Successful Antiviral Treatment for Chronic Adenoiditis Caused by Herpes Virus in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND The adenoids are lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx and play a role in upper-airway immunity. Inflammation of the adenoids is called adenoiditis, which can cause a variety of symptoms. This is a common condition and is due to acute viral or bacterial infection. Most patients experience mild symptoms of upper-respiratory tract infection with a self-limiting course. CASE REPORT A 5-year-old female patient was brought into the clinic by her parents with concerns regarding hearing and sleep. Clinical assessment was consistent with persistent otitis media with effusion and sleep-disordered breathing. She was scheduled for surgery, including nasendoscopy, adenoidectomy, and bilateral grommet insertion. During surgery, direct visualization of the postnasal space showed complete obstruction by hypertrophic, inflamed adenoids covered in a thick, white film. A biopsy was taken, which detected herpes virus cytopathic effect. A diagnostic workup excluded a neoplastic process and other bacterial or fungal infections. A trial of oral antiviral medication was successful and follow-up nasendoscopy showed resolution of adenoid hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Direct visualization of the postnasal space, with a transoral mirror or 120-degree endoscope, prior to adenoidectomy can aid diagnosis. Adenoiditis may be caused by a wide range of organisms, including herpes virus. Active mucopurulent discharge should raise concern for infection by bacteria, fungi, or virus. Previous research on viral infection of the adenoids have been in asymptomatic patients with presumed latent infection and undergoing elective adenoidectomy. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to report on successful treatment with antiviral medication alone.

Implementing 'universal' access to antiretroviral treatment in South Africa: a scoping review on research priorities.

'Universal' access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) has become the global standard for treating people living with HIV and achieving epidemic control; yet, findings from numerous 'test and treat' trials and implementation studies in sub-Saharan Africa suggest that bringing 'universal' access to ART to scale is more complex than anticipated. Using South Africa as a case example, we describe the research priorities and foci in the literature on expanded ART access. To do so, we adapted Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage scoping review framework to describe the peer-reviewed literature and opinion pieces on expanding access to ART in South Africa between 2000 and 2017. Data collection included systematic searches of two databases and hand-searching of a sub-sample of reference lists. We used an adapted socio-ecological thematic framework to categorize data according to where it located the challenges and opportunities of expanded ART eligibility: individual/client, health worker-client relationship, clinic/community context, health systems infrastructure and/or policy context. We included 194 research articles and 23 opinion pieces, of 1512 identified, addressing expanded ART access in South Africa. The peer-reviewed literature focused on the individual and health systems infrastructure; opinion pieces focused on changing roles of individuals, communities and health services implementers. We contextualized our findings through a consultative process with a group of researchers, HIV clinicians and programme managers to consider critical knowledge gaps. Unlike the published literature, the consultative process offered particular insights into the importance of researching and intervening in the relational aspects of HIV service delivery as South Africa's HIV programme expands. An overwhelming focus on individual and health systems infrastructure factors in the published literature on expanded ART access in South Africa may skew understanding of HIV programme shortfalls away from the relational aspects of HIV services delivery and delay progress with finding ways to leverage non-medical modalities for achieving HIV epidemic control.

Motivating people living with HIV to initiate antiretroviral treatment outside national guidelines in three clinics in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial, South Africa.

Background: The HPTN 071 (PopART) trial implemented universal test and treat (UTT) in three clinics in the Western Cape, South Africa at a time when antiretroviral treatment (ART) was only offered by CD4 threshold and World Health Organization clinical staging. This required a concomitant shift in the way health workers communicated ART initiation messages. We provide insight into front-line ART initiation communication pre-national policy shift.Method: The design of this study was exploratory with a case descriptive analysis of ART initiation in three clinics. To characterise their demographic profiles, we reviewed 134 randomly selected patient clinical folders of people who initiated ART at CD4 counts greater than the recommended standard. Further, we conducted 12 key informant interviews with health workers at these facilities and thematically analysed health workers' responses.Results: The median age of patients initiating ART regardless of CD4 count (above the threshold level) was 33 years and most were women (73.9%), married (76.1%), and unemployed (48.5%). The median CD4 count of patients initiating outside guidelines was 566.5 cells/µl. Contrary to expectations, key informants indicated no radical shift in messaging to explain ART initiation regardless of CD4 count. Rather, they encouraged people living with HIV (PLHIV) to initiate ART while they still "feel well". The reduced risk of onward HIV transmission did not factor significantly in how health workers motivated clients.Conclusion: Motivating PLHIV to initiate ART regardless of CD4 count in high burden settings is possible. However, there are still opportunities to improve messaging about immediate ART initiation or at high CD4 counts for the prevention of onward transmission.

Attrition when providing antiretroviral treatment at CD4 counts >500cells/µL at three government clinics included in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in South Africa.

INTRODUCTION: WHO recommends antiretroviral treatment (ART) for all HIV-positive individuals. This study evaluated the association between baseline CD4 count and attrition in a cohort of HIV positive adults initiating ART at three department of health (DOH) clinics routinely providing ART at baseline CD4 counts >500cells/µL for the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial. METHODS: All clients attending the DOH clinics were managed according to standard care guidelines with the exception that those starting ART outside of pertinent local guidelines signed research informed consent. DOH data on all HIV-positive adult clients recorded as having initiated ART between January 2014 and November 2015 at the three study clinics was analysed. Attrition, included clients lost to follow up or died, and was defined as 'being three or more months late for an antiretroviral pharmacy pick-up appointment'. All clients were followed until attrition, transfer out or end May 2016. RESULTS: A total of 2423 clients with a median baseline CD4 count of 328 cells/µL (IQR 195-468) were included of whom 631 (26.0%) experienced attrition and 140 (5.8%) were TFO. Attrition was highest during the first six months of ART (IR 38.3/100 PY; 95% CI 34.8-42.1). Higher attrition was found amongst those with baseline CD4 counts > 500 cells/µL compared to those with baseline CD4 counts of 0-500 cells/µL (aHR 1.26, 95%CI 1.05 to 1.52) This finding was confirmed on subset analyses when restricted to individuals non-pregnant at baseline and when restricted to individuals with follow up of > 12months. CONCLUSIONS: Attrition in this study was high, particularly during the first six months of treatment. Attrition was highest amongst clients starting ART at baseline CD4 counts > 500 cells/µL. Strategies to improve retention amongst ART clients, particularly those starting ART at baseline CD4 counts >500cells/µL, need strengthening. Improved monitoring of clients moving in and out of ART care and between clinics will assist in better understanding attrition and ART coverage in high burden countries.

Incidence of Tuberculosis Among HIV-Positive Individuals Initiating Antiretroviral Treatment at Higher CD4 Counts in the HPTN 071 (PopART) Trial in South Africa.

INTRODUCTION: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) guidelines recommend life-long ART for all HIV-positive individuals. This study evaluated tuberculosis (TB) incidence on ART in a cohort of HIV-positive individuals starting ART regardless of CD4 count in a programmatic setting at 3 clinics included in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in South Africa. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of HIV-positive individuals aged ≥18 years starting ART, between January 2014 and November 2015, was conducted. Follow-up was continued until 30 May 2016 or censored on the date of (1) incident TB, (2) loss to follow-up from HIV care or death, or (3) elective transfer out; whichever occurred first. RESULTS: The study included 2423 individuals. Median baseline CD4 count was 328 cells/µL (interquartile range 195-468); TB incidence rate was 4.41/100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.62 to 5.39). The adjusted hazard ratio of incident TB was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.12 to 0.62) when comparing individuals with baseline CD4 >500 and ≤500 cells/µL. Among individuals with baseline CD4 count >500 cells/µL, there were no incident TB cases in the first 3 months of follow-up. Adjusted hazard of incident TB was also higher among men (adjusted hazard ratio 2.16; 95% CI: 1.41 to 3.30). CONCLUSIONS: TB incidence after ART initiation was significantly lower among individuals starting ART at CD4 counts above 500 cells/µL. Scale-up of ART, regardless of CD4 count, has the potential to significantly reduce TB incidence among HIV-positive individuals. However, this needs to be combined with strengthening of other TB prevention strategies that target both HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals.

Management of Kaposi's sarcoma in resource-limited settings in the era of HAART.

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed the natural history of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Although the use of HAART remains limited in low-resource settings, there are global initiatives to make these drugs available to several millions of HIV-infected persons. While there are multiple reports of KS regression during HAART with or without chemotherapy, there is little documentation on KS management in resource-limited settings. In this paper we review current KS treatments available worldwide and discuss the implications of the increased access to antiretrovirals for KS treatment strategies in resource-limited settings.

Outcomes after two years of providing antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: A community-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme was established in 2001 in a South African township to explore the operational issues involved in providing ART in the public sector in resource-limited settings and demonstrate the feasibility of such a service. METHODS: Data was analysed on a cohort of patients with symptomatic HIV disease and a CD4 lymphocyte count < 200 x 10 cells/l. The programme used standardized protocols (using generic medicines whenever possible), a team-approach to clinical care and a patient-centred approach to promote adherence. RESULTS: Two-hundred and eighty-seven adults naive to prior ART were followed for a median duration of 13.9 months. The median CD4 lymphocyte count was 43 x 10 cells/l at initiation of treatment, and the mean log10 HIV RNA was 5.18 copies/ml. The HIV RNA level was undetectable (< 400 copies/ml) in 88.1, 89.2, 84.2, 75.0 and 69.7% of patients at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months respectively. The cumulative probability of remaining alive was 86.3% at 24 months on treatment for all patients, 91.4% for those with a baseline CD4 lymphocyte count > or =50 x 10 cells/l, and 81.8% for those with a baseline CD4 lymphocyte count < 50 x 10 cells/l. The cumulative probability of changing a single antiretroviral drug by 24 months was 15.1% due to adverse events or contraindications, and 8.4% due to adverse events alone. CONCLUSIONS: ART can be provided in resource-limited settings with good patient retention and clinical outcomes. With responsible implementation, ART is a key component of a comprehensive response to the epidemic in those communities most affected by HIV.