Evaluating Adverse Reactions of Central Venous Catheter Placement in Patients with AIDS: A Meta-Analysis Approach.

Objective: This study aims to identify contributing factors to adverse reactions related to central venous catheter (CVC) usage in patients with HIV/AIDS, to enhance patient care and treatment outcomes. Methods: To obtain the most relevant and recent findings, we conducted a systematic search across reputable databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, focusing on randomized controlled trials from 2010 to 2023. Two researchers independently led the literature search and screening process, using a thorough pre-structured form for data extraction and performing a risk of bias assessment on selected studies. Statistical synthesis of the data was conducted using the advanced Review Manager 5.3 software. We compared the prevalence of opportunistic infections, the rate of venous inflammation, and the incidence of venous thrombosis in patients with HIV/AIDS undergoing central venous catheter placement. Results: The comprehensive exploration led to the inclusion of seven randomized controlled trials, involving 251 instances of central venous catheter placements in patients with HIV/AIDS. The meta-analysis findings revealed a lower prevalence of opportunistic infections in patients with CVCs placed, as indicated by the relative risk [95% Confidence Interval (CI) (2.53), P < .01]. Similarly, the rate of venous inflammation was significantly reduced [95% CI (2.53), P < .01]. However, the rates of venous thrombosis showed no statistically significant variance [95% CI (2.01), P > .1]. Conclusions: The use of central venous catheters in treating HIV/AIDS patients appears to reduce the occurrence of opportunistic infections and venous inflammation, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. However, the presence of biases within the included studies and notable heterogeneity among them impede the reliability of these conclusions. Therefore, it is imperative to pursue validation through additional high-quality clinical trials.

Multi-route transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare facilities.

Understanding the transmission mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 is a prerequisite to effective control measures. To investigate the potential modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, 21 COVID-19 patients from 12-47 days after symptom onset were recruited. We monitored the release of SARS-CoV-2 from the patients' exhaled breath and systematically investigated environmental contamination of air, public surfaces, personal necessities, and the drainage system. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 0 of 9 exhaled breath samples, 2 of 8 exhaled breath condensate samples, 1 of 12 bedside air samples, 4 of 132 samples from private surfaces, 0 of 70 samples from frequently touched public surfaces in isolation rooms, and 7 of 23 feces-related air/surface/water samples. The maximum viral RNA concentrations were 1857 copies/m3 in the air, 38 copies/cm2 in sampled surfaces and 3092 copies/mL in sewage/wastewater samples. Our results suggest that nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can occur via multiple routes. However, the low detection frequency and limited quantity of viral RNA from the breath and environmental specimens may be related to the reduced viral load of the COVID-19 patients on later days after symptom onset. These findings suggest that the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 differ from those of SARS-CoV in healthcare settings.

Field investigations of dissipations and residues of cyazofamid in soil and tomato: risk assessment of human exposure to cyazofamid via tomato intake.

Cyazofamid, as a fungicide of the novel cyanoimidazole chemical class, has been widely used to control tomato late blight. Understanding of cyazofamid residues in environment and crops is an essential prerequisite for its risk assessment. In this study, field investigations in four typical tomato-producing areas were conducted to explore the dissipation kinetics and residues of cyazofamid and its primary metabolite 4-chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carbonitrile (CCIM) in soil and tomato. A robust method using QuEChERS coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous analysis of cyazofamid and CCIM, with limits of quantification of 0.33 and 3.8 µg/kg, respectively. Field trials showed that the half-lives of cyazofamid were 3.6-6.9 days in soil and 12.2-18.3 days in tomato. The total residues of cyazofamid and CCIM in tomato collected at three time intervals were all below 0.5 mg/kg. Moreover, the potential risks of total residues via tomato intake to ten population subgroups were evaluated. We found that the risk quotient values were all generally low (0.13-1.3%), indicating that the recommended dose of cyazofamid on tomato will not result in a consumer exposure exceeding the toxicological reference value. Here, the results of field investigation provided important information for further understanding the behavior and risk of cyazofamid in the natural environment.