadenectomy. Neither lateral neck dissection nor the number of lymph nodes retrieved affected the rate of inadvertent parathyroid resection. Postoperative hypocalcemia and permanent hypoparathyroidism were more frequent after inadvertent parathyroidectomy (64% vs 46% and 15% vs 4%; P ≤ .03 each). CONCLUSION: Inadvertent parathyroidectomy during total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma is common and involves the inferior glands more frequently in patients with extended resections and clinical N1a disease. Inadvertent resection of parathyroid glands is associated with greater rates of postoperative hypocalcemia and permanent hypoparathyroidism.

Esophageal recurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) metastasizes to the regional lymph nodes and to the lungs, liver and bones. Only one case of recurrence of MTC involving the upper gastrointestinal tract has been reported so far. We describe the case of a 38-year-old woman with MTC, who developed an upper esophageal submucosal recurrence after two previous local recurrences treated surgically and one ethanol injection. After resection of the right lateral esophageal wall, calcitonin dropped by 60% and showed a doubling time >1 year. We cannot rule out the role of deep ethanol injection in the involvement of the cervical esophagus wall.

Undescended parathyroid adenomas as cause of persistent hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Undescended glands are a rare cause of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), but they are more common, however, among patients with recurrent HPT or those who have undergone a failed initial cervical exploration. The currently development of more precise noninvasive imaging techniques has improved the results of preoperative diagnosis of these ectopic lesions. METHODS: The operative reports of patients undergoing parathyroidectomy at our institution were reviewed to identify patients with an undescended parathyroid gland adenomas. Demographic, clinical, imaging and surgical variables were recorded. RESULTS: Three patients were included: 2/598 parathyroidectomies performed for primary HPT and 1/93 performed for secondary HPT. One case is presented as jaw tumor syndrome (JTS). All the patients had undergone at least one operation before the definitive focused surgery and represented 6% of our parathyroid reoperations. No significant complications and no recurrences were observed in the long-term follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate preoperative localization of these lesions was possible with noninvasive studies. High cure rate is possible through selective approach when accurate preoperative localization. Thorough knowledge of parathyroid embryology and meticulous surgical technique are essential, particularly in patients with previous unsuccessful explorations.

Defining the syndromes of parathyroid failure after total thyroidectomy.

Acute and chronic parathyroid insufficiency syndromes are the most common complication after total thyroidectomy. Permanent hypoparathyroidism imposes an important medical burden on patient lifestyle due to the need for lifetime medication, regular visits and significant long-term costs. Its true prevalence has been underestimated due to lack of clear definitions, inadequate follow-up and conflicts of interest when reporting individual patient series. The aim of this review is to propose precise definitions for the different syndromes associated to parathyroid failure based on the follow-up and management of patients developing hypocalcemia (<8 mg/dL at 24 hours) after first-time total thyroidectomy for cancer or goiter at our unit. Short and long-term post-thyroidectomy parathyroid failure presents as three different metabolic syndromes: (I) postoperative hypocalcemia is defined as a s-Ca <8 mg/dL (<2 mmol/L) within 24 hours after surgery requiring calcium/vit D replacement therapy at the time of hospital discharge; (II) protracted hypoparathyroidism as a subnormal iPTH concentration (<13 pg/mL) and/or need for calcium/vit D replacement at 4-6 weeks; and (III) permanent hypoparathyroidism as a subnormal iPTH concentration (<13 pg/mL) and/or need for calcium/vit D replacement 1 year after total thyroidectomy. Each of these syndromes has its own pattern of recovery and should be approached with different therapeutic strategies.