Early Recurrence Detection of Glioma Using 18 F-Fluorocholine PET/CT : GliReDe Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the usefulness of 18 F-fluorocholine PET/CT in the early diagnosis of tumor recurrence, increasing the diagnosis confidence of MRI. METHODS: Patients with a previous gross total resection of glioma and the first suspicious or doubtful for recurrence MRI were prospectively included and subjected to 18 F-fluorocholine PET/CT. An independent and combined assessment of 18 F-fluorocholine PET/CT and multimodal MRI was performed classifying the studies as positive or negative for tumor recurrence. Final diagnosis (recurrence or not) was obtained by histological confirmation or clinical and imaging follow-up. The relation of SUV max and tumor-to-background ratio with progression, the diagnostic performance of imaging techniques, and their concordance (κ Cohen) were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies on 21 patients were assessed. Recurrence was diagnosed in 20 cases. PET/CT was positive in 23 cases (3 false positive), whereas MRI was positive in 15 cases (1 false positive). MRI was false negative in 6 cases. There was no false negative on 18 F-fluorocholine PET/CT. Accuracy of PET/CT versus MRI was 87.5% and 70.8%, respectively. The combined evaluation of both techniques did not show any advantage with respect to PET/CT results alone. The concordance between both imaging techniques was low (κ = 0.135; P = 0.375). SUV max and tumor-to-background ratio were related to recurrence (areas under the curve of 0.844 [ P = 0.033] and 0.869 [ P = 0.022], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: 18 F-fluorocholine PET/CT was helpful for increasing the diagnostic confidence in the cases of MRI doubtful for recurrence in order to avoid a delayed diagnosis.

Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: neuroimaging, histological and clinical description.

Since the appearance of the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic has emerged affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Although the main clinical manifestations are respiratory, an increase in neurological conditions, specifically acute cerebrovascular disease, has been detected. We present cerebrovascular disease case incidence in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients were confirmed by microbiological/serological testing, or on chest CT semiology. Available data on co-morbidity, laboratory parameters, treatment administered, neuroimaging, neuropathological studies and clinical evolution during hospitalization, measured by the modified Rankin scale, were analysed. A bivariate study was also designed to identify differences between ischaemic and haemorrhagic subtypes. A statistical model of binary logistic regression and sensitivity analysis was designed to study the influence of independent variables over prognosis. In our centre, there were 1683 admissions of patients with COVID-19 over 50 days, of which 23 (1.4%) developed cerebrovascular disease. Within this group of patients, cerebral and chest CT scans were performed in all cases, and MRI in six (26.1%). Histological samples were obtained in 6/23 cases (two brain biopsies, and four arterial thrombi). Seventeen patients were classified as cerebral ischaemia (73.9%, with two arterial dissections), five as intracerebral haemorrhage (21.7%), and one leukoencephalopathy of posterior reversible encephalopathy type. Haemorrhagic patients had higher ferritin levels at the time of stroke (1554.3 versus 519.2, P = 0.004). Ischaemic strokes were unexpectedly frequent in the vertebrobasilar territory (6/17, 35.3%). In the haemorrhagic group, a characteristic radiological pattern was identified showing subarachnoid haemorrhage, parieto-occipital leukoencephalopathy, microbleeds and single or multiple focal haematomas. Brain biopsies performed showed signs of thrombotic microangiopathy and endothelial injury, with no evidence of vasculitis or necrotizing encephalitis. The functional prognosis during the hospital period was unfavourable in 73.9% (17/23 modified Rankin scale 4-6), and age was the main predictive variable (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval 1.012-2.225; P = 0.043). Our series shows cerebrovascular disease incidence of 1.4% in patients with COVID-19 with high morbidity and mortality. We describe pathological and radiological data consistent with thrombotic microangiopathy caused by endotheliopathy with a haemorrhagic predisposition.

FuMeGA Criteria for Visual Assessment of Postoperative 18F-Fluorocholine PET in Patients With Glioma.

Postoperative assessment is crucial in the imaging follow-up and prognosis in patients with glioma. Whereas grade of resection is defined attending to the gadolinium enhancement in early postoperative MRI, no metabolical criteria exist for postoperative PET interpretation. Based on our prospective and multicenter FuMeGA (Functional and Metabolic Glioma Analysis) ongoing study, we propose criteria for the visual interpretation of F-fluorocholine PET scans in patients undergoing brain tumor resection. The different imaging characteristics between MRI and PET may explain the discordances regarding to the postresection status with both techniques.

Un paciente con hipertensión intracraneal como signo clínico de hemicerebelitis aguda / A patient with intracranial hypertension as clinical sign of acute hemicerebellitis

La cefalea es una patología frecuente en las consultas pediátricas de Atención Primaria, correspondiendo la mayoría de ellas a cefaleas primarias que no requieren exámenes complementarios. Cuando la cefalea es sugestiva de patología intracraneal hay que realizar pruebas de imagen, siendo los tumores una causa frecuente de cefalea secundaria. No obstante, otras patologías benignas pueden dar clínica de hipertensión intracraneal (HTIC) como es el caso de la hemicerebelitis. Presentamos un caso de una niña de 10 años de edad, con cefalea y evolución a HTIC de inicio agudo. La resonancia magnética reveló una inflamación unilateral del cerebelo, diagnosticándose de hemicerebelitis. Nuestra paciente mantuvo síntomas hasta la realización de la punción lumbar que la dejó asintomática. El pronóstico de esta patología es excelente y la remisión clínica completa. En la mayoría de los casos, queda una atrofia cerebelosa del hemisferio afecto residual, generalmente sin repercusión clínica. La evolución clínica y hallazgos de la resonancia magnética ayudan a descartar malignidad y adoptar un enfoque conservador tanto diagnóstico como terapéutico (AU)

Headache is a frequent pathology in pediatric Primary Care, most of which correspond to primary headaches that do not require additional examination. When headache is suggestive of intracranial pathology, imaging tests are needed, since tumors are a frequent cause of secondary headache. However, intracranial hypertension (IH) may be a symptom of other benign pathologies, such as hemicerebellitis. We present the case of a 10-year-old girl, with headache that progresses into IH of acute onset. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed unilateral inflammation of the cerebellum, diagnosed as hemicerebellitis. Symptoms continued until a lumbar puncture was performed, after which the patient became asymptomatic. This pathology has an excellent prognosis, and clinical remission is complete. In most cases, a residual cerebellar atrophy of the affected hemisphere remains, generally without clinical impact. The clinical course and the findings of magnetic resonance imaging help to discard malignancy and to take a diagnostic and therapeutic conservative approach (AU)

Analysing the integration of MR images acquired in a non-radiotherapy treatment position into the radiotherapy workflow using deformable and rigid registration.

AIM: Our aim was to analyse the feasibility of integrating an MRI acquired in a non-radiotherapy set-up into the prostate cancer radiotherapy workflow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MRIs of 15 prostate cancer patients, acquired with a flat table-top (MRI-flat), and with a curved tabletop (MRI-curve) were analysed. MRIs were rigidly (RIR) and non-rigidly registered (DIR) with CT images. The prostate and rectum were contoured in each image set and translated to the CT, and IMRT plans were computed taking into account structural changes after RIR and DIR (P-flatRIR, P-curveRIR and P-curveDIR). In addition the P-curveDIR was overlaid with RIR structures. Spatial overlap parameters and dose-volume histogram metrics were generated. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed among P-flatRIR and P-curveRIR or P-flatRIR and P-curveDIR. Median gamma-values: P-curveRIR, 95.3%; P-curveDIR, 96%, translated-P-curveDIR, 95%. DVH metrics for translated-P-curveDIR were: Dmin, 64.5Gy; Dmean, 70.06Gy; V95%, 100%. No statistically significant differences were found in the dosimetric MRI-flatDIR values. CONCLUSIONS: The dosimetric reproduction of treatment position image following image registration of non-radiotherapy set-up images suggests that it is feasible to integrate these images into the radiotherapy workflow.

[Giant racemose subarachnoid and intraventricular neurocysticercosis: A case report]. / Neurocisticercosis racemosa subaracnoidea gigante y ventricular: a propósito de un caso.

Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent parasitic disease of the central nervous system. It is caused by the larvae of Taenia solium, which can affect different anatomical sites. In Spain there is an increasing prevalence mainly due to immigration from endemic areas. The extraparenchymal forms are less common, but more serious because they usually develop complications. Neuroimaging plays a major role in the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease, supported by serology and a compatible clinical and epidemiological context. First-line treatments are cysticidal drugs such as albendazole and praziquantel, usually coadministered with corticosteroids, and in some cases surgery is indicated. We here report a case of neurocysticercosis with simultaneous intraventricular and giant racemose subarachnoid involvement.

Neurocisticercosis racemosa subaracnoidea gigante y ventricular: a propósito de un caso / Giant racemose subarachnoid and intraventricular neurocysticercosis: A case report

La neurocisticercosis es la enfermedad parasitaria más frecuente del sistema nervioso central. Es causada por las larvas de Taenia solium, las cuales pueden estar alojadas en distintas localizaciones anatómicas. En países como España existe una prevalencia en ascenso debido, principalmente, a la inmigración desde regiones endémicas. Las formas extraparenquimatosas son menos frecuentes, pero más graves por su tendencia a producir complicaciones. La neuroimagen desempeña un papel primordial en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de esta enfermedad, apoyada en la serología y un contexto clínico-epidemiológico compatible. El tratamiento de elección son los fármacos cisticidas albendazol y praziquantel, habitualmente se asocian a estos corticoides y, cuando corresponde, la cirugía. Se presenta un caso de neurocisticercosis con afectación simultánea intraventricular y subaracnoidea en su forma racemosa gigante.

Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent parasitic disease of the central nervous system. It is caused by the larvae of Taenia solium, which can affect different anatomical sites. In Spain there is an increasing prevalence mainly due to immigration from endemic areas. The extraparenchymal forms are less common, but more serious because they usually develop complications. Neuroimaging plays a major role in the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease, supported by serology and a compatible clinical and epidemiological context. First-line treatments are cysticidal drugs such as albendazole and praziquantel, usually coadministered with corticosteroids, and in some cases surgery is indicated. We here report a case of neurocysticercosis with simultaneous intraventricular and giant racemose subarachnoid involvement.

Osteomielitis secundaria a espondilodiscitis cervical / Osteomyelitis secondary to cervical spondylodiscitis

La espondilodiscitis es un proceso inflamatorio-infeccioso del disco intervertebral que ocasionalmente puede extenderse a los cuerpos vertebrales adyacentes produciendo una osteomielitis. Esta situación es potencialmente grave, aunque poco frecuente. Los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos en muchas ocasiones resultan larvados e inespecíficos, al menos inicialmente. Después de dos semanas es posible encontrar ciertos hallazgos radiológicos que ayudan al diagnóstico, como destrucción de las superficies articulares de cuerpos vertebrales, con erosiones e irregularidades, así como pinzamiento o pérdida del espacio discal. A veces es posible identificar en la radiografía una masa de partes blandas prevertebral. La tomografía computerizada puede ayudar al diagnóstico. El 'patrón oro' para su valoración radiológica, se establecerá por resonancia magnética, que permite valorar los hallazgos en fases más precoces, detectando edema en los discos y en los platillos vertebrales, así como la afectación de partes blandas adyacentes (AU)

Spondylodiscitis is an infectious inflammatory process of the intervertebral disc that may occasionally spread to the adjacent vertebral bodies, producing osteomyelitis. This situation is potentially serious, but rare. Clinical and radiological findings are often nonspecific and latent, at least initially. After two weeks certain radiological findings that help diagnosis may be encountered, such as destruction of the articular surfaces of vertebral bodies, with erosions and irregularities, and pinching or loss of disc space. Sometimes it is possible to identify a prevertebral soft tissue mass in an x-ray. Computed tomography may help the diagnosis. The 'gold standard' for radiological assessment shall be established by MRI, which evaluates the findings in earlier stages, detecting edema on discs and endplates, and the involvement of adjacent soft tissues (AU)

Signo del cornete negro en un caso de mucormicosis Rinocerebral / The 'black turbinate sign' in a case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis

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[The 'black turbinate sign' in a case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis]. / Signo del cornete negro en un caso de mucormicosis rinocerebral.

TITLE: Signo del cornete negro en un caso de mucormicosis rinocerebral.